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Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease relevant to public health in many countries, on all continents except Antarctica. The objective of the study is to describe the registered cases and mortality from echinococcosis in Brazil, from 1995 to 2016. The records of two national databases, the Hospital Information System (HIS) and the Mortality Information System (MIS), were accessed during the period of 1995-2016. Demographic, epidemiological, and health care data related to the occurrence of disease and deaths attributed to echinococcosis in Brazil are described. The results showed that 7955 records of hospitalizations were documented in the HIS, during the study period, with 185 deaths from echinococcosis, and 113 records of deaths were documented in the MIS Deaths in every state of Brazil in the period. When comparing between states, the HIS showed great variability in mortality rates, possibly indicating heterogeneity in diagnosis and in the quality of health care received by patients. Less severe cases that do not require specialized care are not recorded by the information systems, thus the true burden of the disease could be underrepresented in the country. A change in the coding of disease records in the HIS in the late 1990s, (the integration of echinococcosis cases with other pathologies), led to the loss of specificity of the records. The records showed a wide geographic distribution of deaths from echinococcosis, reinforcing the need to expand the notification of the disease in Brazil. Currently, notification of cases is compulsory in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

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BACKGROUND: International organizations advocate for the elimination of dog-mediated rabies, but there is only limited guidance on interpreting surveillance data for managing elimination programmes. With the regional programme in Latin America approaching elimination of dog-mediated rabies, we aimed to develop a tool to evaluate the programme's performance and generate locally-tailored rabies control programme management guidance to overcome remaining obstacles. METHODS: We developed and validated a robust algorithm to classify progress towards rabies elimination within sub-national administrative units, which we applied to surveillance data from Brazil and Mexico. The method combines criteria that are easy to understand, including logistic regression analysis of case detection time series, assessment of rabies virus variants, and of incursion risk. Subjecting the algorithm to robustness testing, we further employed simulated data sub-sampled at differing levels of case detection to assess the algorithm's performance and sensitivity to surveillance quality. RESULTS: Our tool demonstrated clear epidemiological transitions in Mexico and Brazil: most states progressed rapidly towards elimination, but a few regressed due to incursions and control lapses. In 2015, dog-mediated rabies continued to circulate in the poorest states, with foci remaining in only 1 of 32 states in Mexico, and 2 of 27 in Brazil, posing incursion risks to the wider region. The classification tool was robust in determining epidemiological status irrespective of most levels of surveillance quality. In endemic settings, surveillance would need to detect less than 2.5% of all circulating cases to result in misclassification, whereas in settings where incursions become the main source of cases the threshold detection level for correct classification should not be less than 5%. CONCLUSION: Our tool provides guidance on how to progress effectively towards elimination targets and tailor strategies to local epidemiological situations, while revealing insights into rabies dynamics. Post-campaign assessments of dog vaccination coverage in endemic states, and enhanced surveillance to verify and maintain freedom in states threatened by incursions were identified as priorities to catalyze progress towards elimination. Our finding suggests genomic surveillance should become increasingly valuable during the endgame for discriminating circulating variants and pinpointing sources of incursions.

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Cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatidosis, a parasitic zoonosis caused by a cestode of the family Taeniidae, species Echinococcus granulosus, is endemic in Argentina, Chile, Peru, Uruguay, and southern Brazil. This report presents CE figures for these five countries in 2009 - 2014 and proposes indicators to measure national control programs. Nearly 5 000 new CE cases were diagnosed annually in the five countries during the study period. The average case fatality rate was 2.9%, which suggests that CE led to approximately 880 deaths in these countries during the 6-year period. CE cases that required secondary or tertiary health care had average hospital stays of 10.6 days, causing a significant burden to health systems. The proportion of new cases (15%) in children less than 15 years of age suggests ongoing transmission. Despite figures showing that CE is not under control in South America, the long-standing implementation of national and local control programs in three of the five countries has achieved reductions in some of the indicators. The Regional Initiative for the Control of CE, which includes the five countries and provides a framework for networking and collaboration, must intensify its efforts.

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Cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatidosis, a parasitic zoonosis caused by a cestode of the family Taeniidae, species Echinococcus granulosus, is endemic in Argentina, Chile, Peru, Uruguay, and southern Brazil. This report presents CE figures for these five countries in 2009 – 2014 and proposes indicators to measure national control programs. Nearly 5 000 new CE cases were diagnosed annually in the five countries during the study period. The average case fatality rate was 2.9%, which suggests that CE led to approximately 880 deaths in these countries during the 6-year period. CE cases that required secondary or tertiary health care had average hospital stays of 10.6 days, causing a significant burden to health systems. The proportion of new cases (15%) in children less than 15 years of age suggests ongoing transmission. Despite figures showing that CE is not under control in South America, the long-standing implementation of national and local control programs in three of the five countries has achieved reductions in some of the indicators. The Regional Initiative for the Control of CE, which includes the five countries and provides a framework for networking and collaboration, must intensify its efforts.

