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PURPOSE: Predicting bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) to assess the risk-benefit of therapy is necessary considering the side effects of medications. We developed and validated an instrument for predicting BPD and compared it with an instrument currently used for neonates born in a Brazilian hospital. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients born between 2016 and 2020 with a gestational age (GA) between 23 and 30 weeks. Predictive equations were elaborated using methods of component variable selection collected on the 14th day of life; 70% of the sample was randomly selected for the construction of risk prediction equations and the remaining 30% for their validation, application, and comparison with the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) instrument. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the equations were calculated. RESULTS: The equation that used variables with p < 5% in Fisher's exact test presented the best results: specificity of 98% and positive predictive value of 93% and could be used for BPD prediction of all small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. The NICHD calculator applied to our population had a specificity of 93% and a positive predictive value of 75% and could not be applied to extremely SGA infants. CONCLUSION: Our tool can predict the risk of BPD on the 14th day of life, has higher specificity and positive predictive value to our population than the NICHD instrument, and can be suitable for SGA infants. The results must be confirmed by applying it to other populations to validate our tool.

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We performed a quality improvement project to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and published our results about the initiative in 2021. However, aspects on the safety of the cooling and how to do therapeutic hypothermia with low technology to preterm infants are not described in this previous reporter. Thus, we aim to describe the steps and management to apply hypothermia in preterm infants using low technology and present the safety aspects regarding the initiative. We performed a quality improvement project to NEC in a reference hospital for neonatology (intensive care unit). Forty-three preterm infants with NEC (modified Bell's stage II/III) were included: 19 in the control group (2015-2018) and 24 in the hypothermic group (2018-2020). The control group received standard treatments. The hypothermia group received standard treatment and underwent passive cooling (35.5 °C, used for 48 h after NEC diagnosis). We reported cooling safety to NEC, assessing hematological and gasometrical parameters, coagulation disorders, clinical instability, and neurological disorders. We described how to perform cooling to preterm infants using incubators' servo-control and the occurrence and management of dysthermia during the cooling. We turn-off the incubator and used the esophageal probe to monitor the temperature every 15 min; if the temperature dropped, the incubator was turned on with a rewarming speed of 0.5 °C/h. The participants' average weights and gestational ages were 1186 g and 32 weeks, respectively. There were no differences among hematological indices, serum parameters (sodium, potassium, creatinine, lactate, and bicarbonate), pH, pCO2, and pO2/FiO2 between the groups during treatment and after rewarming. We did not observe dysthermia, bradycardia, hemodynamic instability, apnea, seizure, bleeding, peri-intraventricular hemorrhage, or any alterations in ventilatory parameters due to the cooling technique in preterm babies. This simple technique was performed without intercurrences through a rigorous team evaluation, with a target cooling speed of 0.5 °C/h. The target temperature was successfully reached between the second and third hours of life with the incubator control in 21 children; ice bags were used in only three cases. The temperature was maintained at the expected level during the programmed cooling period. CONCLUSION: Mild controlled hypothermia for preterm infants with NEC is safe. The cooling of preterm infants could be performed through passive methods, using the servo-control of the incubators for temperature management. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Mild controlled hypothermia to NEC treatment is feasible and associated with a decrease in NEC surgery, short bowel, and death. • Mild controlled hypothermia to preterm is feasible and can be performed through low technology and passive cooling. WHAT IS NEW: • Mild controlled hypothermia to preterm is safe and does not associate with safety adverse effects during and after the cooling. • Preterm infants can be cooled through passive methods by just using the servo control of the incubator, presenting acceptable temperature variance, without dysthermia, achieving and remaining at the target temperature with a proper cooling speed. Mild controlled temperature for preterm infants does not need an additional cooling device.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess clinical predictors and outcomes associated to the need for surfactant retreatment in preterm infants. Methods: Retrospective cohort study, including very low birth weight preterm infants from January 2006 to December 2015 who underwent surfactant replacement therapy. Beractant was used (100 mg/kg), repeated every six hours if FiO2 ≥0.40. The subjects were classified into two groups: single surfactant dose; and more than one dose (retreatment). We evaluated maternal and neonatal predictors for the need of retreatment and neonatal outcomes associated to retreatment. Results: A total of 605 patients (44.5%) received surfactant; 410 (67.8%) one dose, and 195 (32.2%) more than one dose: 163 (83.5%) two doses and 32 (16.4%) three doses. We could not find clinical predictors for surfactant retreatment. Retreatment was associated to a greater chance of BPD in infants >1000 g (RR 1.78; 95%CI 1.30‒2.45) and ≤1000 g (RR 1.33; 95%CI 1.04‒1.70), in infants with gestational age<28 weeks (RR 1.56; 95%CI 1.12‒2.18) and ≥28 weeks (RR 1.50; 95%CI 1.17‒1.92), in neonates with early sepsis (RR 1.48; 95%CI 1.20‒1.81), and in infants not exposed to antenatal corticosteroids (RR 1.62; 95%CI 1.20‒2.17) Conclusions: We could not find predictor factors associated to surfactant retreatment. The need for two or more doses of surfactant was significantly related to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar preditores clínicos e resultados associados à necessidade de retratamento com surfactante. Métodos: Coorte retrospectiva com prematuros de muito baixo peso, no período de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2015, em uso de terapia de reposição de surfactante. O surfactante utilizado foi beractante (100 mg/kg), repetido a cada seis horas se FiO2≥0.40. Foram analisados dois grupos: dose única de surfactante e mais de uma dose (retratamento). Foram avaliados preditores maternos e neonatais para retratamento e resultados neonatais. Resultados: 605 pacientes (44,5%) receberam surfactante; 410 (67,8%) uma dose e 195 (32,2%) mais de uma dose: 163 (83,5%) duas doses e 32 (16.4%) três doses. Não foram encontrados fatores associados ao retratamento com surfactante. A displasia broncopulmonar (DBP) foi associada ao retratamento (p<0.01). A presença de retratamento aumentou a chance de ocorrência de DBP em neonatos >1000 g (RR 1,78; IC95% 1,30‒2,45) e ≤1000 g (RR 1,33; IC95% 1,04‒1,70), em recém-nascidos com idade gestacional <28 semanas (RR 1,56; IC95% 1,12‒218) e ≥28 semanas (RR 1,50; IC95% 1,17‒1,92), naqueles com sepse precoce (RR 1,48; IC95% 1,20‒1,81), e nos que não foram expostos ao corticoide antenatal (RR 1,62; IC95% 1,20‒2,17). Conclusões: Não encontramos fatores preditores associados à necessidade de retratamento. A necessidade de duas ou mais doses de surfactante está associada à displasia broncopulmonar.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess clinical predictors and outcomes associated to the need for surfactant retreatment in preterm infants. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study, including very low birth weight preterm infants from January 2006 to December 2015 who underwent surfactant replacement therapy. Beractant was used (100 mg/kg), repeated every six hours if FiO2 ≥0.40. The subjects were classified into two groups: single surfactant dose; and more than one dose (retreatment). We evaluated maternal and neonatal predictors for the need of retreatment and neonatal outcomes associated to retreatment. RESULTS: A total of 605 patients (44.5%) received surfactant; 410 (67.8%) one dose, and 195 (32.2%) more than one dose: 163 (83.5%) two doses and 32 (16.4%) three doses. We could not find clinical predictors for surfactant retreatment. Retreatment was associated to a greater chance of BPD in infants >1000 g (RR 1.78; 95%CI 1.30‒2.45) and ≤1000 g (RR 1.33; 95%CI 1.04‒1.70), in infants with gestational age<28 weeks (RR 1.56; 95%CI 1.12‒2.18) and ≥28 weeks (RR 1.50; 95%CI 1.17‒1.92), in neonates with early sepsis (RR 1.48; 95%CI 1.20‒1.81), and in infants not exposed to antenatal corticosteroids (RR 1.62; 95%CI 1.20‒2.17). CONCLUSIONS: We could not find predictor factors associated to surfactant retreatment. The need for two or more doses of surfactant was significantly related to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

