RESUMO
The objective was to evaluate the ruminal disappearance rate of dry matter and NDF of black oat haylage subjected to mechanical and chemical dehydration and six wilting periods in the field, as follows: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days. Forage haylageswere ensiled and stored in PVC mini-silos for 60 days until opening for in situ evaluations. The pre-set ruminal incubation times were: 0, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours. Regardless of the dehydration time, forage subjected to mechanical dehydration showed ruminal disappearance rates of dry matter and NDF, thus DISDM-48h and DISNDF-48h were superior for this method compared to the chemical method. There was a reduction in DISDM-48h and DISNDF-48h with advancing time of wilting in the field for haylage dehydrated by the chemical method. In general, the chemical dehydration method seems to be more related to better haylage making practices than nutritional factors, where the haylage obtained by mechanical dehydration is superior.(AU)
Assuntos
Compostos Organofosforados/efeitos adversos , Silagem , Avena/fisiologia , Dessecação/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
Our objective was to determine the effects of two strains of obligate heterofermentative bacteria, alone or in combination, on the fermentation profile, gas production kinetics, chemical composition, and aerobic stability of sugarcane silage. A plot of sugarcane was manually harvested, mechanically chopped and treated with: distilled water (5 mL kg-1; Control), Lentilactobacillus hilgardii CNCM I-4785 [3 × 105 colony-forming units (cfu) g-1; LH], Lentilactobacillus buchneri NCIMB 40788 (3 × 105 cfu g-1; LB), and LH+LB (1.5 × 105 cfu g-1 of each strain). Treated forages were packed into 1.96-L gas-tight silos (0.40 porosity) and stored at 25 ± 1.5°C for 70 days (4 replicates per treatment). All heterolactic inoculants were effective to increase acetic acid concentration and inhibit yeast metabolism, as treated silages had lower formation of ethanol, ethyl esters and gas during fermentation. Lower fungal development spared soluble carbohydrates, consequently resulting in silages with higher in vitro digestibility. Nevertheless, L. buchneri was the most effective strain to extend the aerobic stability of sugarcane silage (based on both temperature and pH rise). The use of L. buchneri alone or in combination with L. hilgardii, applied at 3 × 105 cfu g-1, is a feasible strategy to inhibit yeast metabolism and increase the nutritional quality of sugarcane silage.
RESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition, and feed efficiency of cows fed corn grain silages with okara or raw soybean inclusion. Six Holstein cows were distributed in a double Latin square and arranged in the following treatments: concentrate formulated based on corn grain silage with 30% okara inclusion; concentrate of corn grain silage with 20% raw soybean inclusion, and concentrate based on dry corn grains. Statistical analysis was performed using Bayesian inference. Diets formulated with silages reduced dry matter intake compared to the diet of concentrate based on dry grains. High digestibility of DM, OM, NFC, and EE was observed for diets with silage inclusion. Milk presented an increase in CLA for the diet of corn grain silage diet with soybean inclusion. Rehydrated grain corn silage with soybean or okara inclusion reduced dry matter intake and increased nutrient digestibility, maintaining the same milk production, which demonstrates the higher efficiency of these diets.(AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar a ingestão de matéria seca, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, produção e composição do leite e a eficiência alimentar de vacas alimentadas com silagens de grãos de milho com adição de okara ou de soja crua. Foram utilizadas 6 vacas da raça Holandesa, distribuídas em um duplo quadrado latino, nos seguintes tratamentos: concentrado formulado à base de silagem de grãos de milho com adição de 30% de okara; concentrado com silagem de grãos de milho com adição de 20% de soja crua e concentrado à base de grãos secos de milho. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de Inferência Bayesiana. As dietas formuladas com as silagens diminuíram o consumo de matéria seca em relação à dieta com concentrado à base de grãos secos. Foi verificada maior digestibilidade da MS, MO, CNF e EE para as dietas com a inclusão das silagens. Houve aumento do CLA no leite para a dieta com silagem de grãos de milho com adição de soja. A ensilagem de grãos de milho reidratados com adição de soja ou okara diminui o consumo de matéria seca, aumenta a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, mantendo a mesma produção de leite, o que demonstra superioridade na eficiência destas dietas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Silagem , Grão Comestível , Zea mays , Glycine max , Lactação , Ração AnimalRESUMO