La equinococosis quística o hidatidosis, zoonosis parasitaria causada por un cestodo de la especie Echinococcus granulosus, familia Taeniidae, es endémica en Argentina, Chile, Perú, Uruguay y el sur del Brasil. En este informe se presentan datos sobre la equinococosis quística registrados en estos cinco países entre los años 2009 y 2014, y se proponen indicadores para medir el desempeño de los programas nacionales de control. Durante el período de estudio, en los cinco países se diagnosticaron casi 5 000 casos nuevos por año. La tasa de letalidad promedio fue del 2,9 %, lo que indica que la equinococosis quística causó aproximadamente 880 defunciones en estos países en el período de 6 años estudiado. Los casos que debieron recibir atención de salud secundaria o terciaria tuvieron una estadía hospitalaria promedio de 10,6 días, lo que ha generado una carga significativa para los sistemas de salud. La proporción de casos nuevos de niños menores de 15 años (15 %) indica que la transmisión no se ha interrumpido. A pesar de que los datos muestran que la enfermedad no está controlada en América del Sur, tres de los cinco países disponen de programas nacionales y locales de control desde hace muchos años, los que han logrado reducir algunos de los indicadores. Es preciso que la Iniciativa Sudamericana para el Control de la Equinococosis Quística, que incluye a los cinco países y contribuye con un marco para la formación de redes y la colaboración, redoble sus esfuerzos para lograr el control de la enfermedad.

A equinococose cística ou hidatidose, zoonose parasitária causada por um céstodo da família Taeniidae e espécie Echinococcus granulosus, é endêmica na Argentina, Chile, Peru, Uruguai e no sul do Brasil. Neste artigo são apresentadas as estimativas da hidatidose nos cinco países de 2009 a 2014 e propostos indicadores para avaliar os programas nacionais de controle. Cerca de 5 mil casos novos de hidatidose foram diagnosticados por ano nos cinco países no período de estudo. A taxa de letalidade média foi de 2,9%, o que indica que esta doença causou aproximadamente 880 mortes nestes países no período de 6 anos. Nos casos de hidatidose que precisaram de atenção de saúde secundária ou terciária, a duração média da internação hospitalar foi de 10,6 dias, representando uma sobrecarga considerável aos sistemas de saúde. O percentual de novos casos (15%) em indivíduos menores de 15 anos de idade indica transmissão contínua. Apesar de as estimativas mostrarem que a hidatidose não está controlada na América do Sul, a execução permanente de programas municipais e nacionais de controle em três dos cinco países tem redundado na redução de alguns dos indicadores. A Iniciativa Regional para Controle da Hidatidose, que integra os cinco países em uma estrutura para trabalho em conjunto e colaboração, deve redobrar os seus esforços.

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Objectives. To demonstrate the importance of country surveillance systems for leptospirosis and their use for preliminary epidemiological analysis, as well as to generate research questions for future, more comprehensive studies on the disease. Methods. In 2015, for the first time, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) included human cases of leptospirosis in its Regional Core Health Data Initiative, an open-access database that collects annual health indicators from the countries and territories of the Americas. This new information was used to analyze leptospirosis cases by country and sex and to calculate cumulative incidence rates. Maps were used to help present the results. To supplement that general review of leptospirosis in the Americas, more detailed descriptions of the epidemiological situation and the surveillance programs of four selected countries (Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, and Honduras) were provided. Results. In this first year of PAHO requesting leptospirosis data, of the 49 countries and territories in the Americas, 38 of them (77.6%) reported information. Among those 38, 28 of them (73.7%) reported the presence of human cases; the majority of instances of zero cases were in Caribbean territories. From those 28, a total of 10 702 human cases were recorded. The largest numbers of cases in Latin America were in Brazil (40.2%), Peru (23.6%), Colombia (8.8%), and Ecuador (7.2%). The cumulative incidence rate for Latin America was estimated to be 2.0 per 100 000 population. On average, 65.1% of cases were males. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that many countries in Latin America are making efforts to establish strong surveillance systems and programs for leptospirosis. The study also shows the importance of having leptospirosis surveillance systems as well as how the information generated can be used for evidence-based decision-making on leptospirosis.

