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Phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides cause diseases in plant tissues as well as significant postharvest losses. The use of chemical fungicides for their control has negative effects on health and the environment. Secondary metabolites from halophilic bacteria are a promising alternative for new antifungal compounds. In the present study, halophilic bacteria were isolated and characterized from two sites with saline soils called branquizales in Campeche, Mexico. A total of 64 bacteria were isolated. Agrobacterium, Bacillus, Inquilinus, Gracilibacillus, Metabacillus, Neobacillus, Paenibacillus, Priestia, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces and Virgibacillus were among the identified genera. The antifungal potential of the culture supernatant (CS) of 39 halophilic bacteria was investigated against C. gloeosporioides and A. alternata. The bacteria showing the greatest inhibition of mycelial growth corresponded to Bacillus subtilis CPO 4292, Metabacillus sp. CPO 4266, Bacillus sp. CPO 4295 and Bacillus sp. CPO 4279. The CS of Bacillus sp. CPO 4279 exhibited the highest activity and its ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt) inhibited the germination of C. gloeosporioides, with IC50 values of 8,630µg/ml and IC90 of 10,720µg/ml. The organic partition of the AcOEt extract led to three fractions, with acetonitrile (FAcB9) showing the highest antifungal activity, with values exceeding 66%. Halophilic bacteria from 'blanquizales' soils of the genus Bacillus sp. produce metabolites with antifungal properties that inhibit the phytopathogenic fungus C. gloeosporioides.

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RESUMO

Obesity has become increasingly prevalent in the intensive care unit, presenting a significant challenge for healthcare systems and professionals, including rehabilitation teams. Caring for critically ill patients with obesity involves addressing complex issues. Despite the well-established and safe practice of early mobilization during critical illness, in rehabilitation matters, the diverse clinical disturbances and scenarios within the obese patient population necessitate a comprehensive understanding. This includes recognizing the importance of metabolic support, both non-invasive and invasive ventilatory support, and their weaning processes as essential prerequisites. Physiotherapists, working collaboratively with a multidisciplinary team, play a crucial role in ensuring proper assessment and functional rehabilitation in the critical care setting. This review aims to provide critical insights into the key management and rehabilitation principles for obese patients in the intensive care unit.

RESUMO

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, clinical staff learned how to manage patients enduring extended stays in an intensive care unit (ICU). COVID-19 patients requiring critical care in an ICU face a high risk of experiencing prolonged intensive care (PIC). The use of invasive mechanical ventilation in individuals with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome can cause numerous complications that influence both short-term and long-term morbidity and mortality. Those risks underscore the importance of proactively addressing functional complications. Mitigating secondary complications unrelated to the primary pathology of admission is imperative in minimizing the risk of PIC. Therefore, incorporating strategies to do that into daily ICU practice for both COVID-19 patients and those critically ill from other conditions is significantly important.

RESUMO

Resumen: La movilización temprana (MT) del paciente crítico ingresado a la UCI ha demostrado grandes beneficios en poblaciones cada vez más heterogéneas; sin embargo, pacientes que se encuentran vinculados a dispositivos extracorpóreos como la terapia de reemplazo renal continua (TRRC) suelen estar confinados por periodos prolongados a inmovilización en cama debido a la percepción del personal sobre posibles eventos adversos relacionados al paciente (desaturación, inestabilidad hemodinámica, caídas, etc.) o al catéter (desinserción, hemorragia, embolismo) durante la sesión de fisioterapia. Sin embargo, la evidencia actual demuestra que de manera general, si se cuenta con un protocolo de MT adaptado a las necesidades específicas de los pacientes vinculados a TRRC y esto se acompaña de un equipo humano multidisciplinario calificado y coordinado, el paciente podría realizar actividades en cama, sentado, parado e inclusive deambular sin necesidad de interrumpir la TRRC, y aun así, el riesgo de eventos adversos es casi nulo, lo que nos permitiría continuar priorizando la vida del paciente, al mismo tiempo que le permitimos ejercer su derecho de vivirla dignamente a través del movimiento corporal.

Abstract: Early mobilization (EM) of the critically ill patient admitted to the ICU has shown great benefits in increasingly heterogeneous populations, however, patients who are linked to extracorporeal devices such as continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) are often confined to prolonged periods of bed immobilization due to the staff's perception of possible adverse events related to the patient (desaturation, hemodynamic instability, falls, etc.) or to the catheter (disinsertion, bleeding, embolism, etc.) during the physical therapy session. However, current evidence shows that, in general, this is an unfounded fear since, if there is a EM protocol adapted to the specific needs of patients linked to CRRT and this is accompanied by a qualified and coordinated multidisciplinary team, the patient could perform activities in bed, sitting, standing and even walking without interrupting CRRT, and even then, the risk of adverse events is almost nil, which would allow us to continue to prioritize the patient's life, while allowing them to exercise their right to live life with dignity through bodily movement.

