RESUMO
Stylosanthes scabra is a scientifically orphaned legume found in the Brazilian Caatinga biome (a semi-arid environment). This work utilized omics approaches to investigate some ecophysiological aspects of stress tolerance/resistance in S. scabra, study its genomic landscape, and predict potential metabolic pathways. Considering its high-confidence conceptual proteome, 1694 (~2.6%) proteins were associated with resistance proteins, some of which were found in soybean QTL regions that confer resistance to Asian soybean rust. S. scabra was also found to be a potential source of terpenes, as biosynthetic gene clusters associated with terpene biosynthesis were identified in its genome. The analysis revealed that mobile elements comprised approximately 59% of the sequenced genome. In the remaining 41% of the sections, some of the 22,681 protein-coding gene families were categorized into two informational groups: those that were specific to S. scabra and those that expanded significantly compared to their immediate ancestor. Biological process enrichment analyses indicated that these gene families play fundamental roles in the adaptation of S. scabra to extreme environments. Additionally, phylogenomic analysis indicated a close evolutionary relationship between the genera Stylosanthes and Arachis. Finally, this study found a high number (57) of aquaporin-encoding loci in the S. scabra genome. RNA-Seq and qPCR data suggested that the PIP subfamily may play a key role in the species' adaptation to water deficit conditions. Overall, these results provide valuable insights into S. scabra biology and a wealth of gene/transcript information for future legume omics studies.
RESUMO
The tribe Phaseoleae includes several legume crops with assembled genomes. Comparative genomic studies have evidenced the preservation of large genomic blocks among legumes, although chromosome dynamics during Phaseoleae evolution has not been investigated. We conducted a comparative genomic analysis to define an informative genomic block (GB) system and to reconstruct the ancestral Phaseoleae karyotype (APK). We identified GBs based on the orthologous genes between Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata and searched for GBs in different genomes of the Phaseolinae (P. lunatus) and Glycininae (Amphicarpaea edgeworthii) subtribes and Spatholobus suberectus (sister to Phaseolinae and Glycininae), using Medicago truncatula as the outgroup. We also used oligo-FISH probes of two P. vulgaris chromosomes to paint the orthologous chromosomes of two non-sequenced Phaseolinae species. We inferred the APK as having n = 11 and 19 GBs (A to S), hypothesizing five chromosome fusions that reduced the ancestral legume karyotype to n = 11. We identified the rearrangements among the APK and the subtribes and species, with extensive centromere repositioning in Phaseolus. We also reconstructed the chromosome number reduction in S. suberectus. The development of the GB system and the proposed APK provide useful approaches for future comparative genomic analyses of legume species.
Assuntos
Genoma , Phaseolus , Centrômero/genética , Cariótipo , Phaseolus/genética , Cariotipagem , Genoma de Planta , Evolução MolecularRESUMO
Chromosome doubling of Italian ryegrass genotypes ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) adapted to the brazilian edaphoclimatic conditions is an important strategy used by breeders and aims to obtain more vigorous genotypes with better forage quality and disease resistance. The effectiveness of chromosome doubling can be measured by genetic stability and fertility rates of plants over generations. However, a common problem in the polyploidization process is the regeneration of mixoploid plants that have impaired fertility and genetic stability. The objective of this study was to verify if progenies of recently tetraploidized plants remain stable regarding DNA content and chromosome number, over two generations. Progenies of L. multiflorum plants artificially tetraploidized with colchicine treatment were evaluated. Chromosome counting and estimates of the DNA content were used to evaluate the genetic stability. The percentage of tetraploid plants (4X) increased over generations (18%, 34% and 91% in cycle 0, 1 and 2, respectively). All progenies identified as tetraploid by flow citometry showed variation in chromosome number (mixoploidy), but produced viable seeds. Results showed that stabilization in chromosome number and DNA content in tetraploidized plant progenies requires time and that the success of this procedure depends on a continuous and accurate screening and selection.
