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Resumen Introducción: Los cuerpos extraños (CE) en oído, nariz y vía aéreodigestiva superior son el 30% de las urgencia en otorrinolaringología (ORL). No existen datos epidemiológicos nacionales que describan la casuística de CE. Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología de pacientes con diagnóstico de CE evaluados, entre el 2013-2018 en Clínica Santa María de Santiago, Chile. Describir las características de los CE, ubicación, método de extracción y complicaciones. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, basado en revisión de fichas clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de CE, analizando variables epidemiológicas y clínicas. Resultados: Se revisaron 1.847 casos con diagnóstico de CE, confirmando 1.494. La mayoría de sexo masculino (53,3%), con un promedio de edad de 16,5 años (rango de 0-95 años). Los CE más prevalentes fueron ótico (52,9%) y nasal (27,9%). El síntoma asociado más frecuente fue la sensación de CE (18,1%). El diagnóstico fue principalmente por examen físico (84%), requiriéndose exámenes complementarios en 18,2%. La extracción fue ambulatoria en su mayoría (84,6%), requiriendo extracción en pabellón el 12,5%. El 5,5% presentó complicaciones, y la tasa de letalidad fue de 0,07%. Conclusión: Esta casuística, única a nivel nacional, nos permite conocer la epidemiología de los CE. Un bajo porcentaje de pacientes fue de riesgo vital, pero el manejo oportuno permite una baja tasa de complicaciones y letalidad.

Abstract Introduction: Foreign bodies (FB) in the ear, nose and upper airway-digestive tract are 30% of the emergencies in otolaryngology (ORL). There is no national epidemiological data that describes the FB casuistry. Aim: To describe the epidemiology of patients who have a diagnosis of a FB evaluated, between 2013-2018, at Santa María Clinic in Santiago, Chile. To describe the characteristics of FB, location, method of removal, and complications. Material and Method: A descriptive and retrospective study, based on review of clinical records of patients with the diagnosis of FB, analyzing epidemiological and clinical variables. Results: 1847 cases with a diagnosis of FB were reviewed, of which 1494 were confirmed. Most were male (53.3%), with an average age of 16.5 years (range 0-95 years). The most prevalent FB locations were otic (52.9%) and nasal (27.9%). The most frequent associated symptom was sensation of a FB (18.1%). The diagnosis was fundamentally based on physical examination (84%), requiring complementary tools in 18.2%. The extraction was mostly ambulatory (84.6%), requiring extraction in the operation room in 12.5%. 5.5% presented complications, and the fatality rate was 0.07%. Conclusion: This casuistry is unique at the national level, and allows us to know the epidemiology of FB. A low percentage of patients correspond to life-threatening locations, but timely management allows a low rate of complications and fatality.

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Resumen Los biobancos son una innovadora herramienta biotecnológica y un recurso fundamental para el continuo avance en la investigación científica biomédica, y para el advenimiento de la medicina de precisión. Se han desarrollado de forma exponencial durante los últimos 20 años en el mundo, como también a nivel de nuestro país, con la creación de 10 biobancos desde el año 2004. En ellos se almacenan y organizan distintos tipos de muestras biológicas, asociadas a datos epidemiológicos y genéticos de donantes voluntarios. Todos los especímenes almacenados deben ser preservados con estándares de calidad garantizados, a modo de asegurar trazabilidad, integridad y calidad de las muestras. A pesar de que la mantención de un biobanco puede significar altos costos, a fin de cuentas, abaratan costos de los estudios clínicos, dado que es precisamente el biobanco quien se encarga de la obtención de datos y muestras clínicas confiables, permitiendo realizar múltiples estudios a partir de las mismas muestras. A través de este proceso, los biobancos permiten mantener una fuente confiable de recur-sos para la investigación en diversas áreas de la medicina, dentro de ellas la otorrinolaringología. En otorrinolaringología, los biobancos han significado un gran avance, facilitando la investigación en relación con hipoacusia, presbiacusia y tinnitus, así como en el área oncológica. En un futuro, se espera que la comunidad científica haga uso de este recurso, pudiendo expandir su utilidad no solo en el área médica, sino también en otras profesiones de la salud, maximizando así su gigantesco potencial.