Pediococcus pentosaceus LBM 18 has shown potential as producer of an antibacterial and antifungal bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS). BLIS inhibited the growth of spoilage bacteria belonging to Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Listeria genera with higher activity than Nisaplin used as control. It gave rise to inhibition halos with diameters from 9.70 to 20.00 mm, with Lactobacillus sakei being the most sensitive strain (13.50-20.00 mm). It also effectively suppressed the growth of fungi isolated from corn grain silage for up to 25 days and impaired morphology of colonies by likely affecting fungal membranes. These results point out that P. pentosaceus BLIS may be used as a new promising alternative to conventional antibacterial and antifungal substances, with potential applications in agriculture and food industry as a natural bio-controlling agent. Moreover, cytotoxicity and cell death induction tests demonstrated cytotoxicity and toxicity of BLIS to human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2cells but not to peripheral blood mononuclear cells, with suggests possible applications of BLIS also in medical-pharmaceutical applications.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Pediococcus pentosaceus/química , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Bacteriocinas/química , Bacteriocinas/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/química , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Análise EspectralRESUMO
White oat has good nutritional quality but is not an easy forage to ensile due to its high buffer capacity and moisture content at ensiling moment. Therefore, wilting is necessary to offset such negative aspects. However, this process demands skilled workforce and adequate machinery. In this way, chemical desiccation is a promising technology to reduce the steps needed for wilting. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effects of glyphosate as a chemical desiccant on the nutritional quality, fermentation pattern, losses, and aerobic stability of wilted white oat (Avena sativa) silages. White oat sowing occurred in the first fortnight of May 2013. Desiccant application took place when oat reached milky-dough grain stage (96 days after planting). Glyphosate doses evaluated were 0, 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 mL ha-1. Three days after desiccation, all treatments were ensiled, and the silos were stored for 150 days. A completely randomized design was used, and all statistical procedures were performed by means of Bayesian Inference. No differences were found for lactic acid, but treated-silage pH linearly decreased. The lowest concentration of butyric acid (3.40 mg kg-1) was observed at 900.80 mL ha-1. For ammonia, the highest point (50 g kg-1) occurred at 916.51 mL ha-1. Aerobic stability was not influenced by treatments. Maximum dry matter recovery index (934 g kg-1) was observed at 864.20mL ha-1 glyphosate. Wilted forage from treatments 500 mL ha-1, 750 mL ha-1, and 1000 mL ha-1 had greater dry matter content compared to control (320.1, 326, 301.3, and 270.7 g kg-1 respectively). Hemicellulose linearly decreased and crude protein linearly increased. The lowest concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (642.8 g kg-1) and neutral-detergent insoluble nitrogen (2.30 g kg-1) occurred at doses of 1141.32 mL ha-1 and 829.14 mL ha-1, respectively. In brief, for wilted white oat silage production, harvested at milky-dough grain stage, glyphosate application...(AU)
A aveia branca (Avena sativa) apresenta boa qualidade nutricional, contudo, devido à sua alta capacidade tampão e elevado teor de umidade no momento do corte, acaba por dificultar o processo de conservação como silagem. Dessa forma, a pré-secagem é necessária para compensar os aspectos negativos relacionados à ensilagem da aveia. No entanto, a pré-secagem exige mão-de-obra qualificada bem como maquinário específico. Desta forma, a dessecação química é uma tecnologia promissora, reduzindo as etapas necessárias para a pré-secagem, facilitando o processo. Sendo assim, objetivou-se foi avaliar os efeitos do uso do glifosato na pré-secagem da avia branca sobre a qualidade nutricional, padrão de fermentativo e perdas bem como na estabilidade aeróbia das silagens resultantes. A semeadura de aveia branca ocorreu na primeira quinzena de maio de 2013. A aplicação do dessecante ocorreu quando a aveia atingiu o estágio de grãos leitoso/pastoso (96 dias após o plantio). As doses de glifosato avaliadas foram 0, 500, 750, 1000 e 1250 mL ha-1. Três dias após a dessecação, todos os tratamentos foram ensilados e os silos foram armazenados por 150 dias. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado e todos os procedimentos estatísticos foram realizados por meio da inferência bayesiana. Não foram encontradas diferenças para as concentrações de ácido láctico, no entanto, o pH diminuiu linearmente nas silagens tratadas. A menor concentração de ácido butírico (3,40 mg kg-1) foi observada para a dosem de 900,80 mL ha-1. A maior concentração de amônia (50 g kg-1) foi encontrada na dosem de 916,51 mL ha-1. A estabilidade aeróbica não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos neste estudo. O maior índice de recuperação de matéria seca (934 g kg-1) foi observado para a dosem de 864,20 mL ha-1 de glifosato. As silagens provenientes dos tratamentos 500 mL ha-1, 750 mL ha-1 e 1000 mL ha-1 apresentaram...(AU)