Objetivos. Demostrar la importancia de los sistemas nacionales de vigilancia de la leptospirosis y su uso para realizar el análisis epidemiológico preliminar, así como para generar preguntas de investigación que se utilicen en futuros estudios más integrales sobre la enfermedad. Métodos. En el año 2015, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) incluyó por primera vez casos humanos de leptospirosis en su Iniciativa Regional de Datos Básicos de Salud, base de datos de acceso abierto que recoge indicadores de salud anuales de los países y territorios de la Región de las Américas. Esta nueva información fue utilizada para analizar los casos de leptospirosis por país y sexo, así como para calcular las tasas de incidencia acumulada, y los resultados se presentaron en mapas. Para complementar ese examen general de la leptospirosis en esta Región, se aportó una descripción más detallada de la situación epidemiológica y los programas de vigilancia de cuatro países (Brasil, Colombia, Cuba y Honduras). Resultados. En este primer año en que la OPS solicitó datos sobre la leptospirosis, de los 49 países y territorios en la Región de las Américas, aportaron información 38 (77,6 %). De esos 38, 28 (73,7 %) notificaron casos humanos; la mayor parte de las instancias sin ningún caso humano se registraron en territorios del Caribe. En esos 28 países y territorios, se registraron 10 702 casos humanos. En América Latina, los países que registraron los números más altos de casos fueron Brasil (40,2 %), Perú (23,6 %), Colombia (8,8 %) y Ecuador (7,2 %). Se calculó que la tasa de incidencia acumulada de América Latina es de 2,0 por 100 000 habitantes. En promedio, 65,1 % de los casos correspondieron a hombres. Conclusiones. Este estudio demuestra que muchos países de América Latina están tomando medidas para instaurar sistemas y programas sólidos de vigilancia de la leptospirosis. Asimismo, revela la importancia de los sistemas de vigilancia de la leptospirosis, así como el modo en que la información generada puede servir para tomar decisiones basadas en la evidencia acerca de esta enfermedad.

Objetivos. Demonstrar a importância dos sistemas nacionais de vigilância para a leptospirose e seu uso na análise epidemiológica preliminar, além de gerar perguntas de pesquisa para futuros estudos mais aprofundados sobre a doença. Métodos. Em 2015, a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) incluiu, pela primeira vez, casos humanos de leptospirose em sua Iniciativa Regional de Dados Básicos de Saúde, uma base de dados de acesso aberto que coleta indicadores de saúde anuais nos países e territórios das Américas. Utilizamos estas novas informações para analisar os casos de leptospirose por país e por sexo e calcular as taxas de incidência acumuladas. A apresentação dos dados é facilitada pelo uso de mapas. Para complementar esta revisão geral da leptospirose nas Américas, apresentamos descrições mais detalhadas da situação epidemiológica e dos programas de vigilância de quatro países selecionados (Brasil, Colômbia, Cuba e Honduras). Resultados. Neste primeiro ano em que a OPAS solicitou dados sobre a leptospirose, 38 dos 49 países e territórios das Américas (77,6%) apresentaram informações. Destes 38, 28 (73,7%) notificaram a presença de casos humanos; em sua maioria, os que não apresentaram nenhum caso foram territórios do Caribe. Dentre os 28, foi registrado um total de 10.702 casos humanos. O maior número de casos na América Latina foi observado no Brasil (40,2%), Peru (23,6%), Colômbia (8,8%) e Equador (7,2%). A taxa de incidência acumulada para a América Latina foi estimada em 2,0 por 100.000 habitantes. Em média, 65,1% dos casos foram em homens. Conclusões. Este estudo demonstra que muitos países da América Latina estão fazendo esforços para estabelecer fortes sistemas de vigilância e programas contra a leptospirose. O estudo também revela a importância da existência de sistemas de vigilância para a leptospirose e demonstra que as informações geradas podem ser usadas para a tomada de decisões baseadas em evidências científicas para a leptospirose.

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ABSTRACT Objectives To demonstrate the importance of country surveillance systems for leptospirosis and their use for preliminary epidemiological analysis, as well as to generate research questions for future, more comprehensive studies on the disease. Methods In 2015, for the first time, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) included human cases of leptospirosis in its Regional Core Health Data Initiative, an open-access database that collects annual health indicators from the countries and territories of the Americas. This new information was used to analyze leptospirosis cases by country and sex and to calculate cumulative incidence rates. Maps were used to help present the results. To supplement that general review of leptospirosis in the Americas, more detailed descriptions of the epidemiological situation and the surveillance programs of four selected countries (Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, and Honduras) were provided. Results In this first year of PAHO requesting leptospirosis data, of the 49 countries and territories in the Americas, 38 of them (77.6%) reported information. Among those 38, 28 of them (73.7%) reported the presence of human cases; the majority of instances of zero cases were in Caribbean territories. From those 28, a total of 10 702 human cases were recorded. The largest numbers of cases in Latin America were in Brazil (40.2%), Peru (23.6%), Colombia (8.8%), and Ecuador (7.2%). The cumulative incidence rate for Latin America was estimated to be 2.0 per 100 000 population. On average, 65.1% of cases were males. Conclusions This study demonstrates that many countries in Latin America are making efforts to establish strong surveillance systems and programs for leptospirosis. The study also shows the importance of having leptospirosis surveillance systems as well as how the information generated can be used for evidence-based decision-making on leptospirosis.