A duplicação cromossômica de genótipos de azevém anual ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) adaptados às condições edafoclimáticas brasileira é uma estratégia importante usada pelos melhoristas e visa a obtenção de genótipos mais vigorosos com melhor qualidade de forragem e resistência a doenças. A eficiência da duplicação cromossômica pode ser medida pela estabilidade genética e taxas de fertilidade das plantas ao longo das gerações. No entanto, um dos problemas comumente encontrados no processo de poliploidização é a regeneração de plantas mixoploides que apresentam comprometimento na fertilidade e instabilidade genética. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se progênies oriundas de plantas tetraploidizadas recentemente se mantêm estáveis quanto ao conteúdo de DNA e ao número cromossômico, ao longo de duas gerações. Foram avaliadas progênies de plantas de L. multiflorum tetraploidizadas artificialmente com tratamento de colchicina. A estabilidade genética foi avaliada por meio de contagens cromossômicas e estimativa da quantidade de DNA. A porcentagem de plantas tetraploides (4X) aumentou ao longo das gerações (18%, 34% e 91% no ciclo de 0, 1 e 2, respectivamente). Todas as progênies identificadas como tetraploides por meio de citometria de fluxo apresentaram variação no número cromossômico (mixoploidia), entretanto, produziram sementes viáveis. Os resultados demonstraram que a estabilização no número cromossômico e no conteúdo de DNA em progênies de plantas tetraploidizadas requer tempo e que o sucesso desse procedimento depende de um contínuo e rigoroso monitoramento e seleção.
Assuntos
Mapeamento Cromossômico , Poliploidia , Reatividade-Estabilidade , Seleção ArtificialRESUMO
Chromosome doubling of Italian ryegrass genotypes ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) adapted to the brazilian edaphoclimatic conditions is an important strategy used by breeders and aims to obtain more vigorous genotypes with better forage quality and disease resistance. The effectiveness of chromosome doubling can be measured by genetic stability and fertility rates of plants over generations. However, a common problem in the polyploidization process is the regeneration of mixoploid plants that have impaired fertility and genetic stability. The objective of this study was to verify if progenies of recently tetraploidized plants remain stable regarding DNA content and chromosome number, over two generations. Progenies of L. multiflorum plants artificially tetraploidized with colchicine treatment were evaluated. Chromosome counting and estimates of the DNA content were used to evaluate the genetic stability. The percentage of tetraploid plants (4X) increased over generations (18%, 34% and 91% in cycle 0, 1 and 2, respectively). All progenies identified as tetraploid by flow citometry showed variation in chromosome number (mixoploidy), but produced viable seeds. Results showed that stabilization in chromosome number and DNA content in tetraploidized plant progenies requires time and that the success of this procedure depends on a continuous and accurate screening and selection. (AU)
A duplicação cromossômica de genótipos de azevém anual ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) adaptados às condições edafoclimáticas brasileira é uma estratégia importante usada pelos melhoristas e visa a obtenção de genótipos mais vigorosos com melhor qualidade de forragem e resistência a doenças. A eficiência da duplicação cromossômica pode ser medida pela estabilidade genética e taxas de fertilidade das plantas ao longo das gerações. No entanto, um dos problemas comumente encontrados no processo de poliploidização é a regeneração de plantas mixoploides que apresentam comprometimento na fertilidade e instabilidade genética. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se progênies oriundas de plantas tetraploidizadas recentemente se mantêm estáveis quanto ao conteúdo de DNA e ao número cromossômico, ao longo de duas gerações. Foram avaliadas progênies de plantas de L. multiflorum tetraploidizadas artificialmente com tratamento de colchicina. A estabilidade genética foi avaliada por meio de contagens cromossômicas e estimativa da quantidade de DNA. A porcentagem de plantas tetraploides (4X) aumentou ao longo das gerações (18%, 34% e 91% no ciclo de 0, 1 e 2, respectivamente). Todas as progênies identificadas como tetraploides por meio de citometria de fluxo apresentaram variação no número cromossômico (mixoploidia), entretanto, produziram sementes viáveis. Os resultados demonstraram que a estabilização no número cromossômico e no conteúdo de DNA em progênies de plantas tetraploidizadas requer tempo e que o sucesso desse procedimento depende de um contínuo e rigoroso monitoramento e seleção. (AU)