Resumo: A mobilização precoce (MP) do paciente em estado crítico internado na UTI tem mostrado grandes benefícios em populações cada vez mais heterogêneas, porém, pacientes que estão vinculados a dispositivos extracorpóreos como a terapia renal substitutiva contínua (TRRC) costumam ficar confinados à imobilização no leito por períodos prolongados devido à percepção da equipe sobre possíveis eventos adversos relacionados ao paciente (dessaturação, instabilidade hemodinâmica, quedas, etc.) ou ao cateter (desinserção, hemorragia, embolia) durante a sessão de fisioterapia. No entanto, as evidências atuais mostram que, em geral, se houver um protocolo de MP adaptado às necessidades específicas dos pacientes vinculados a TRRC e este for acompanhado por uma equipe humanizada multidisciplinar qualificada e coordenada, o paciente poderá realizar atividades no leito, sentado, ficar em pé e até andar sem a necessidade de interromper o TRRC, e mesmo assim o risco de eventos adversos é quase zero, o que nos permitiria continuar priorizando a vida do paciente, ao mesmo tempo que permitimos que ele exerça seu direito de viver com dignidade através do movimento corporal.

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BACKGROUND: The awake prone positioning strategy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome is a safe, simple and cost-effective technique used to improve hypoxaemia. We aimed to evaluate intubation and mortality risk in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who underwent awake prone positioning during hospitalisation. METHODS: In this retrospective, multicentre observational study conducted between 1 May 2020 and 12 June 2020 in 27 hospitals in Mexico and Ecuador, nonintubated patients with COVID-19 managed with awake prone or awake supine positioning were included to evaluate intubation and mortality risk through logistic regression models; multivariable and centre adjustment, propensity score analyses, and E-values were calculated to limit confounding. RESULTS: 827 nonintubated patients with COVID-19 in the awake prone (n=505) and awake supine (n=322) groups were included for analysis. Fewer patients in the awake prone group required endotracheal intubation (23.6% versus 40.4%) or died (19.8% versus 37.3%). Awake prone positioning was a protective factor for intubation even after multivariable adjustment (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.24-0.52; p<0.0001, E=2.12), which prevailed after propensity score analysis (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.27-0.62; p<0.0001, E=1.86) and mortality (adjusted OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.26-0.55; p<0.0001, E=2.03). The main variables associated with intubation among awake prone patients were increasing age, lower baseline peripheral arterial oxygen saturation/inspiratory oxygen fraction ratio (P aO2 /F IO2 ) and management with a nonrebreather mask. CONCLUSIONS: Awake prone positioning in hospitalised nonintubated patients with COVID-19 is associated with a lower risk of intubation and mortality.

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RESUMO

Resumen: El uso de la pausa al final de la inspiración (PFI) en ventilación mecánica data de hace más de 50 años y con mayor impulso en la década de los 70, se le atribuye una mejoría en la presión parcial de oxígeno arterial (PaO2) al incrementar la presión media de la vía aérea (Pma), mayor aclaramiento de la presión parcial de dióxido de carbono arterial (PaCO2) y permite la monitorización de la presión meseta (Pmeseta) en la mecánica ventilatoria; sin embargo, los estudios clínicos sobre su uso son escasos y controversiales. En este artículo se abordan los mecanismos fisiológicos, fisiopatológicos y la evidencia sobre el uso de la PFI en ventilación mecánica (VM).

Abstract: The use of the end inspiratory pause (EIP) in mechanical ventilation has been going on for more than 50 years and with greater momentum in the 1970s, an improvement in the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) is attributed to the increase mean airway pressure, greater clearance of partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and allows monitoring of plateau pressure in ventilatory mechanics; However, the Clinical studies on its use are few and controversial. This article addresses the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms and the evidence on the use of EIP in mechanical ventilation.

Resumo: A utilização da pausa ao final da inspiração (PFI) na ventilação mecânica remonta a mais de 50 anos e com maior impulso na década de 70, atribui-se uma melhora na pressão parcial de oxigênio arterial (PaO2) pelo aumento da pressão média das vias aéreas (Pma), uma maior depuração da pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono arterial (PaCO2) e permite a monitorização da pressão de platô (Pplateau) na mecânica ventilatória, porém estudos Os dados clínicos sobre seu uso são escassos e controversos. Este artigo aborda os mecanismos fisiológicos e fisiopatológicos e as evidências sobre o uso do PFI na ventilação mecânica (VM).