RESUMEN Objetivos Demostrar la importancia de los sistemas nacionales de vigilancia de la leptospirosis y su uso para realizar el análisis epidemiológico preliminar, así como para generar preguntas de investigación que se utilicen en futuros estudios más integrales sobre la enfermedad. Métodos En el año 2015, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) incluyó por primera vez casos humanos de leptospirosis en su Iniciativa Regional de Datos Básicos de Salud, base de datos de acceso abierto que recoge indicadores de salud anuales de los países y territorios de la Región de las Américas. Esta nueva información fue utilizada para analizar los casos de leptospirosis por país y sexo, así como para calcular las tasas de incidencia acumulada, y los resultados se presentaron en mapas. Para complementar ese examen general de la leptospirosis en esta Región, se aportó una descripción más detallada de la situación epidemiológica y los programas de vigilancia de cuatro países (Brasil, Colombia, Cuba y Honduras). Resultados En este primer año en que la OPS solicitó datos sobre la leptospirosis, de los 49 países y territorios en la Región de las Américas, aportaron información 38 (77,6 %). De esos 38, 28 (73,7 %) notificaron casos humanos; la mayor parte de las instancias sin ningún caso humano se registraron en territorios del Caribe. En esos 28 países y territorios, se registraron 10 702 casos humanos. En América Latina, los países que registraron los números más altos de casos fueron Brasil (40,2 %), Perú (23,6 %), Colombia (8,8 %) y Ecuador (7,2 %). Se calculó que la tasa de incidencia acumulada de América Latina es de 2,0 por 100 000 habitantes. En promedio, 65,1 % de los casos correspondieron a hombres. Conclusiones Este estudio demuestra que muchos países de América Latina están tomando medidas para instaurar sistemas y programas sólidos de vigilancia de la leptospirosis. Asimismo, revela la importancia de los sistemas de vigilancia de la leptospirosis, así como el modo en que la información generada puede servir para tomar decisiones basadas en la evidencia acerca de esta enfermedad.

RESUMO Objetivos Demonstrar a importância dos sistemas nacionais de vigilância para a leptospirose e seu uso na análise epidemiológica preliminar, além de gerar perguntas de pesquisa para futuros estudos mais aprofundados sobre a doença. Métodos Em 2015, a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) incluiu, pela primeira vez, casos humanos de leptospirose em sua Iniciativa Regional de Dados Básicos de Saúde, uma base de dados de acesso aberto que coleta indicadores de saúde anuais nos países e territórios das Américas. Utilizamos estas novas informações para analisar os casos de leptospirose por país e por sexo e calcular as taxas de incidência acumuladas. A apresentação dos dados é facilitada pelo uso de mapas. Para complementar esta revisão geral da leptospirose nas Américas, apresentamos descrições mais detalhadas da situação epidemiológica e dos programas de vigilância de quatro países selecionados (Brasil, Colômbia, Cuba e Honduras). Resultados Neste primeiro ano em que a OPAS solicitou dados sobre a leptospirose, 38 dos 49 países e territórios das Américas (77,6%) apresentaram informações. Destes 38, 28 (73,7%) notificaram a presença de casos humanos; em sua maioria, os que não apresentaram nenhum caso foram territórios do Caribe. Dentre os 28, foi registrado um total de 10.702 casos humanos. O maior número de casos na América Latina foi observado no Brasil (40,2%), Peru (23,6%), Colômbia (8,8%) e Equador (7,2%). A taxa de incidência acumulada para a América Latina foi estimada em 2,0 por 100.000 habitantes. Em média, 65,1% dos casos foram em homens. Conclusões Este estudo demonstra que muitos países da América Latina estão fazendo esforços para estabelecer fortes sistemas de vigilância e programas contra a leptospirose. O estudo também revela a importância da existência de sistemas de vigilância para a leptospirose e demonstra que as informações geradas podem ser usadas para a tomada de decisões baseadas em evidências científicas para a leptospirose.