Assuntos
Reatividade-Estabilidade , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Poliploidia , Seleção ArtificialRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Chromosome doubling of Italian ryegrass genotypes ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) adapted to the brazilian edaphoclimatic conditions is an important strategy used by breeders and aims to obtain more vigorous genotypes with better forage quality and disease resistance. The effectiveness of chromosome doubling can be measured by genetic stability and fertility rates of plants over generations. However, a common problem in the polyploidization process is the regeneration of mixoploid plants that have impaired fertility and genetic stability. The objective of this study was to verify if progenies of recently tetraploidized plants remain stable regarding DNA content and chromosome number, over two generations. Progenies of L. multiflorum plants artificially tetraploidized with colchicine treatment were evaluated. Chromosome counting and estimates of the DNA content were used to evaluate the genetic stability. The percentage of tetraploid plants (4X) increased over generations (18%, 34% and 91% in cycle 0, 1 and 2, respectively). All progenies identified as tetraploid by flow citometry showed variation in chromosome number (mixoploidy), but produced viable seeds. Results showed that stabilization in chromosome number and DNA content in tetraploidized plant progenies requires time and that the success of this procedure depends on a continuous and accurate screening and selection.
RESUMO: A duplicação cromossômica de genótipos de azevém anual ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) adaptados às condições edafoclimáticas brasileira é uma estratégia importante usada pelos melhoristas e visa a obtenção de genótipos mais vigorosos com melhor qualidade de forragem e resistência a doenças. A eficiência da duplicação cromossômica pode ser medida pela estabilidade genética e taxas de fertilidade das plantas ao longo das gerações. No entanto, um dos problemas comumente encontrados no processo de poliploidização é a regeneração de plantas mixoploides que apresentam comprometimento na fertilidade e instabilidade genética. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se progênies oriundas de plantas tetraploidizadas recentemente se mantêm estáveis quanto ao conteúdo de DNA e ao número cromossômico, ao longo de duas gerações. Foram avaliadas progênies de plantas de L. multiflorum tetraploidizadas artificialmente com tratamento de colchicina. A estabilidade genética foi avaliada por meio de contagens cromossômicas e estimativa da quantidade de DNA. A porcentagem de plantas tetraploides (4X) aumentou ao longo das gerações (18%, 34% e 91% no ciclo de 0, 1 e 2, respectivamente). Todas as progênies identificadas como tetraploides por meio de citometria de fluxo apresentaram variação no número cromossômico (mixoploidia), entretanto, produziram sementes viáveis. Os resultados demonstraram que a estabilização no número cromossômico e no conteúdo de DNA em progênies de plantas tetraploidizadas requer tempo e que o sucesso desse procedimento depende de um contínuo e rigoroso monitoramento e seleção.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT: Chromosome doubling of Italian ryegrass genotypes ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) adapted to the brazilian edaphoclimatic conditions is an important strategy used by breeders and aims to obtain more vigorous genotypes with better forage quality and disease resistance. The effectiveness of chromosome doubling can be measured by genetic stability and fertility rates of plants over generations. However, a common problem in the polyploidization process is the regeneration of mixoploid plants that have impaired fertility and genetic stability. The objective of this study was to verify if progenies of recently tetraploidized plants remain stable regarding DNA content and chromosome number, over two generations. Progenies of L. multiflorum plants artificially tetraploidized with colchicine treatment were evaluated. Chromosome counting and estimates of the DNA content were used to evaluate the genetic stability. The percentage of tetraploid plants (4X) increased over generations (18%, 34% and 91% in cycle 0, 1 and 2, respectively). All progenies identified as tetraploid by flow citometry showed variation in chromosome number (mixoploidy), but produced viable seeds. Results showed that stabilization in chromosome number and DNA content in tetraploidized plant progenies requires time and that the success of this procedure depends on a continuous and accurate screening and selection.
