RESUMO

This is the first report of Burkholderia mallei isolation in milk from a mare diagnosed with glanders and of transplacental transmission of the bacteria in a seropositive pregnant mare, both from São Paulo State, Brazil, 2016 and 2019. After necropsy, the horses were evaluated for macroscopic lesions, and organ samples were removed for histological, bacteriological, and molecular analysis. B.mallei was identified in milk samples by culture isolation and PCR, whereas in the fetus of the pregnant mare by PCR of the stomach fluid. These findings will contribute to the epidemiological knowledge of glanders life cycle in Brazil.

RESUMO

This is the first report of Burkholderia mallei isolation in milk from a mare diagnosed with glanders and of transplacental transmission of the bacteria in a seropositive pregnant mare, both from São Paulo State, Brazil, 2016 and 2019. After necropsy, the horses were evaluated for macroscopic lesions, and organ samples were removed for histological, bacteriological, and molecular analysis. B.mallei was identified in milk samples by culture isolation and PCR, whereas in the fetus of the pregnant mare by PCR of the stomach fluid. These findings will contribute to the epidemiological knowledge of glanders life cycle in Brazil.

Este é o primeiro relato de isolamento de Burkholderia mallei no leite de uma égua com diagnóstico de mormo e de transmissão transplacentária da bactéria em uma égua prenhe soropositiva, ambas do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 2016 e 2019. Após a necropsia, os cavalos foi verificada a presença de lesões macroscópicas e amostras de órgãos foram coletadas para posterior análise histológica, bacteriológica e molecular. B.mallei foi identificada em amostras de leite por isolamento bacteriano e PCR, enquanto no feto de égua prenhe por PCR do fluido estomacal. Esses achados contribuirão para o conhecimento epidemiológico do ciclo de vida do mormo no Brasil.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This is the first report of Burkholderia mallei isolation in milk from a mare diagnosed with glanders and of transplacental transmission of the bacteria in a seropositive pregnant mare, both from São Paulo State, Brazil, 2016 and 2019. After necropsy, the horses were evaluated for macroscopic lesions, and organ samples were removed for histological, bacteriological, and molecular analysis. B.mallei was identified in milk samples by culture isolation and PCR, whereas in the fetus of the pregnant mare by PCR of the stomach fluid. These findings will contribute to the epidemiological knowledge of glanders life cycle in Brazil.(AU)

Este é o primeiro relato de isolamento de Burkholderia mallei no leite de uma égua com diagnóstico de mormo e de transmissão transplacentária da bactéria em uma égua prenhe soropositiva, ambas do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 2016 e 2019. Após a necropsia, os cavalos foi verificada a presença de lesões macroscópicas e amostras de órgãos foram coletadas para posterior análise histológica, bacteriológica e molecular. B.mallei foi identificada em amostras de leite por isolamento bacteriano e PCR, enquanto no feto de égua prenhe por PCR do fluido estomacal. Esses achados contribuirão para o conhecimento epidemiológico do ciclo de vida do mormo no Brasil.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Canine brucellosis caused by Brucella canis is a neglected zoonosis worldwide and is a leading cause of reproductive failure in dogs, often causing substantial economic losses in breeding kennels. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of B. canis infection in dogs of commercial breeding kennels located in São Paulo State, Brazil. A total of 753 dogs (183 males and 570 females) from 38 commercial kennels were clinically examined, and blood samples were collected for brucellosis diagnosis through blood culture. The association between clinical manifestations suggestive of brucellosis and positive results through blood culture was determined. Of the 753 dogs tested, 166 (22.0%) had at least one clinical sign suggestive of brucellosis and 158 (20.9%) had positive blood cultures. Seventy-two dogs had positive blood culture and had at least one clinical sign suggestive of brucellosis, while 91 dogs showed at least one clinical manifestation suggestive of brucellosis although blood culture was negative. Of the 38 kennels, 16 (42.1%) had at least one positive dog. The prevalence of infection in each kennel varied from 3.8% to 62.6%. Abortion/stillbirth, failure to conceive and enlargement of lymph nodes were significantly associated with brucellosis in female. No association of clinical signs and positive results in blood culture was observed in males. None of the kennels has been carrying out programmes to control brucellosis, and the sale of infected dogs was considered a common practice yielding risks to the public health, in view of the zoonotic potential of the infection.