Assuntos
Silagem/análise , Fenômenos Químicos , Aerobiose , Fermentação , Avena/efeitos dos fármacos , Conservação de Alimentos , DessecaçãoRESUMO
This study evaluated dry matter yield and nutritional characteristics of different oat genotypes (Avena spp.) for ensiling. Treatments consisted of genotypes of white oat IPR 126 (Avena sativa), black oat Cabocla IPR and Agrocoxilha (Avena strigosa), and BRS Madrugada and BRS Centauro (Avena vertis). Oats were harvested at the phenological stage of milk/dough grain. The design was a completely randomized block scheme, with five treatments and three replications per treatment. The IPR Cabocla genotype showed the highest dry matter content (before and after silo opening) and in vitro dry matter digestibility of fresh forage. No differences were observed for in vitro dry matter digestibility and dry matter losses among silages. The highest silage digestible dry matter yield (kg ha-1) was observed for the BRS Centauro genotype. Thus, despite the better nutritional quality presented by the IPR Cabocla genotype before ensiling, BRS Centauro genotype presented a higher yield of digestible dry matter per hectare.(AU)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características produtivas e nutricionais de diferentes cultivares de aveia (Avena spp.),visando à produção de silagem. Os tratamentos foram constituídos dos cultivares de aveia branca IPR 126 (Avena sativa), Agrocoxilha, e IPR Cabocla (Avena strigosa), bem como das cultivares BRS Madrugada e BRS Centauro (Avena vertis). As forragens foram colhidas e ensiladas quando atingiram o estádio fenológico de grão pastoso/farináceo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições por tratamento. O cultivar Cabocla apresentou os maiores teores de matéria seca (antes e após a abertura dos silos) e maior digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca no momento de ensilagem. Após a ensilagem não foram observadas diferenças para a digestibilidade in vitro e perdas de matéria seca entre os tratamentos. Contudo, após correção dos respectivos valores para perdas de matéria seca na ensilagem e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, observou-se maior produção de matéria seca digestível (kg ha-1) para o cultivar Centauro.(AU)
Assuntos
Avena/química , Valor Nutritivo , Avena/genética , SilagemRESUMO
White oat has good nutritional quality but is not an easy forage to ensile due to its high buffer capacity and moisture content at ensiling moment. Therefore, wilting is necessary to offset such negative aspects. However, this process demands skilled workforce and adequate machinery. In this way, chemical desiccation is a promising technology to reduce the steps needed for wilting. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effects of glyphosate as a chemical desiccant on the nutritional quality, fermentation pattern, losses, and aerobic stability of wilted white oat (Avena sativa) silages. White oat sowing occurred in the first fortnight of May 2013. Desiccant application took place when oat reached milky-dough grain stage (96 days after planting). Glyphosate doses evaluated were 0, 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 mL ha-1. Three days after desiccation, all treatments were ensiled, and the silos were stored for 150 days. A completely randomized design was used, and all statistical procedures were performed by means of Bayesian Inference. No differences were found for lactic acid, but treated-silage pH linearly decreased. The lowest concentration of butyric acid (3.40 mg kg-1) was observed at 900.80 mL ha-1. For ammonia, the highest point (50 g kg-1) occurred at 916.51 mL ha-1. Aerobic stability was not influenced by treatments. Maximum dry matter recovery index (934 g kg-1) was observed at 864.20mL ha-1 glyphosate. Wilted forage from treatments 500 mL ha-1, 750 mL ha-1, and 1000 mL ha-1 had greater dry matter content compared to control (320.1, 326, 301.3, and 270.7 g kg-1 respectively). Hemicellulose linearly decreased and crude protein linearly increased. The lowest concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (642.8 g kg-1) and neutral-detergent insoluble nitrogen (2.30 g kg-1) occurred at doses of 1141.32 mL ha-1 and 829.14 mL ha-1, respectively. In brief, for wilted white oat silage production, harvested at milky-dough grain stage, glyphosate application...