RESUMO: A duplicação cromossômica de genótipos de azevém anual ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) adaptados às condições edafoclimáticas brasileira é uma estratégia importante usada pelos melhoristas e visa a obtenção de genótipos mais vigorosos com melhor qualidade de forragem e resistência a doenças. A eficiência da duplicação cromossômica pode ser medida pela estabilidade genética e taxas de fertilidade das plantas ao longo das gerações. No entanto, um dos problemas comumente encontrados no processo de poliploidização é a regeneração de plantas mixoploides que apresentam comprometimento na fertilidade e instabilidade genética. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se progênies oriundas de plantas tetraploidizadas recentemente se mantêm estáveis quanto ao conteúdo de DNA e ao número cromossômico, ao longo de duas gerações. Foram avaliadas progênies de plantas de L. multiflorum tetraploidizadas artificialmente com tratamento de colchicina. A estabilidade genética foi avaliada por meio de contagens cromossômicas e estimativa da quantidade de DNA. A porcentagem de plantas tetraploides (4X) aumentou ao longo das gerações (18%, 34% e 91% no ciclo de 0, 1 e 2, respectivamente). Todas as progênies identificadas como tetraploides por meio de citometria de fluxo apresentaram variação no número cromossômico (mixoploidia), entretanto, produziram sementes viáveis. Os resultados demonstraram que a estabilização no número cromossômico e no conteúdo de DNA em progênies de plantas tetraploidizadas requer tempo e que o sucesso desse procedimento depende de um contínuo e rigoroso monitoramento e seleção.
RESUMO
Plectranthus is a genus which includes species of ornamental and medicinal potential. It faces taxonomic problems due to aggregating species previously belonging to the genus Coleus, a fact that has contributed to the existence of various synonymies. The species Plectranthus amboinicus, Plectranthus barbatus, Plectranthus grandis and Plectranthus neochilus are included in this context. Some authors consider Plectranthus barbatus and Plectranthus grandis as synonyms. The present work was carried out with the aim of comparing plants of the above-mentioned species, originating from different localities in Brazil, with regards to chromosome number and karyotypic morphology, correlated to the nuclear DNA content. There was no variation in chromosome number among plants of the same species. Plectranthus amboinicus was the only species to exhibit 2n=34, whereas the others had 2n=30. No karyotypic differences were found among the plants of each species, except for Plectranthus barbatus. The plants of the Plectranthus species revealed little coincidence between chromosome pairs. The nuclear DNA content allowed grouping Plectranthus amboinicus and Plectranthus neochilus, with the highest mean values, and Plectranthus grandis and Plectranthus barbatus with the lowest ones. Differences in DNA amount among the plants were identified only for Plectranthus barbatus. These results allow the inference that the populations of Plectranthus amboinicus and Plectranthus neochilus present coincident karyotypes among their plants, and Plectranthus grandis is probably a synonym of Plectranthus barbatus.
RESUMO
Lolium perenne is considered a high-quality forage widely used in temperate regions to meet the shortage of forage during the winter. In this species, some peculiarities related to cytogenetic aspects have already been described, as the variability in number and position of 45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sites and the expression of fragile sites, which require further studies to support the understanding of their causes and consequences. In this way, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the expression of fragile sites and functional repetitive sequences (rDNA and telomeric) in chromosomes of diploid and polyploid cultivars of L. perenne. The techniques of FISH, Ag-NOR and fluorescence banding were used to assess the distribution of sites of 45S rDNA, 5S, telomeric sequences, and the transcriptional activity of the 45S ribosomal genes and the distribution of AT- and/or GC-rich sequences in L. perenne, respectively. There was variability in the number and location of 45S rDNA sites, which was not observed for 5S rDNA sites. One of the genotypes showed two 45S rDNA sites on the same chromosome, located in different chromosome arms. Breaks and gaps were found in 45S rDNA sites in most metaphases evaluated for both cultivars. Telomeric sequences were not detected at the end of the chromosomal fragments corresponding to the location of breaks at 45S sites. Apparently, the transcriptional activity was modified in fragile sites. Variation in the number and size of nucleoli, nucleolar fusions and dissociations were observed. All CMA(+) bands were colocalized with the 45S sites.