RESUMO
A clinical AIDS case definition is needed for surveillance in countries where the CDC case definition is not practical. To derive such a definition, we compared 110 HIV-seropositive and 135 randomly selected HIV-seronegative adult medical-ward inpatients in Brazil. Multivariate analysis of clinical signs and symptoms and simple diagnoses resulted in a discriminant function with sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 96% in predicting for AIDS. These data were the empirical basis for a clinical definition of AIDS in adults drafted in a Caracas, Venezuela, workshop sponsored by the Pan American Health Organization. The revised "Caracas" definition presented here requires a positive HIV serology, the absence of cancer or other cause of immunosuppression, plus > or = 10 cumulative points, as follows: Kaposi's sarcoma (10 points); extrapulmonary/noncavitary pulmonary tuberculosis (10); oral candidiasis or hairy leukoplakia (5); cavitary pulmonary/unspecified tuberculosis (5); herpes zoster < 60 years of age (5); CNS dysfunction (5); diarrhea > or = 1 month (2); fever > or = 1 month (2); cachexia or > 10% weight loss (2); asthenia > or = 1 month (2); persistent dermatitis (2); anemia, lymphopenia, or thrombocytopenia (2); persistent cough or any pneumonia except TB (2); and lymphadenopathy > or = 1 cm at > or = 2 noninguinal sites for > or = 1 month (2). This definition has a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 100% (91% without HIV serology) when applied to the Brazilian patients in this study. The Caracas definition has been adopted by Brazil, Honduras, and Surinam, and is in validation elsewhere. The use of a reasonably sensitive and specific case definition commensurate with available diagnostic resources should facilitate AIDS surveillance in developing countries.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/diagnóstico , HIV-1 , HIV-2 , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Brasil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Vigilância da População , Tuberculose Pulmonar/complicações , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
Cases of AIDS among women of reproductive age have increased dramatically since 1981; nearly a third of all cases among females were reported in 1990 alone. Surveillance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among women is essential for monitoring the spread of HIV over time and identifying specific populations and geographic areas in need of HIV counseling, testing, and prevention services. Blinded (unlinked) serologic surveys were conducted in the United States and Puerto Rico in sentinel clinics providing reproductive health services to women, including family planning, prenatal care, and abortion services. Seventy-eight of 94 clinics (83%) in 30 cities conducting surveys during 1988 and 1989 detected at least one HIV-positive woman. Clinic-specific prevalence ranged from 0-2.28% (median 0.22%), with rates over 1% occurring in clinics predominantly on the East Coast and in Puerto Rico. Seroprevalence varied by primary type of service, race-ethnicity, and age group. Median rates were higher in clinics offering prenatal services and lower in abortion and family planning clinics in the same cities. In general, women 25-29 years of age showed the highest median rate of infection (0.32%), and rates were higher among black women (median 0.34%) than among Hispanic (median 0.11%) and white women (median 0%). Our data indicate the need to educate women about recognizing and reducing their risk of HIV infection. Reproductive health clinics with high seroprevalence should implement voluntary HIV counseling and testing with appropriate follow-up clinical evaluation and referral for infected women. Clinics with low prevalence should seize the opportunity to enhance HIV education and prevention efforts.
Assuntos
Aborto Legal , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Soroprevalência de HIV/tendências , Vigilância da População , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the potentiation of the neuromuscular blockade induced by a titrated infusion of mivacurium in the presence of isoflurane versus a nitrous oxide (N2O)-opioid anesthesia. DESIGN: An open-label, controlled study. SETTING: The inpatient anesthesia service of two university medical centers. PATIENTS: Thirty adults divided into two groups. INTERVENTION: An intravenous infusion of mivacurium during anesthesia with N2O-opioid or N2O-isoflurane. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A neuromuscular blockade was monitored by recording the electromyographic activity of the adductor pollicis muscle resulting from supramaximal stimulation at the ulnar nerve at 2 Hz for 2 seconds at 10-second intervals. The mivacurium infusion rate was significantly less in the presence of isoflurane [4.0 +/- 0.8 micrograms/kg/min (mean +/- SEM)] than during N2O-opioid anesthesia (6.4 +/- 0.6 micrograms/kg/min). The recovery rates did not differ between anesthetic groups. After the termination of the infusion, spontaneous recovery to T4/T1 of at least 0.75 occurred in an average of 17.9 +/- 1.5 minutes, with a mean recovery index (T25-75) of 6.0 +/- 0.7 minutes. CONCLUSION: Isoflurane anesthesia reduces the infusion rate of mivacurium required to produce about 95% depression of neuromuscular function.
Assuntos
Anestesia Geral , Fentanila , Isoflurano , Isoquinolinas , Junção Neuromuscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuromusculares não Despolarizantes/administração & dosagem , Óxido Nitroso , Adulto , Idoso , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , MivacúrioRESUMO
Of 48,712 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control from October 1987 through March 1989, 1239 (2.5%) were diagnosed with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed in 1013 (2.3%) of the US-born persons with AIDS, compared with 26 (8%) of the Mexican-born, 82 (13%) of the Haitian-born, and 4 (1%) of the Cuban-born. Patients with AIDS with and without extrapulmonary tuberculosis were similar in age, except that extrapulmonary tuberculosis was relatively rare in patients with AIDS under the age 10. Compared with white homosexual/bisexual men, black race (odds ratio, 2.7), intravenous drug use (odds ratio, 2.0), heterosexual AIDS transmission category (odds ratio, 1.9), and Hispanic ethnicity (odds ratio, 1.6) were independently associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In 1988, extrapulmonary tuberculosis in persons known to be human immunodeficiency virus seropositive represented 21% of national extrapulmonary tuberculosis morbidity.