A aveia branca (Avena sativa) apresenta boa qualidade nutricional, contudo, devido à sua alta capacidade tampão e elevado teor de umidade no momento do corte, acaba por dificultar o processo de conservação como silagem. Dessa forma, a pré-secagem é necessária para compensar os aspectos negativos relacionados à ensilagem da aveia. No entanto, a pré-secagem exige mão-de-obra qualificada bem como maquinário específico. Desta forma, a dessecação química é uma tecnologia promissora, reduzindo as etapas necessárias para a pré-secagem, facilitando o processo. Sendo assim, objetivou-se foi avaliar os efeitos do uso do glifosato na pré-secagem da avia branca sobre a qualidade nutricional, padrão de fermentativo e perdas bem como na estabilidade aeróbia das silagens resultantes. A semeadura de aveia branca ocorreu na primeira quinzena de maio de 2013. A aplicação do dessecante ocorreu quando a aveia atingiu o estágio de grãos leitoso/pastoso (96 dias após o plantio). As doses de glifosato avaliadas foram 0, 500, 750, 1000 e 1250 mL ha-1. Três dias após a dessecação, todos os tratamentos foram ensilados e os silos foram armazenados por 150 dias. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado e todos os procedimentos estatísticos foram realizados por meio da inferência bayesiana. Não foram encontradas diferenças para as concentrações de ácido láctico, no entanto, o pH diminuiu linearmente nas silagens tratadas. A menor concentração de ácido butírico (3,40 mg kg-1) foi observada para a dosem de 900,80 mL ha-1. A maior concentração de amônia (50 g kg-1) foi encontrada na dosem de 916,51 mL ha-1. A estabilidade aeróbica não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos neste estudo. O maior índice de recuperação de matéria seca (934 g kg-1) foi observado para a dosem de 864,20 mL ha-1 de glifosato. As silagens provenientes dos tratamentos 500 mL ha-1, 750 mL ha-1 e 1000 mL ha-1 apresentaram...