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RESUMO

The frequency of Neospora spp., Leptospira spp. and Brucella abortus infections in adult cattle was determined in herds of the State of Pará, Brazil, which is an important region for cattle production located in the Amazon region. A total of 3466 adult female cattle from 176 herds were tested, leading to a frequency of seropositive animals of 14.7%, 3.7% and 65.5% and a herd positivity of 87.4%, 41.3% and 98.8% for infections caused by Neospora spp., B. abortus and Leptospira spp., respectively. The five most frequently diagnosed serologic responses to Leptospira spp. were those against serovars hardjo, wolfii, grippotyphosa, hebdomadis and shermani. The following associations were found: practice of artificial insemination, large farm size, large herd size, large number of dogs and high number of total abortions per year with the presence of antibodies against serovar hardjo; positive results to serovar grippotyphosa with the presence of dogs; inappropriate disposal of aborted foetuses with positivity to serovar hebdomadis. Serovar grippotyphosa was also associated with number of episodes of abortions. Neospora spp. positive herds were associated with episodes of abortion and B. abortus infection with the disposal of dead animals and aborted foetuses on pastures and with the use of artificial insemination. In conclusion, the high frequency of brucellosis, leptospirosis and neosporosis in the region may be a consequence of social, natural and raising conditions as: (i) climate conditions that favour the survival and spread of pathogens in the environment; (ii) farms located in regions bordering forest areas; (iii) farms in areas of difficult access to the veterinary service; (iv) extensive beef herds raised at pastures with different age and productive groups inter-mingled; and (v) minimal concerns regarding hygiene practices and disease prevention measures.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A infecção por Leptospira spp. sorovar Hardjo é endêmica nos rebanhos bovinos brasileiros. A introdução de animal infectado em rebanhos livres, acesso a aguadas e pastejo consorciado entre ovinos e bovinos têm sido apontados como os principais fatores de risco. Objetivou-se investigar quais fatores de risco envolvem a infecção pelo sorovar Hardjo em rebanhos exclusivos de ovinos e consorciados com bovinos nas condições criatórias extensivas e semi-intensivas adotadas na região de Sorocaba, São Paulo. Amostras sorológicas de oito rebanhos, não vacinados contra leptospirose: cinco com criação consorciada entre ovinos e bovinos e três exclusivas de ovinos foram examinadas pela reação de soroaglutinação microscópica. Um questionário epidemiológico foi aplicado considerando-se manejos sanitário e zootécnico e condições ambientais. Todos os rebanhos apresentaram animais reatores para Leptospira spp.: 51,16% (22/43) dos animais consorciados e 70,83% (17/24) dos ovinos (p = 0,191), mas apenas os rebanhos consorciados apresentaram pelo menos um animal reator ao sorovar Hardjo. A condição consorciada foi a única com significância para a presença sorológica do sorovar Hardjo (p = 0,018). Quando avaliado o total de ovinos em condições criatórias exclusivas frente aos ovinos consorciados com bovinos, o risco associado à consorciação foi significante para a presença do sorovar Hardjo (p = 0,005). Conclui-se que o sorovar Hardjo estava relacionado à presença de bovinos e independente de outros fatores de risco.

Leptospira spp. serovar Hardjo infection is endemic in Brazilian cattle herds. The main risk factors for infection by serovar Hardjo are introduction of infected bovine into free herds, access to surface water and grazing sheep and cattle together. The present study investigated the risk factors involved in serovar Hardjo infection in sheep-only herds and in sheep grazing together with cattle herds in the region of Sorocaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Serum samples from eight herds not vaccinated against leptospirosis, five consisting of cattle and sheep and three with sheep only, were examined by microscopic agglutination test. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied taking into account sanitary and zootechnical management and environmental conditions. All herds showed reactors to Leptospira spp.: 51.16% (22/43) in cattle-sheep herds and 70.83% (17/24) in sheep-only herds (p = 0.191); but only the cattle-sheep herds showed at least one reactor to the serovar Hardjo, which was absent in all the sheep-only herds. Grazing cattle and sheep together was the only significant risk factor for serovar Hardjo infection (p = 0.018). When the total of sheep raised in sheep-only herds was compared with those raised with cattle, the risk associated with grazing these species together was significant for the presence of serovar Hardjo (p = 0.005). It was concluded that serovar Hardjo in sheep was directly related to the presence of bovines, regardless of other risk factors.