RESUMO

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los parámetros genéticos de las características biométricas del fruto y semillas de Caesalpinia ebano. La investigación se realizó en Montería (Colombia), se seleccionaron diez árboles, y de cada uno diez frutos tomados al azar. Se realizaron análisis de varianza y estimación de parámetros genéticos para nueve características: peso fresco del fruto, largo del fruto, ancho del fruto, grosor del fruto, número de semillas/fruto, peso de semillas por fruto, peso de una semilla, volumen de una semilla y densidad de una semilla. Se detectaron diferencias estadísticas (p < 0,01) entre árboles, para todas las características, excepto para el ancho del fruto y peso de una semilla; denotando la existencia de variabilidad genética entre los árboles para peso del fruto, largo del fruto, grosor del fruto, número de semillas y densidad de una semilla. El peso y largo del fruto presentaron la heredabilidad media familiar y heredabilidad en el sentido estricto con los valores más altos (h2 Fam > 82 % y h2 E > 30 %). La ganancia genética esperada fue mayor del 10 % en cinco de las nueve características estudiadas, y mayor del 20 % para número de semillas y peso de las semillas (27,31 y 27,87 %, respectivamente). Los caracteres peso y largo del fruto se podrían transmitir a las generaciones sucesivas, con mayor posibilidad de éxito, mediante la selección fenotípica de árboles.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to evaluate the genetic parameters of the biometric characteristics of the fruit and seeds of C. ebano. The investigation was carried out in Montería, Córdoba (Colombia); ten trees were selected and from each, ten fruits taken at random. Variance analysis and estimation of genetic parameters for nine traits were carried out: fresh fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, fruit thickness, number of seeds/fruit, weight of seeds by fruit, weight of one seed, volume of one seed and density of one seed. Statistical differences (p < 0.01) were detected between trees, for all traits except for width of the fruit and weight of a seed; denoting the existence of genetic variability between trees for fruit weight, fruit length, fruit thickness, number of seeds and density of a seed. The weight and length of the fruit presented the highest family heritability and narrow sense heritability (h2 Fam > 82 % and h2 E> 30 %). The expected genetic gain was greater than 10 % in five of the nine studied traits, and greater than 20 % for number of seeds and weight of seeds (27.31 and 27.87 %, respectively). The traits fruit weight and length could be transmitted to successive generations, with greater chance of success, by phenotypic selection of trees.

RESUMO

RESUMEN El fríjol caupí es una leguminosa importante en la región Caribe de Colombia, por su contribución a la dieta de sus pobladores y por ser una alternativa de ingresos para pequeños productores; sin embargo, los rendimientos obtenidos no superan los 600 kg ha-1, debido al desconocimiento del efecto de las prácticas culturales en la especie, como en los diversos cultivares. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes espaciamientos e hidrogel sobre características vegetativas y reproductivas del fríjol caupí cultivar Caupicor 50, en el departamento de Sucre, del Caribe colombiano. Se utilizó el diseño experimental parcelas sub-subdivididas, con tres repeticiones (bloques). Se combinaron dos distancias entre hileras: 60 y 80 cm en la parcela principal, tres distancias entre plantas: 20, 30 y 40 cm en la subparcela e hidrogel: 0 y 5 g/planta en la sub-subparcela. Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura de planta, área foliar, índice de área foliar, tasa de crecimiento del cultivo, número de vainas/planta, longitud de vaina, número de semillas/vaina, peso de cien semillas y rendimiento de semillas/ha. El mayor rendimiento, se estimó con 20 cm entre plantas y 60 cm entre hileras (83.333 plantas ha-1), con un rendimiento de 2.027 kg ha-1, asociado a mayor área foliar, índice de área foliar y tasa de crecimiento del cultivo y, a menor número de vainas por planta, longitud de vaina y peso de cien semillas.