Assuntos
Aerobiose , Avena/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenômenos Químicos , Fermentação , Silagem/análise , Conservação de Alimentos , DessecaçãoRESUMO
This study evaluated dry matter yield and nutritional characteristics of different oat genotypes (Avena spp.) for ensiling. Treatments consisted of genotypes of white oat IPR 126 (Avena sativa), black oat Cabocla IPR and Agrocoxilha (Avena strigosa), and BRS Madrugada and BRS Centauro (Avena vertis). Oats were harvested at the phenological stage of milk/dough grain. The design was a completely randomized block scheme, with five treatments and three replications per treatment. The IPR Cabocla genotype showed the highest dry matter content (before and after silo opening) and in vitro dry matter digestibility of fresh forage. No differences were observed for in vitro dry matter digestibility and dry matter losses among silages. The highest silage digestible dry matter yield (kg ha-1) was observed for the BRS Centauro genotype. Thus, despite the better nutritional quality presented by the IPR Cabocla genotype before ensiling, BRS Centauro genotype presented a higher yield of digestible dry matter per hectare.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características produtivas e nutricionais de diferentes cultivares de aveia (Avena spp.),visando à produção de silagem. Os tratamentos foram constituídos dos cultivares de aveia branca IPR 126 (Avena sativa), Agrocoxilha, e IPR Cabocla (Avena strigosa), bem como das cultivares BRS Madrugada e BRS Centauro (Avena vertis). As forragens foram colhidas e ensiladas quando atingiram o estádio fenológico de grão pastoso/farináceo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições por tratamento. O cultivar Cabocla apresentou os maiores teores de matéria seca (antes e após a abertura dos silos) e maior digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca no momento de ensilagem. Após a ensilagem não foram observadas diferenças para a digestibilidade in vitro e perdas de matéria seca entre os tratamentos. Contudo, após correção dos respectivos valores para perdas de matéria seca na ensilagem e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, observou-se maior produção de matéria seca digestível (kg ha-1) para o cultivar Centauro.
Assuntos
Avena/genética , Avena/química , Silagem , Valor NutritivoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate natamycin, Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), or their combination on the chemical composition, loss, fermentative profile, and aerobic stability as well as gas production and composition of sugarcane silages. The treatments were (wet basis): no additive (control), 10 g t−1 of natamycin (N10), 5 × 104 cfu g−1 of LB, and the combination of 4 g t−1 of natamycin and 2.5 × 104 cfu g−1 of LB (NLB). Sugarcane was chopped (10 mm), treated with the additives, and ensiled in experimental silos (four replicates). The silos remained stored for 51 days. The LB inoculation, alone or in combination with natamycin, increased the acetic acid content (by 105 and 78% respectively) and decreased ethanol content (by 83 and 71% respectively) when compared to N10 treatment and the control. A decrease in both dry matter and gas losses was observed in the LB (by 72 and 78%, respectively) and N10 (by 69 and 77%, respectively) silages compared with the control, but not the combination. The N10 treatment reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emission by 86% compared with the control silage. Control and N10 silages deteriorated to the same extent with aerobic exposure, whereas LB and NLB presented higher aerobic stability. The use of natamycin alone is not recommended when ethanol and aerobic stability are concerns. However, natamycin may be considered for the composition of blend additives to decrease greenhouse gas emission and fermentative loss in silages. Further studies must be carried out to optimize doses of natamycin in blend additives.(AU)
Assuntos
Silagem/análise , Natamicina/efeitos adversos , Gases de Efeito Estufa/análise , Excipientes Farmacêuticos/análise , Saccharum/químicaRESUMO
Our objective was to determine the effects of maturity and storage length on the fermentation pattern, ruminal disappearance of nutrients, and recovery of digestible nutrients in flint corn (Zea mays L.) silage harvested with a pull-type machine without a kernel processor. Corn plants were harvested at 300 g kg−1 DM (low dry matter, LDM) or 400 g kg−1 DM (high dry matter, HDM) and stored for 0, 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 d in laboratory silos. Corn harvested at HDM had a higher proportion of long particles (>19 mm), more intact kernels, and lower kernel processing score. There was an interaction between maturity and storage length for several fermentation end-products, DM recovery, ruminal disappearance of nutrients, and recovery of digestible DM. Overall, the concentrations of fermentation endproducts were higher in LDM than in HDM silage. The DM recovery decreased over time, mainly for LDM silage. Ruminal disappearance of nutrients (starch, CP, and DM) increased with storage length, with greater values for LDM silage at shorter storage, but closer values among LDM and HDM at longer storage periods. The recovery of digestible DM (DM recovery × ruminal disappearance) slightly increased in LDM silage up to 26 d of fermentation, but it markedly increased in HDM silage, mainly up to 60 d of storage. Storing for longer periods is a strategy to partially offset the negative impact of maturity on the digestibility of flint corn silage harvested with pull-type machines without kernel processor.(AU)