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BACKGROUND: Central Illustration : Higher Arterial Stiffness Predicts Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults: The ELSA-Brasil Cohort Study. BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffening can directly affect the kidneys, which are passively perfused by a high flow. However, whether the relation between arterial stiffness and renal function depends on diabetes and hypertension conditions, is a matter of debate. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between arterial stiffening by carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) incidence in individuals and verify whether this association is present in individuals without hypertension and diabetes. METHODS: A longitudinal study of 11,647 participants of the ELSA-Brasil followed up for four years (2008/10-2012/14). Baseline cfPWV was grouped per quartile, according to sex-specific cut-offs. Presence of CKD was ascertained by glomerular filtration rate (eGFR-CKD-EPI) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and/or albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g. Logistic regression models were run for the whole cohort and a subsample free from hypertension and diabetes at baseline, after adjustment for age, sex, race, schooling, smoking, cholesterol/HDL ratio, body mass index, diabetes, use of antihypertensive, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiovascular disease. Statistical significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: The chance of CKD was 42% (CI 95%: 1.05;1.92) greater among individuals in the upper quartile of cfPWV. Among normotensive, non-diabetic participants, individuals in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartiles of cfPWV presented greater chances of developing CKD, as compared to those in the lower quartile, and the magnitude of this association was the greatest for those in the upper quartile (OR: 1.81 CI 95%: 1.14;2.86). CONCLUSION: Higher cfPWV increased the chances of CKD and suggests that this effect is even greater in individuals without diabetes and hypertension.

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Resumo Fundamento A rigidez arterial pode afetar diretamente os rins, que são perfundidos passivamente por alto fluxo. No entanto, determinar se a relação entre rigidez arterial e função renal depende das condições de diabetes e hipertensão é uma questão controversa. Objetivo Investigar a relação entre a rigidez arterial, por velocidade da onda de pulso carotídea-femoral (VOPcf), e a incidência de doença renal crônica (DRC) em indivíduos e verificar se essa associação está presente em indivíduos sem hipertensão e diabetes. Métodos Estudo longitudinal com 11.647 participantes do ELSA-Brasil acompanhados por quatro anos (2008/10-2012/14). A VOPcf basal foi agrupada por quartil, de acordo com pontos de corte específicos com relação a sexo. A presença de DRC foi verificada pela taxa de filtração glomerular (TFGe-CKD-EPI) < 60 ml/min/1,73 m2 e/ou relação albumina/creatinina ≥ 30 mg/g. Modelos de regressão logística foram executados para toda a coorte e uma subamostra livre de hipertensão e diabetes no início do estudo, após ajuste para idade, sexo, raça, escolaridade, tabagismo, relação colesterol/HDL, índice de massa corporal, diabetes, uso de anti-hipertensivos, pressão arterial sistólica, frequência cardíaca e doenças cardiovasculares. A significância estatística foi fixada em 5%. Resultados A chance de DRC foi de 42% (IC de 95%: 1,05;1,92) maior entre indivíduos no quartil superior da VOPcf. Entre os participantes normotensos e não diabéticos, os indivíduos do 2º, 3º e 4º quartis da VOPcf apresentaram maiores chances de desenvolver DRC, quando comparados aos do quartil inferior, sendo a magnitude dessa associação maior para aqueles do quartil superior (OR: 1,81 IC de 95%: 1,14;2,86). Conclusão A maior VOPcf aumentou as chances de DRC, e sugere que esse efeito é ainda maior em indivíduos sem diabetes e hipertensão.