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RESUMO

A field survey of resistance was conducted based on the larval packet test technique with synthetic pyrethroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin) and organophosphates (chlorpyriphos) in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus field populations from six different regions of the State of São Paulo (Brazil). 82.6% of the populations showed resistance to cypermethrin, 86.36% to deltamethrin and 65.25% to chlorpyriphos, with 50% presenting resistance to both SP and OP acaricide. According to the questionnaires completed by the producers, OP+SP mixtures followed by SP-only formulations were the products most commonly used for controlling the cattle tick in the surveyed areas. The present study showed high occurrence of resistance to SP and OP in the State of São Paulo, Brazil and revealed the type of strategy adopted by small dairy farms in this state. This information is fundamental in order to establish the monitoring of resistance on each farm individually, contributing to the rational use of acaricides for the control of R. (B.) microplus.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Leptospira spp. serovar Hardjo infection is endemic in Brazilian cattle herds. The main risk factors for infection by serovar Hardjo are introduction of infected bovine into free herds, access to surface water and grazing sheep and cattle together. The present study investigated the risk factors involved in serovar Hardjo infection in sheep-only herds and in sheep grazing together with cattle herds in the region of Sorocaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Serum samples from eight herds not vaccinated against leptospirosis, five consisting of cattle and sheep and three with sheep only, were examined by microscopic agglutination test. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied taking into account sanitary and zootechnical management and environmental conditions. All herds showed reactors to Leptospira spp.: 51.16% (22/43) in cattle-sheep herds and 70.83% (17/24) in sheep-only herds (p = 0.191); but only the cattle-sheep herds showed at least one reactor to the serovar Hardjo, which was absent in all the sheep-only herds. Grazing cattle and sheep together was the only significant risk factor for serovar Hardjo infection (p = 0.018). When the total of sheep raised in sheep-only herds was compared with those raised with cattle, the risk associated with grazing these species together was significant for the presence of serovar Hardjo (p = 0.005). It was concluded that serovar Hardjo in sheep was directly related to the presence of bovines, regardless of other risk factors.

RESUMO A infecção por Leptospira spp. sorovar Hardjo é endêmica nos rebanhos bovinos brasileiros. A introdução de animal infectado em rebanhos livres, acesso a aguadas e pastejo consorciado entre ovinos e bovinos têm sido apontados como os principais fatores de risco. Objetivou-se investigar quais fatores de risco envolvem a infecção pelo sorovar Hardjo em rebanhos exclusivos de ovinos e consorciados com bovinos nas condições criatórias extensivas e semi-intensivas adotadas na região de Sorocaba, São Paulo. Amostras sorológicas de oito rebanhos, não vacinados contra leptospirose: cinco com criação consorciada entre ovinos e bovinos e três exclusivas de ovinos foram examinadas pela reação de soroaglutinação microscópica. Um questionário epidemiológico foi aplicado considerando-se manejos sanitário e zootécnico e condições ambientais. Todos os rebanhos apresentaram animais reatores para Leptospira spp.: 51,16% (22/43) dos animais consorciados e 70,83% (17/24) dos ovinos (p = 0,191), mas apenas os rebanhos consorciados apresentaram pelo menos um animal reator ao sorovar Hardjo. A condição consorciada foi a única com significância para a presença sorológica do sorovar Hardjo (p = 0,018). Quando avaliado o total de ovinos em condições criatórias exclusivas frente aos ovinos consorciados com bovinos, o risco associado à consorciação foi significante para a presença do sorovar Hardjo (p = 0,005). Conclui-se que o sorovar Hardjo estava relacionado à presença de bovinos e independente de outros fatores de risco.

RESUMO

Leptospiras excretadas pela urina podem sobreviver por longos períodos em águas de superfície e solos, na dependência do pH e teor de umidade e de matéria orgânica. Investigou-se a influência do meio ambiente na transmissão da leptospirose em dois rebanhos exclusivos de ovinos (A e C) e dois de ovinos consorciados com bovinos (F e H) da região de Sorocaba, SP, no período de dezembro de 2007 a setembro de 2008. Foram examinadas amostras de soro pela reação de soroaglutinação microscópica; de urina, água e solo pelo cultivo para leptospiras e urina de ovinos pela PCR. Condições edafoclimáticas, pH das águas de superfície e solo, granulometria e permeabilidade do solo foram analisadas. Todos os rebanhos apresentaram pelo menos um animal sororeagente para Leptospira spp. Apenas a PCR de um pool de urina de ovinos (H) foi positiva. Leptospira spp. foi isolada do lago de F. O pH das águas de superfície variou entre 6,0-7,0; e nos solos entre 4,5 e 6,8. Os índices de matéria orgânica em A, C e H variaram de 24 a 35 g/dm3, e 63 g/dm3 em F. A composição do solo de A e F mostrou-se franco-argiloarenosa, C argilosa e H franco-siltosa; como texturas mistas são capazes de manter a umidade, principalmente devido a argila. Diante da presença de animais sororeatores e portanto da circulação de Leptospira spp. nos rebanhos, conclui-se que o ciclo de transmissão é dependente da interação sinérgica e antagônica de muitas variáveis; onde o pastejo num habitat com alto teor de umidade parece ser limitante.