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Background: Complete isolation of genders allows intense estrous induction and synchronization once rams are introduced in ewe flocks at the onset of the breeding season (BS). This management practice, defined as the male effect, results from a neuroendocrine process mediated by pheromones. The male effect is a straightforward procedure to induce estrous in noncycling ewes, but conditions for its use have not been fully explored. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate hormone levels and ovarian activity of postpartum ewes in anestrus which are subjected to the male effect under different male to female ratios. Material, Methods & Results: Pospartum females were selected according to body condition score and cyclicity status. Females were kept apart from males during 30 days at a distance of 10 m. Anestrus and ovulation were determined by P4 measures on days 10, 20 and 30 after isolation from males. After P4 concentration diagnosis, anestrus ewe (n = 99) were subjected to male to ewe ratios (MFR) of 1:20 (MFR20), 1:30 (MFR30) and 1:40 (MFR40). Santa Inês rams (n = 3) of proven fertility were used. Three females of each group were randomly subjected to blood collection for LH concentration analysis. Ovarian activity was performed by ultrasonography after estrus manifestation in six ewe of each group. Estrus events were observed twice a day during the BS of 35 days, and estrus [...](AU)

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Background: Complete isolation of genders allows intense estrous induction and synchronization once rams are introduced in ewe flocks at the onset of the breeding season (BS). This management practice, defined as the male effect, results from a neuroendocrine process mediated by pheromones. The male effect is a straightforward procedure to induce estrous in noncycling ewes, but conditions for its use have not been fully explored. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate hormone levels and ovarian activity of postpartum ewes in anestrus which are subjected to the male effect under different male to female ratios.Material, Methods & Results: Pospartum females were selected according to body condition score and cyclicity status. Females were kept apart from males during 30 days at a distance of 10 m. Anestrus and ovulation were determined by P4 measures on days 10, 20 and 30 after isolation from males. After P4 concentration diagnosis, anestrus ewe (n = 99) were subjected to male to ewe ratios (MFR) of 1:20 (MFR20), 1:30 (MFR30) and 1:40 (MFR40). Santa Inês rams  (n = 3) of proven fertility were used. Three females of each group were randomly subjected to blood collection for LH concentration analysis. Ovarian activity was performed by ultrasonography after estrus manifestation in six ewe of each group. Estrus events were observed twice a day during the BS of 35 days, and estrus wer

RESUMO

Background: Complete isolation of genders allows intense estrous induction and synchronization once rams are introduced in ewe flocks at the onset of the breeding season (BS). This management practice, defined as the male effect, results from a neuroendocrine process mediated by pheromones. The male effect is a straightforward procedure to induce estrous in noncycling ewes, but conditions for its use have not been fully explored. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate hormone levels and ovarian activity of postpartum ewes in anestrus which are subjected to the male effect under different male to female ratios.Material, Methods & Results: Pospartum females were selected according to body condition score and cyclicity status. Females were kept apart from males during 30 days at a distance of 10 m. Anestrus and ovulation were determined by P4 measures on days 10, 20 and 30 after isolation from males. After P4 concentration diagnosis, anestrus ewe (n = 99) were subjected to male to ewe ratios (MFR) of 1:20 (MFR20), 1:30 (MFR30) and 1:40 (MFR40). Santa Inês rams  (n = 3) of proven fertility were used. Three females of each group were randomly subjected to blood collection for LH concentration analysis. Ovarian activity was performed by ultrasonography after estrus manifestation in six ewe of each group. Estrus events were observed twice a day during the BS of 35 days, and estrus wer

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Background: Complete isolation of genders allows intense estrous induction and synchronization once rams are introduced in ewe flocks at the onset of the breeding season (BS). This management practice, defined as the male effect, results from a neuroendocrine process mediated by pheromones. The male effect is a straightforward procedure to induce estrous in noncycling ewes, but conditions for its use have not been fully explored. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate hormone levels and ovarian activity of postpartum ewes in anestrus which are subjected to the male effect under different male to female ratios.Material, Methods & Results: Pospartum females were selected according to body condition score and cyclicity status. Females were kept apart from males during 30 days at a distance of 10 m. Anestrus and ovulation were determined by P4 measures on days 10, 20 and 30 after isolation from males. After P4 concentration diagnosis, anestrus ewe (n = 99) were subjected to male to ewe ratios (MFR) of 1:20 (MFR20), 1:30 (MFR30) and 1:40 (MFR40). Santa Inês rams  (n = 3) of proven fertility were used. Three females of each group were randomly subjected to blood collection for LH concentration analysis. Ovarian activity was performed by ultrasonography after estrus manifestation in six ewe of each group. Estrus events were observed twice a day during the BS of 35 days, and estrus wer