Abstract Background Arterial stiffening can directly affect the kidneys, which are passively perfused by a high flow. However, whether the relation between arterial stiffness and renal function depends on diabetes and hypertension conditions, is a matter of debate. Objective To investigate the relationship between arterial stiffening by carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) incidence in individuals and verify whether this association is present in individuals without hypertension and diabetes. Methods A longitudinal study of 11,647 participants of the ELSA-Brasil followed up for four years (2008/10-2012/14). Baseline cfPWV was grouped per quartile, according to sex-specific cut-offs. Presence of CKD was ascertained by glomerular filtration rate (eGFR-CKD-EPI) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and/or albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g. Logistic regression models were run for the whole cohort and a subsample free from hypertension and diabetes at baseline, after adjustment for age, sex, race, schooling, smoking, cholesterol/HDL ratio, body mass index, diabetes, use of antihypertensive, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiovascular disease. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Results The chance of CKD was 42% (CI 95%: 1.05;1.92) greater among individuals in the upper quartile of cfPWV. Among normotensive, non-diabetic participants, individuals in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartiles of cfPWV presented greater chances of developing CKD, as compared to those in the lower quartile, and the magnitude of this association was the greatest for those in the upper quartile (OR: 1.81 CI 95%: 1.14;2.86). Conclusion Higher cfPWV increased the chances of CKD and suggests that this effect is even greater in individuals without diabetes and hypertension.

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This study aimed to examine whether retirement is associated with greater life satisfaction and if this association differs by sex and type of work. This is a cross-sectional analysis of 13,645 active and retired civil servants, attending to the second visit of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health cohort (ELSA-Brasil, 2012-2014). Retirees due to disability were excluded. The explanatory variables were: (1) current occupational status (not retired, retired); (2) work engagement after retirement (not retired, retired and working, retired and not working); (3) time since retirement (not retired, > 0-3, > 3-8, > 8-15, > 15 years). Life satisfaction was obtained from the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Associations were estimated by multiple linear regression. After considering sociodemographic and health indicators, life satisfaction was higher for retired individuals (β = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.32; 0.68) than not retired. Retirees who were not working (β = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.33; 0.78) seemed to be more satisfied than those working (β = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.26; 0.66). Life satisfaction was greater among those who retired: > 0-3 years (β = 0.57, 95%CI: 0.33; 0.81), > 8-15 years (β = 0.66, 95%CI: 0.34; 0.98), and > 15 years (β = 0.51, 95%CI: 0.27; 0.74) as compared to active workers. These associations were not modified by gender or type of work. In this Brazilian cohort, retired civil servants from teaching and research institutions seemed to be more satisfied with their lives than active individuals. Results suggest that life satisfaction may vary with time after retirement and whether individuals keep working afterwards, although the variations overlap.

O estudo buscou examinar se a aposentadoria está associada a maior satisfação com a vida e se a associação difere de acordo com gênero e tipo de ocupação. Trata-se de uma análise transversal de 13.645 servidores públicos, entre ativos e aposentados, avaliados na segunda visita da coorte Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil, 2012-2014). Foram excluídos os aposentados por motivo de saúde. As variáveis independentes eram: (1) situação ocupacional atual (não aposentado, aposentado); (2) engajamento em trabalho depois da aposentadoria (não aposentado, aposentado e trabalhando, aposentado e não trabalhando); (3) tempo desde a aposentadoria (não aposentado, > 0-3, > 3-8, > 8-15, > 15 anos). A satisfação com a vida foi obtida com a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida. As associações foram estimadas por regressão linear multivariada. Depois de ajustar para indicadores sociodemográficos e de saúde, a satisfação com a vida era mais alta entre aposentados (β = 0,50, IC95%: 0,32; 0,68) comparados com os não aposentados. Os aposentados que não estavam trabalhando (β = 0,56, IC95%: 0,33; 0,78) pareciam mais satisfeitos que aqueles que estavam trabalhando (β = 0,46, IC95%: 0,26; 0,66) e os não aposentados. A satisfação com a vida era maior entre aqueles que estavam aposentados: > 0-3 anos (β = 0,57, IC95%: 0,33; 0,81), > 8-15 anos (β = 0,66, IC95%: 0,34; 0,98) e > 15 anos (β = 0,51, IC95%: 0,27; 0,74), comparados aos ativos. Essas associações não foram modificadas por gênero ou tipo de ocupação. Nesta coorte brasileira, servidores públicos aposentados de instituições de ensino e pesquisa pareciam mais satisfeitos com a vida em comparação com os servidores ativos. Os resultados sugerem que a satisfação com a vida pode variar de acordo com o tempo desde a aposentadoria e se o indivíduo continua trabalhando depois, embora as associações se sobreponham.