ABSTRACT Cowpea bean is an important legume in the Caribbean region of Colombia, for its contribution to the diet of its habitants and being an alternative income for small producers. Nevertheless, the yields obtained do not exceed 600 kg ha-1, due to the unknown of the effect of cultural methods on the species, as in the different cultivars. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of different spacing and hydrogel on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of cowpea beans, cultivar Caupicor 50 in the department of Sucre of the Caribbean region of Colombia. A split-plot design was used, with three replications (blocks). Two distances between rows: 60 and 80 cm in the main plot, three spaces between plants: 20, 30, and 40 cm in the subplot, and hydrogel: 0 and 5 g / plant in the sub-sub plot were combined. The variables evaluated were: plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, crop growth rate, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, the weight of one hundred seed, and seed yield/ha. The highest yield, 2,027 kg ha-1, was estimated with 20 cm between plants and 60 cm between rows (83,333 plants ha-1) and was associated with greater leaf area, leaf area index and crop growth rate, and a lower number of pods per plant, pod length and weight of one hundred seeds.

RESUMO

RESUMEN La valoración de las fuentes de variación de los análisis de varianza combinado en las pruebas de evaluación multi-ambientes es de gran importancia en la selección de genotipos para recomendar nuevos cultivares, por su adaptabilidad y estabilidad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la significancia estadística y contribución de las fuentes de variación: ambientes, genotipos e interacción genotipo x ambiente para rendimiento de algodón-semilla, porcentaje de fibra y rendimiento de fibra, en las zonas del Caribe seco y húmedo colombiano. Se utilizaron los datos de dos pruebas multi-ambientes por zona, donde se evaluaron 10 genotipos de fibra media diferentes, bajo el diseño de bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Cada prueba estuvo conformada por cuatro ensayos realizados durante las cosechas 2003/2004, 2007/2008 y 2009/2010. Los resultados señalan que, en promedio, el ambiente fue la fuente de variación más importante en significancia (p <0,05 y p <0,01) y variación (>64 %), de los análisis de varianza combinado para rendimiento de algodón-semilla y fibra, con tendencia similar en su comportamiento entre ellas y en las dos zonas del Caribe colombiano. Para el porcentaje de fibra en el Caribe seco, la fuente de variación más importante fue genotipos (74,4 %) y en el Caribe húmedo fue el ambiente (57,2 %). Se sugiere subdividir las dos zonas del Caribe en subzonas más homogéneas ambientalmente o aumentar en más de cuatro el número de ensayos por prueba, para minimizar el efecto del ambiente y la interacción genotipo x ambiente.

ABSTRACT The assessment of the sources of variation of the combined analysis of variance in the multi-environment evaluation tests is of great importance in the selection of genotypes to recommend new cultivars for their adaptability and stability. The objective of this research was to evaluate the statistical significance and contribution of the sources of variation: environments, genotypes and genotype x environment interaction for cotton-seed yield, fiber percentage and fiber yield, in the dry and humid Colombian Caribbean zones. Data from two multi-environment tests per zone were used, where 10 different medium fiber genotypes were evaluated, under a randomized complete block design with four replications. Each test consisted of four experimentos carried out during the 2003/2004, 2007/2008 and 2009/2010 harvests. The results indicate that on average the environment was the most important source of variation in significance (p <0.05 and p <0.01) and variation (>64 %) of the combined analysis of variance for cotton-seed yield and fiber, with a similar trend in their behavior between them and in the two zones of the Colombian Caribbean. For the percentage of fiber in the dry Caribbean, the most important source of variation was genotypes (74.4 %) and in the humid Caribbean it was the environment (57.2 %). It is suggested to subdivide the two zones of the Caribbean into more environmentally homogeneous subzones and / or to increase the number of trials per test, to minimize the effect of the environment and the genotype x environment interaction.

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TCF7L2 is the most potent locus for type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk and the first locus to have been robustly reported by genomic linkage studies. TCF7L2 is a transcription factor that forms a basic part of the Wnt signaling pathway. This gene has highly conserved sequence regions that correspond to functional domains. The association of TCF7L2 with T2D is one of the most powerful genetically discovered in studies of complex diseases, as it has been consistently replicated in multiple populations with diverse genetic origins. The mechanisms over which TCF7L2 exerts its effect on T2D are still not well understood. In this article, we describe the main molecular mechanisms of how TCF7L2 is related to T2D. TCF7L2 variants associated with T2D risk exert an influence on the initial therapeutic success of the hypoglycemic oral agent sulfonylurea. Thus, it is important to know whether there are other TCF7L2 variants associated with T2D that can influence treatment with oral hypoglycemic agents. Resequencing of the TCF7L2 gene in diverse ethnic groups is required to reveal common and rare variations and their role in different pathologies and in adverse reactions to drugs. Identification of TCF7L2-susceptibility disease variants will permit, at a given moment, offering of therapies to patients according to their genotype.

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