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OBJECTIVE: To review studies that evaluate the correspondence between the estimate height via segmental measures and the actual height of children with cerebral palsy. DATA SOURCES: Systematic literature review between 1995-2018, guided by the PRISMA criteria (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), in PubMed, BVS, MEDLINE and Lilacs databases. The descriptors, connected by the AND Boolean Operators, were: anthropometry, cerebral palsy, child and body height. The research comprised papers in Portuguese, English and Spanish, with Qualis-CAPES equal or superior to B3 that addressed the question: "Is there any correlation between estimate height by equations and direct height measures in children with cerebral palsy?" 152 studies were recovered and seven were selected. Their methodological quality was assessed by the scale of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). DATA SYNTHESIS: Most studies showed no correspondence between estimated and real height. Studies that showed coincidence of the measures contain limitations that could jeopardize the results (sample losses, small samples and exclusion of patients with severe contractures, scoliosis and severe cerebral palsy). Japanese researchers developed an equation which harmoniously aligns the statures; the study comprised only Japanese patients, though. CONCLUSIONS: Given the importance of accuracy in height measures to evaluate infant health, it is crucial to carry out more researches in order to safely establish an association between both estimate and real statures. The development of anthropometric protocols, emerged from such researches, would benefit the follow-up of children with severe psychomotor disabilities.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To review studies that evaluate the correspondence between the estimate height via segmental measures and the actual height of children with cerebral palsy. Data sources: Systematic literature review between 1995-2018, guided by the PRISMA criteria (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), in PubMed, BVS, MEDLINE and Lilacs databases. The descriptors, connected by the AND Boolean Operators, were: anthropometry, cerebral palsy, child and body height. The research comprised papers in Portuguese, English and Spanish, with Qualis-CAPES equal or superior to B3 that addressed the question: "Is there any correlation between estimate height by equations and direct height measures in children with cerebral palsy?" 152 studies were recovered and seven were selected. Their methodological quality was assessed by the scale of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Data synthesis: Most studies showed no correspondence between estimated and real height. Studies that showed coincidence of the measures contain limitations that could jeopardize the results (sample losses, small samples and exclusion of patients with severe contractures, scoliosis and severe cerebral palsy). Japanese researchers developed an equation which harmoniously aligns the statures; the study comprised only Japanese patients, though. Conclusions: Given the importance of accuracy in height measures to evaluate infant health, it is crucial to carry out more researches in order to safely establish an association between both estimate and real statures. The development of anthropometric protocols, emerged from such researches, would benefit the follow-up of children with severe psychomotor disabilities.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar estudos que avaliam correspondência entre a altura estimada por medidas segmentares e a estatura real de crianças com paralisia cerebral. Fonte de dados: Revisão sistemática da literatura entre 1995 e 2018, guiada pela diretriz Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), nas bases de dados PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS). Os descritores, combinados pelo operador booleano "and", foram: "anthropometry", "cerebral palsy", "child" e "body height". A pesquisa englobou artigos em português, inglês e espanhol, classificadas pelo Quali-CAPES igual ou superior a B3 e que respondiam à questão guia: "Existe correlação entre a altura estimada por equações em crianças com paralisia cerebral e as medidas diretas de altura?". Dos 152 artigos inicialmente recuperados, sete foram selecionados e sua qualidade metodológica foi avaliada pela escala da Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Síntese dos dados: A maioria dos trabalhos não encontrou correspondência entre altura real e estimada. Estudos que exibiram coincidência das medidas apresentaram limitações que poderiam comprometer os resultados (perda de amostra, amostra pequena e exclusão de indivíduos com contraturas severas, escoliose e paralisia cerebral grave). Pesquisadores japoneses desenvolveram equação que apresenta boa concordância entre as estaturas. Contudo, o estudo compreendeu apenas indivíduos japoneses. Conclusões: Dada a importância da precisão das medidas de estatura para avaliar a saúde infantil, tornam-se necessárias mais pesquisas visando estabelecer, de maneira mais segura, a associação entre a estatura estimada e a real. O desenvolvimento de protocolos antropométricos, resultantes dessas pesquisas, beneficiaria o acompanhamento de crianças com sequelas psicomotoras graves.