El objetivo del estudio fue examinar si la jubilación está asociada con una satisfacción vital mayor y si esta asociación difiere por sexo, así como naturaleza de la ocupación. Se trata de un análisis transversal con 13.645 empleados públicos activos y jubilados, que participaron en la consulta 2 de la cohorte Estudio Longitudinal de Salud de Adultos (ELSA-Brasil, 2012-2014). Se excluyeron a jubilados que tuvieran problemas de salud. Las variables explicativas fueron: (1) estatus ocupacional actual (no jubilado, jubilado); (2) compromisos laborales tras la jubilación (no jubilado, jubilado y trabajando, jubilado y no trabajando); (3) tiempo desde la jubilación (no jubilado, > 0-3, > 3-8, > 8-15, > 15 años). La satisfacción vital procede de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida. Las asociaciones se estimaron mediante una regresión lineal múltiple. Tras considerar indicadores sociodemográficos y de salud, satisfacción vital fue mayor para los jubilados (β = 0,50, 95%CI: 0,32; 0,68) que para los no jubilados. Los jubilados que no estaban trabajando (β = 0,56, 95%CI: 0,33; 0,78) parecieron más satisfechos que los que estaban trabajando (β = 0,46, 95%CI: 0,26; 0,66), así como que quienes no estaban jubilados. La satisfacción vital fue mayor entre quienes se jubilaron: > 0-3 años (β = 0,57, 95%CI: 0,33; 0,81), > 8-15 años (β = 0,66, 95%CI: 0,34; 0,98), y > 15 años (β = 0,51, 95%CI: 0,27; 0,74) si se compara con trabajadores activos. Estas asociaciones no fueron modificadas por género o naturaleza ocupacional. En esta cohorte brasileña, los empleados públicos retirados de la enseñanza e instituciones de investigación parecían más satisfechos con sus vidas que las personas activas. Los resultados sugieren que la satisfacción vital puede variar con el tiempo tras la jubilación, así como en las personas que siguen trabajando después, a pesar de las dimensiones producidas por la superposición de asociaciones.

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Psychiatric patients are at increased risk of adverse life events, such as being incarcerated and homelessness in their life course. Using data from a cross-sectional multicenter study of 2,475 patients selected from 26 mental health services in Brazil, we examined the association of sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, and adverse life characteristics with history of homelessness, incarceration or their co-occurrence during lifetime. Odds ratios were obtained by multinomial logistic regression models. The prevalence of homelessness, incarceration and co-occurrence of these two conditions were 8.6%, 16.4%, and 9.4%, respectively. Lower income, living in unstable condition, intellectual disability, and cigarette smoking were associated with homelessness. Being male, lower schooling, sex under effect of alcohol or drugs, and multiple sex partners were associated with incarceration. Psychiatric hospitalizations, substance use, and history of sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual, physical, or verbal violence were associated with co-occurrence of both conditions. Our findings suggest that incarceration and homelessness are very prevalent and correlated in psychiatric patients in Brazil. Many of the associated factors are potentially modifiable, and may act synergistically requiring integrated care.

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Abstract Psychiatric patients are at increased risk of adverse life events, such as being incarcerated and homelessness in their life course. Using data from a cross-sectional multicenter study of 2,475 patients selected from 26 mental health services in Brazil, we examined the association of sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, and adverse life characteristics with history of homelessness, incarceration or their co-occurrence during lifetime. Odds ratios were obtained by multinomial logistic regression models. The prevalence of homelessness, incarceration and co-occurrence of these two conditions were 8.6%, 16.4%, and 9.4%, respectively. Lower income, living in unstable condition, intellectual disability, and cigarette smoking were associated with homelessness. Being male, lower schooling, sex under effect of alcohol or drugs, and multiple sex partners were associated with incarceration. Psychiatric hospitalizations, substance use, and history of sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual, physical, or verbal violence were associated with co-occurrence of both conditions. Our findings suggest that incarceration and homelessness are very prevalent and correlated in psychiatric patients in Brazil. Many of the associated factors are potentially modifiable, and may act synergistically requiring integrated care.