Leptospires excreted by urine are able to survive for long periods in surface water and soil depending on the pH, humidity and organic matter presence. This paper reported the influence of environment conditions on the transmission of leptospirosis in two sheep-only farms (A and C) and two cattle-sheep farms (F and H) from December 2007 to September 2008. Serum samples were examined by microscopic agglutination test; urine, surface water and soil samples were cultured for leptospires, and ovine urine pools were analyzed by PCR. Regional edaphoclimatic conditions, pH of surface water and soil, granulometry and permeability of soil were analyzed. All herds presented at least one reactor to Leptospira spp. Only the PCR of an ovine urine pool of herd H was positive and Leptospira spp. was isolated from the F lake. The pH of water samples ranged from 6.0 to 7.0; while in soil it was around from 4.5 to 6.8. Soil organic matter were 24 to 35 g/dm3 in A, C e H, and 63 g/dm3 in F. Soil samples of A and F showed loamy-clay texture; C had clay soil, and H loamy-silt soil; as mixed compositions are able to maintain the humidity, mainly where clay is present. As the presence of reactors in all herds indicated the contact with Leptospira spp., it was concluded that the cycle of transmission is dependent on the synergistic and antagonistic interaction of many variables; but the close contact of animals grazing in a high humidity habitat seems to be limiting.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Leptospires excreted by urine are able to survive for long periods in surface water and soil depending on the pH, humidity and organic matter presence. This paper reported the influence of environment conditions on the transmission of leptospirosis in two sheep-only farms (A and C) and two cattle-sheep farms (F and H) from December 2007 to September 2008. Serum samples were examined by microscopic agglutination test; urine, surface water and soil samples were cultured for leptospires, and ovine urine pools were analyzed by PCR. Regional edaphoclimatic conditions, pH of surface water and soil, granulometry and permeability of soil were analyzed. All herds presented at least one reactor to Leptospira spp. Only the PCR of an ovine urine pool of herd H was positive and Leptospira spp. was isolated from the F lake. The pH of water samples ranged from 6.0 to 7.0; while in soil it was around from 4.5 to 6.8. Soil organic matter were 24 to 35 g/dm3 in A, C e H, and 63 g/dm3 in F. Soil samples of A and F showed loamy-clay texture; C had clay soil, and H loamy-silt soil; as mixed compositions are able to maintain the humidity, mainly where clay is present. As the presence of reactors in all herds indicated the contact with Leptospira spp., it was concluded that the cycle of transmission is dependent on the synergistic and antagonistic interaction of many variables; but the close contact of animals grazing in a high humidity habitat seems to be limiting.

RESUMO Leptospiras excretadas pela urina podem sobreviver por longos períodos em águas de superfície e solos, na dependência do pH e teor de umidade e de matéria orgânica. Investigou-se a influência do meio ambiente na transmissão da leptospirose em dois rebanhos exclusivos de ovinos (A e C) e dois de ovinos consorciados com bovinos (F e H) da região de Sorocaba, SP, no período de dezembro de 2007 a setembro de 2008. Foram examinadas amostras de soro pela reação de soroaglutinação microscópica; de urina, água e solo pelo cultivo para leptospiras e urina de ovinos pela PCR. Condições edafoclimáticas, pH das águas de superfície e solo, granulometria e permeabilidade do solo foram analisadas. Todos os rebanhos apresentaram pelo menos um animal sororeagente para Leptospira spp. Apenas a PCR de um pool de urina de ovinos (H) foi positiva. Leptospira spp. foi isolada do lago de F. O pH das águas de superfície variou entre 6,0-7,0; e nos solos entre 4,5 e 6,8. Os índices de matéria orgânica em A, C e H variaram de 24 a 35 g/dm3, e 63 g/dm3 em F. A composição do solo de A e F mostrou-se franco-argiloarenosa, C argilosa e H franco-siltosa; como texturas mistas são capazes de manter a umidade, principalmente devido a argila. Diante da presença de animais sororeatores e portanto da circulação de Leptospira spp. nos rebanhos, conclui-se que o ciclo de transmissão é dependente da interação sinérgica e antagônica de muitas variáveis; onde o pastejo num habitat com alto teor de umidade parece ser limitante.