Abstract Biobanks are novel biotechnological tools and a fundamental resource for the constant development of biomedical research, as much as for the growing practice of precision medicine. They have proliferated worldwide over the past 20 years and Chile has not been left behind with the creation of 10 bio-banks since 2004. Biobanks store and organize different types of biological samples associated with epidemiological and genetic data from volunteer donors. These samples are stored and preserved under guaranteed quality standards to ensure their traceability, integrity, and quality. Even though the price of maintaining a biobank may seem high, after all, they reduce the costs of research, since biobanks are responsible of the acquisition and storage of data and samples, allowing the performance of multiple studies from the same collection of specimens. In this direction, biobanks grant a constant source of well-founded scientific material for investigation in a wide range of medical fields, such as otolaryngology among them. In otolaryngology, the biobanks have meant a great improvement, facilitating investigations related to deafness, presbycusis, tinnitus and oncology. In the future we hope the scientific community will expand the use this innovative tool over a broader medical field and towards other health-related professions, making the most of its enormous potential.

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PURPOSE: To review the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of patients diagnosed with Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma (ESS) and Undifferentiated Uterine Sarcoma (USS) at our institution and investigate their clinical outcomes and factors affecting prognosis. METHODS: We retrospectively collected demographic data, preoperative diagnostic methods and therapeutic management of patients treated for ESS and UUS between January 1995 and December 2019 at Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Spain. Overall survival and disease-free survival were calculated. Cox proportional-hazards regression models were calculated. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients were included in the study, of which 51(81%) had a diagnosis of ESS and 12(19%) of UUS. Twenty patients (31.7%) were diagnosed after a previous non-oncologic surgery, and 12 of them (60%) suffered from tumor disruption. Cytoreductive procedures were needed in 29 patients (46%), and optimal cytoreduction was achieved in 80.9% of the patients. The median follow-up was 7.6 years (IQR = 0.99-14.31). Five-year overall survival was 57.6% (44.2-68.8) and was significantly better for low-grade ESS (LG-ESS) patients (p < 0.01). Five-year disease-free survival was 57.1% (42.8-69.1) and was also significantly higher in LG-ESS cohort (p = 0.03). After multivariate analysis histological type, age, FIGO stage, optimal surgery and mitotic index were found significantly correlated with survival. For high-grade EES (HG-ESS) and USS patients adjuvant radiotherapy also correlated with improved survival. CONCLUSION: Overall survival and disease-free survival are significantly better in patients with LG-ESS cohort. HG-ESS and UUS show similar survival outcomes. Age, FIGO stage, optimal surgery and histological type were significantly correlated with survival in the global cohort, whilst adjuvant radiotherapy correlated with improved survival in HG-ESS and UUS patients.

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Resumen Los pacientes con COVID-19 pueden presentar dificultades en la alimentación por distintos factores, entre los que destacan el aumento del esfuerzo respiratorio, uso de dispositivos de apoyo ventilatorio, compromiso neurológico y disfagia postextubación. La evaluación clínica es fundamental, pero debe ser realizada con precaución y con elementos de protección personal, ya que es un procedimiento generador de aerosoles, al igual que la evaluación instrumental mediante videofluoroscopía y evaluación fibroendoscópica de la deglución. Las recomendaciones de manejo deben basarse en la evaluación clínica adaptada, tanto para pacientes ambulatorios como hospitalizados, y debe incluir el manejo nutricional, compensatorio y el seguimiento clínico periódico para evitar las consecuencias de la disfagia orofaríngea, y así disminuir la tasa de neumonía aspirativa, causa importante de morbimortalidad.