Resumo Os pacientes psiquiátricos estão em risco aumentado de eventos adversos da vida, como ser preso e morar na rua. Investigamos a associação de características sociodemográficas, clínicas, comportamentais e eventos adversos de vida com o histórico de morar na rua, encarceramento e a coocorrência dessas duas condições ao longo da vida em um estudo multicêntrico de corte transversal de 2.475 usuários de 26 serviços de saúde mental no Brasil. "Odds ratios" foram obtidos por modelos de regressão logística multinomial. A prevalência de morar na rua, encarceramento e coocorrência dessas condições foi de 8,6%, 16,4% e 9,4%, respectivamente. Menor renda, viver em habitações instáveis, deficiência mental e tabagismo foram associados a morar na rua. Ser do sexo masculino, ter menor escolaridade, histórico de sexo sob efeito de álcool ou drogas e múltiplos parceiros sexuais foram associados ao encarceramento. Internações psiquiátricas, uso de substâncias, histórico de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e violência sexual, física ou verbal foram associados à coocorrência das duas condições. Encarceramento e morar na rua são eventos muito prevalentes e correlacionados em pacientes psiquiátricos. Muitos dos fatores associados são modificáveis e podem agir sinergicamente exigindo cuidados integrados.

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Our objective was to investigate the association between lifetime socioeconomic status and intra-generational social mobility and low consumption of fruits and vegetables, leisure-time physical inactivity, and smoking among 13,216 men and women participating in the baseline of the ELSA-Brazil study (2008-2010). Socioeconomic status in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood was measured by maternal schooling, socio-occupational class of the first occupation, and socio-occupational class of the current occupation, respectively. Social disadvantages in adulthood were consistently associated with higher prevalence of the three behaviors analyzed in men and women. However, socioeconomic status in youth and childhood was less consistently associated with the behaviors. For example, while low maternal schooling reduced the odds of past smoking (women) and current smoking (men and women), it was associated with higher odds of leisure-time physical inactivity in women. Meanwhile, low socioeconomic status in youth increased the odds of past smoking (men and women) and current smoking (women). Analysis of social trajectories lent additional support to the relevance of disadvantages in adulthood for risk behaviors, since only individuals that rose to the high socio-occupational class did not show higher odds of these behaviors when compared to participants that had always belonged to the high socio-occupational class. Our findings indicate that socioeconomic disadvantages in adulthood appear to be more relevant for risk behaviors than disadvantages in childhood and adolescence.

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Nosso objetivo foi investigar a associação da posição socioeconômica no curso de vida e da mobilidade social intrageracional com o baixo consumo de frutas e hortaliças, inatividade física no lazer e tabagismo entre 13.216 homens e mulheres participantes da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010). A posição socioeconômica na infância, juventude e vida adulta foi aferida pela escolaridade materna, classe sócio-ocupacional da primeira ocupação e classe sócio-ocupacional da ocupação atual, respectivamente. Desvantagens sociais na vida adulta foram consistentemente associadas à maior prevalência dos três comportamentos analisados em homens e mulheres. Entretanto, a posição socioeconômica na juventude e infância foi associada aos comportamentos de forma menos consistente. Por exemplo, enquanto a baixa escolaridade materna reduziu a chance de tabagismo passado (mulheres) e atual (homens e mulheres), ela foi associada à maior chance de inatividade física no lazer entre as mulheres. Já a exposição à baixa posição socioeconômica na juventude aumentou as chances de tabagismo passado (homens e mulheres) e atual (mulheres). A análise das trajetórias sociais deu suporte adicional à maior importância das desvantagens na vida adulta para comportamentos de risco, já que apenas indivíduos que ascenderam para a classe socio-ocupacional alta não apresentaram maior chance destes comportamentos quando comparados aos participantes que sempre pertenceram à classe sócio-ocupacional alta. Nossos resultados apontam que desvantagens socioeconômicas na vida adulta parecem ser mais relevantes para comportamentos de risco do que as desvantagens na infância e adolescência.