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In a prospective study, we evaluated the frequency, correlates, and clinical significance of perinatal or early-postnatal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in <34-week-gestation infants (n=95) born to CMV-seropositive mothers. None had congenital CMV infection. Overall, 21 (22.1%; 95% CI=14.2-31.8) infants were found to be infected; 10 excreted CMV at <60 days, and 11 had later excretion. Blood transfusion, birth weight, and vaginal delivery were not associated factors. Receiving natural breast milk within the first 30 days (OR=4.5, P=.02) or for >30 days (OR=7.9, P <.01) was associated with infection. Only one (4.8%) of the infected infants was symptomatic. For <34-week-gestation infants, frequency of perinatal and early-postnatal CMV infection is high. Early or prolonged exposure to breast milk is an associated factor. However, most infections are asymptomatic, indicating that CMV infection in preterm infants within such a population is a serious problem infrequently.

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We sought to determine correlations between plasma and salivary cortisol levels in preterm infants in the basal state and after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation during the first week of life. Infants (n = 48) were given ACTH or saline solution; each injection was separated by 24 hours. Salivary and plasma cortisol levels correlated at baseline (r = 0.67, P <.0001) and 1 hour after ACTH stimulation (r = 0.40, P =.0047). ACTH increased cortisol levels in plasma from 12.3 +/- 6.4 to 30.3 +/- 13.2 microg/dL (P <.0001) and in saliva from 1.0 +/- 0.8 to 2.6 +/- 1.0 microg/dL (P <.0001). The adrenal response to ACTH can be detected in the saliva of premature newborns during the first week of life.

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