Abstract Patients with COVID-19 may present feeding difficulties due to different factors, like the increase in respiratory effort, use of ventilatory support devices, neurological compromise and post-extubation dysphagia. Clinical evaluation is essential, but it must be carried out with caution and using personal protection elements, since it is an aerosol-generating procedure, as well as the instrumental evaluation by videofluoroscopy and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Treatment should be based on adapted clinical evaluation, for both outpatients and hospitalized patients, and should include nutritional treatment, compensatory management and periodic clinical follow-up to avoid the consequences of oropharyngeal dysphagia and decrease the rate of aspiration pneumonia major cause of morbidity and mortality.

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PURPOSE: There is a gap in knowledge regarding the impact of micrometastases (MIC) and isolated tumor cells (ITCs) found in the sentinel lymph nodes of patients with endometrial cancer. Here, we present a meta-analysis of the published literature on the rate of MIC and ITCs after lymphatic mapping and determine trends in postoperative management. METHODS: Literature search of Medline and PubMed was done using the terms: micrometastases, isolated tumor cells, endometrial cancer, and sentinel lymph node. Inclusion criteria were: English-language manuscripts, retrospectives, or prospective studies published between January 1999 and June 2019. We removed manuscripts on sentinel node mapping that did not specify information on micrometastases or isolated tumor cells, non-English-language articles, no data about oncologic outcomes, and articles limited to ten cases or less. RESULTS: A total of 45 manuscripts were reviewed, and 8 studies met inclusion criteria. We found that the total number of patients with MIC/ITCs was 286 (187 and 99, respectively). The 72% of patients detected with MIC/ITCs in sentinel nodes received adjuvant therapies. The MIC/ITCs group has a higher relative risk of recurrence of 1.34 (1.07, 1.67) than the negative group, even if the adjuvant therapy was given. CONCLUSION: We noted that there is an increased relative risk of recurrence in patients with low-volume metastases, even after receiving adjuvant therapy. Whether adjuvant therapy is indicated remains a topic of debate because there are other uterine factors implicated in the prognosis. Multi-institutional tumor registries may help shed light on this important question.

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BACKGROUND: The aeromedical evacuation in the Chilean Air Force has had an important development in the last 15 years. The coronavirus disease declared as a global pandemic by the WHO has generated the challenge of transferring highly infectious patients to centers of greater complexity. The objective of this article is to report our experience in the transfer of COVID ­ 19 patients in constant attention and medical monitoring. CLINICAL CASE REPORTS: The aeromedical evacuation of 2 COVID-19 patients was performed from the Hanga Roa Hospital, Rapa Nui, to the National Thorax Institute, Metropolitan Region, in a Lockheed Hercules C-130, which corresponds to a pressurized fixed-wing airplane. The transfer was carried out with the corresponding personal protection elements and in individual isolation capsules with advanced negative pressure life support (ISO ­ POD), in order to reduce the level of contagion to the aero sanitary crew and minimize the impact on the flight material used. DISCUSSION: The transfer was carried out achieving all the objectives set out under a strict security protocol and the two COVID-19 patients were transferred successfully. The negative pressure isolation capsule system was safe and reliable, since no crew member presented symptoms or was infected by COVID -19, and also allowed the transfer of highly contagious patients during an 8-hour flight operation.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La evacuación aeromédica en la Fuerza Aérea de Chile ha tenido un importante desarrollo en los últimos 15 años. La enfermedad por coronavirus declarada como pandemia mundial por la OMS ha generado el desafío de trasladar pacientes altamente infecciosos a centros de mayor complejidad. El objetivo de este artículo es reportar nuestra experiencia en el traslado de pacientes COVID ­ 19 en constante atención y monitorización médica. REPORTE DE CASOS CLÍNICOS: Se realizó la evacuación aeromédica de 2 pacientes COVID ­ 19 desde el Hospital de Hanga Roa, Rapa Nui, hacía el Instituto Nacional del Tórax, Región Metropolitana, en un Lockheed Hércules C-130, que corresponde a un avión de ala fija presurizado. El traslado se realizó con los elementos de protección personal correspondientes y en capsulas de aislamiento individual con soporte vital avanzado a presión negativa (ISO ­ POD), con la finalidad de reducir el nivel de contagio a la tripulación aero sanitaria y minimizar el impacto en el material de vuelo utilizado. DISCUSIÓN: El traslado se desarrolló logrando todos los objetivos planteados bajo un estricto protocolo de seguridad y los dos enfermos COVID-19 fueron trasladados de manera exitosa. El sistema de cápsulas de aislamiento a presión negativa fue seguro y confiable, ya que ningún miembro de la tripulación presento sintomatología o resultó contagiado por COVID -19, y además permitió trasladar pacientes altamente contagiosos durante una operación de vuelo de 8 horas.