Our objective was to investigate the association between lifetime socioeconomic status and intra-generational social mobility and low consumption of fruits and vegetables, leisure-time physical inactivity, and smoking among 13,216 men and women participating in the baseline of the ELSA-Brazil study (2008-2010). Socioeconomic status in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood was measured by maternal schooling, socio-occupational class of the first occupation, and socio-occupational class of the current occupation, respectively. Social disadvantages in adulthood were consistently associated with higher prevalence of the three behaviors analyzed in men and women. However, socioeconomic status in youth and childhood was less consistently associated with the behaviors. For example, while low maternal schooling reduced the odds of past smoking (women) and current smoking (men and women), it was associated with higher odds of leisure-time physical inactivity in women. Meanwhile, low socioeconomic status in youth increased the odds of past smoking (men and women) and current smoking (women). Analysis of social trajectories lent additional support to the relevance of disadvantages in adulthood for risk behaviors, since only individuals that rose to the high socio-occupational class did not show higher odds of these behaviors when compared to participants that had always belonged to the high socio-occupational class. Our findings indicate that socioeconomic disadvantages in adulthood appear to be more relevant for risk behaviors than disadvantages in childhood and adolescence.

Nuestro objetivo fue investigar la asociación de la posición socioeconómica en el curso de vida y de la movilidad social intrageneracional, con el bajo consumo de frutas y hortalizas, inactividad física en el tiempo libre y tabaquismo entre 13.216 hombres y mujeres, participantes de la línea de base del ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010). La posición socioeconómica durante la infancia, juventud y vida adulta se midió por la escolaridad materna, clase socio-ocupacional de la primera ocupación y clase socio-ocupacional de la ocupación actual, respectivamente. Las desventajas sociales en la vida adulta fueron consistentemente asociadas a una mayor prevalencia de los tres comportamientos analizados en hombres y mujeres. Entretanto, la posición socioeconómica en la juventud e infancia se asoció a los comportamientos de forma menos consistentes. Por ejemplo, en cuanto a la baja escolaridad materna redujo la oportunidad de tabaquismo pasado (mujeres) y actual (hombres y mujeres), ésta se asoció a una mayor oportunidad de inactividad física en el tiempo libre entre las mujeres. Ya la exposición a la baja posición socioeconómica en la juventud aumentó las oportunidades de tabaquismo pasado (hombres y mujeres) y actual (mujeres). El análisis de las trayectorias sociales dio apoyo adicional a la mayor importancia de las desventajas en la vida adulta para comportamientos de riesgo, ya que sólo individuos que ascendieron a la clase socio-ocupacional alta no presentaron una mayor oportunidad de estos comportamientos, cuando se comparan con los participantes que siempre pertenecieron a la clase socio-ocupacional alta. Nuestros resultados apuntan que las desventajas socioeconómicas en la vida adulta parecen ser más relevantes para comportamientos de riesgo que las desventajas en la infancia y adolescencia.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether social relations, sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, and health conditions are associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among elderly persons living in regions classified as high vulnerable in terms of health. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted with a population-based random sample of 366 elderly (≥ 60 years of age) persons registered at a primary health-care unit in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. HRQOL was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) and the scores obtained in the physical component score (PCS) and mental component score (MCS) were our response variables. Social relations, sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, and health conditions were considered our groups of explanatory variables. Multiple linear regression models were used for the analysis. RESULTS: In the final multivariate models, we found that elevated number of diagnosis of chronic diseases, and being bedridden for the last 15 days were variables associated with worse PCS and MCS. However, lack of education, dissatisfaction with personal relationships, lack of support and help when bedridden or to go to the doctor, and to prepare meals were associated with worse HRQOL only in MCS. Participants who reported black race/color, absence of work activity, lack of physical activity, no alcohol consumption, and hospitalization in the last 12 months had worse HRQOL only in PCS. CONCLUSION: In addition to the aspects related to social adversity, lifestyle, and health conditions, some functional aspects of social relations were important for understanding the HRQOL in elderly persons living in social vulnerability.

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RESUMO: Objetivo: Investigar se as relações sociais, juntamente com características sociodemográficas, hábitos de vida e condições de saúde estão associados à qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS) em idosos residentes em região considerada de alta vulnerabilidade para a saúde. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com amostra aleatória de 366 idosos (≥ 60 anos) adscritos a um centro de saúde de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. A QVRS foi aferida pelo Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) e os escores obtidos nos componentes físico (PCS) e mental (MCS) foram utilizados como variáveis resposta. As variáveis explicativas foram divididas em quatro blocos: sociodemográfico, relações sociais, hábitos de vida e condições de saúde. Modelos de regressão linear múltipla foram utilizados. Resultados: Nos modelos multivariados finais, encontramos que elevado número de diagnósticos de doenças crônicas e ter estado acamado nos últimos 15 dias foram variáveis associadas à pior QVRS no domínio físico e mental. Entretanto, ausência de escolaridade, insatisfação com relacionamentos pessoais e não ter sempre que necessário o apoio de alguém para ajudar a ficar de cama, ir ao médico e preparar refeições foi associado à pior QVRS apenas no MCS. Ter declarado cor da pele preta, ausência de atividade de trabalho, não praticar atividade física, não consumir álcool e internação nos últimos 12 meses estiveram associados à pior QVRS apenas no PCS. Conclusão: Além da adversidade social, hábitos de vida e condições de saúde, alguns aspectos funcionais das relações sociais foram importantes para compreensão da QVRS em idosos em vulnerabilidade social.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To investigate whether social relations, sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, and health conditions are associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among elderly persons living in regions classified as high vulnerable in terms of health. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted with a population-based random sample of 366 elderly (≥ 60 years of age) persons registered at a primary health-care unit in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. HRQOL was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) and the scores obtained in the physical component score (PCS) and mental component score (MCS) were our response variables. Social relations, sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, and health conditions were considered our groups of explanatory variables. Multiple linear regression models were used for the analysis. Results: In the final multivariate models, we found that elevated number of diagnosis of chronic diseases, and being bedridden for the last 15 days were variables associated with worse PCS and MCS. However, lack of education, dissatisfaction with personal relationships, lack of support and help when bedridden or to go to the doctor, and to prepare meals were associated with worse HRQOL only in MCS. Participants who reported black race/color, absence of work activity, lack of physical activity, no alcohol consumption, and hospitalization in the last 12 months had worse HRQOL only in PCS. Conclusion: In addition to the aspects related to social adversity, lifestyle, and health conditions, some functional aspects of social relations were important for understanding the HRQOL in elderly persons living in social vulnerability.

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This study analyzed data from the telephone-based Surveillance System of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (VIGITEL) to assess the prevalence of clusters of healthy behavior patterns (non-smoker, non-alcohol-drinker, regular leisure-time physical activity and recommended consumption of fruit and vegetables) and the temporal trend between 2008 and 2013. Additionally, we evaluated whether the association between level of schooling and clustering of three or more healthy behavior patterns decreased in this same period. Prevalence ratios were obtained using Poisson regression. We found that between 2008 and 2013, the clustering prevalence of three or more healthy behavior patterns increased from 20% to 25% in men, and from 26% to 32% in women, suggesting an increase in the prevalence of healthy behavior patterns in Brazil. This increase was found at all levels of schooling. However, the association between levels of schooling and the prevalence of clustering of three or more healthy behavior patterns remained constant during the period. Thus, the results suggest that educational disparities in clustering of three or more healthy behavior patterns did not change over time, despite the social improvements observed in the country in recent years.

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