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RESUMEN Introducción: La gentamicina transtimpánica se utiliza en el manejo de pacientes con vértigo crónico refractario al manejo médico. Objetivo: Describir y analizar las características clínicas, epidemiológicas, y resultados de pacientes sometidos a tratamiento con gentamicina transtimpánica en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, incluyendo los pacientes con patología otorrinolaringológica que hayan recibido gentamicina transtimpánica entre los años 2008 y 2018. Se analizaron variables epidemiológicas, clínicas, y función vestibular. Resultados: La serie está constituida por diez pacientes, con una edad promedio de 52,4 años; siete mujeres y tres hombres. El diagnóstico fue en su mayoría enfermedad de Ménière (7 pacientes). El número promedio de inyecciones de gentamicina fue de 2,8. En el período de seguimiento (rango 1-96 meses), se logró mejoría del vértigo en la mayoría de los pacientes (8 de 10). Conclusión: El tratamiento con inyecciones de gentamicina transtimpánica es una opción importante para aliviar la sintomatología de pacientes con vértigo crónico intratable. Debe indicarse en casos seleccionados, y siempre realizar un estudio auditivo y vestibular completo antes y después del tratamiento con gentamicina.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Transtympanic gentamicin is used for treatment of patients with chronic vertigo refractory to medical management. Aim: To describe and analyze the clinical outcome of patients whom underwent treatment with transtympanic gentamicin at the Clinical Hospital Universidad de Chile. Material and method: Retrospective and descriptive study including patients with otolaryngologist disease whom underwent treatment with transtympanic gentamicin between 2008 and 2018. Epidemiological, clinical variables and vestibular function were analyzed. Results: The serie consists of ten patients, 7 men and 3 women, with an average age of 52,4 years. The most frequent diagnosis was Ménière disease (7 patients). The average number of gentamicin injections was 2,8. The follow up varies from 1 to 96 months, presenting improvement of vertigo in the majority of the cases (8 of 10 patients). Conclusion: The treatment with transtympanic injections of gentamicin is a relevant option to decrease symptoms in patients with chronic intractable vertigo. It should be indicated in selected patients. Prior and posterior the treatment, patients must be studied with a complete evaluation of the auditory and vestibular function.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine if the use of magnesium sulphate postdelivery reduces the risk of eclampsia in women with severe pre-eclampsia exposed to at least 8 hours of magnesium sulphate before delivery. DESIGN: Randomised multicentre controlled trial. SETTING: Latin America. POPULATION: Women with severe pre-eclampsia that had received a 4-g loading dose followed by 1 g per hour for 8 hours as maintenance dose before delivery. METHODS: In all, 1113 women were randomised; 555 women were randomised to continue the infusion of magnesium sulphate for 24 hours postpartum and 558 were randomised to stopping the magnesium sulphate infusion immediately after delivery. OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome was the incidence of eclampsia in the first 24 hours postdelivery. Secondary outcomes included maternal death, maternal complications, time to start ambulation and time to start lactation. RESULTS: The maternal characteristics at randomisation between the groups were not different. There were no differences in the rate of eclampsia; 1/555 (0.18%) versus 2/558 (0.35%) [relative risk (RR 0.7, 95% CI 0.1-3.3; P = 0.50] or maternal complications between the groups (RR 1.0, 95% CI 0.8-1.2; P = 0.76). Time to start ambulation was significantly shorter in the no magnesium sulphate group (18.1 ± 10.6 versus 11.8 ± 10.8 hours; P = 0.0001) and time to start lactation was equally shorter in the no magnesium sulphate group (24.1 ± 17.1 versus 17.1 ± 16.8 hours; P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Women with severe pre-eclampsia treated with a minimum of 8 hours of magnesium sulphate before delivery do not benefit from continuing the magnesium sulphate for 24 hours postpartum. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: No benefit of continuing magnesium sulphate postpartum in severe pre-eclampsia exposed to this drug for a minimum of 8 hours before delivery.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) after risk reduction salpingo-oophorectomy(RRSO), and to describe oncological outcomes after RRSO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BRCA pathogenic mutation carriers who had undergone an RRSO were evaluated in this retrospective multicenter observational study. Patients were only included when fallopian tubes were analyzed following the protocol for Sectioning and Extensively Examining the FIMbria (SEE-FIM). Surgeries were performed between June 2010 and April 2017 at eight Spanish hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 359 patients met the inclusion criteria. STIC was diagnosed in 3 (0.8%) patients; one of them underwent surgical staging due to positive peritoneal washing, with absence of disease at the final pathology report. None of the three patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and were free of disease at last follow-up. Fallopian tube and ovarian carcinoma were diagnosed in 5 (1.4%) and 1 (0.3%), respectively. At a median (range) follow-up time of 29 (3-92) months, five patients had a newly diagnosed breast cancer. Other types of cancer, which were diagnosed during the follow-up time, included: serous primary peritoneal carcinoma (n = 1), serous endometrial carcinoma (n = 1), colon (n = 1), pancreas (n = 1), jaw (n = 1), and lymphoma (n = 1). Seven patients died due to different types of cancer: breast (n = 4), pancreas (n = 1), jaw (n = 1), and colon (n = 1). CONCLUSION: The incidence of STIC after RRSO in BRCA mutation carriers is low (0.8%) and it presents an excellent oncological outcome. Patients after RRSO, however, run the risk to develop other types of cancer during follow-up and should be properly advised before the prophylactic surgery.

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RESUMEN La fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) corresponde a una comunicación anormal entre el espacio subaracnoideo y la porción neumatizada de la base de cráneo anterior en relación con las cavidades paranasales. Fístulas persistentes requieren reparación quirúrgica por el riesgo de meningitis, abscesos cerebrales y neumoencéfalo asociado. El gold standard es el abordaje extracraneal endoscópico. Uno de los principales inconvenientes es dañar estructuras intracraneanas nobles. La ayuda de tecnologías como la cirugía guiada por imágenes, contribuye a disminuir este problema. A continuación se presentan dos casos clínicos de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo en base de cráneo anterior, asociado a meningoencefalocele, intervenidos por cirugía endonasal guiada por imágenes.

ABSTRACT Endoscopic management of anterior skull base meningoencephalocele. The cerebrospinal fluid leak (CSF) is an abnormal communication between the subaracnoid space and the pneumatic portion of the anterior cranial base which is related to the paranasal cavities. The persistent leak requires surgery due to the potential complications such as meningitis, cerebral abscess or pneumoencephalus. Extracranial endoscopic approach is the gold standard procedure. One of the most important risk of the surgery is to damage noble intracranial structures. This situation can be ameliorated by using image guided surgery. We present two cases of CSF in anterior cranial base associated with meningoencephalocele that were treated in our center using nasal image guided endoscopic surgery.

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