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INTRODUCTION: Non-metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) is an important clinical stage of prostate cancer, prior to morbidity and mortality from clinical metastases. In particular, the introduction of novel androgen-receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSi) has changed the therapeutic landscape in nmCRPC. Given recent developments in this field, we update our recommendations for the management of nmCRPC. METHODS: A panel of 51 invited medical oncologists and urologists convened in May of 2021 with the aim of discussing and providing recommendations regarding the most relevant issues concerning staging methods, antineoplastic therapy, osteoclast-targeted therapy, and patient follow-up in nmCRPC. Panel members considered the available evidence and their practical experience to address the 73 multiple-choice questions presented. RESULTS: Key recommendations and findings include the reliance on prostate-specific antigen doubling time for treatment decisions, the absence of a clear preference between conventional and novel (i.e., positron-emission tomography-based) imaging techniques, the increasing role of ARSis in various settings, the general view that ARSis have similar efficacy. Panelists highlighted the slight preference for darolutamide, when safety is of greater concern, and a continued need to develop high-level evidence to guide the intensity of follow-up in this subset of prostate cancer. DISCUSSION: Despite the limitations associated with a consensus panel, the topics addressed are relevant in current practice, and the recommendations can help practicing clinicians to provide state-of-the-art treatment to patients with nmCRPC in Brazil and other countries with similar healthcare settings.

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Abstract Objectives To understand the clinical relationship between lower limbs functions and the recovery of spontaneous voiding after an acute urinary retention (AUR) in older patients admitted to hospitals for non-urological causes using clinical parameters. Materials and Methods 56 adult patients (32 men; mean age: 77.9 ± 8.3 and 24 women; mean age 82.1 ± 4.6) with AUR were prospectively followed with validated Physical Performance Mobility Exam (PPME) instrument to evaluate the relationship between the recovery of mobility capacity and spontaneous voiding. After a short period of permanent bladder drainage patients started CIC along evaluation by PPME during hospitalization and at 7, 15, 30 60, 90, and 180 days of discharge. Mann-Whitney U, chi-square test and ANOVA tests were used. Results All patients were hospitalized for at least 15 days (Median 26.3 ± 4.1 days). Progressive improvement on mobility scale measured by PPME was observed after leaving ICU and along the initial 7 days of hospitalization but with a deterioration if hospitalization extends beyond 15 days (p<0.03). Prolonged hospital stay impairs mobility in all domains (p<0.05) except step-up and transfer skills (p<0.02) although a recovery rate on spontaneous voiding persistented. Restoration of spontaneous voiding was accompanied by improvement on mobility scale (p<0.02). Recovery of spontaneous voiding was markedly observed after discharging the hospital. All patients recovered spontaneous voiding until 6 months of follow-up. Conclusions Recovery to spontaneous voiding after acute urinary retention in the hospital setting may be anticipated by evaluation of lower limbs function measured by validated instruments.

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OBJECTIVES: To understand the clinical relationship between lower limbs functions and the recovery of spontaneous voiding after an acute urinary retention (AUR) in older patients admitted to hospitals for non-urological causes using clinical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 56 adult patients (32 men; mean age: 77.9 ± 8.3 and 24 women; mean age 82.1 ± 4.6) with AUR were prospectively followed with validated Physical Performance Mobility Exam (PPME) instrument to evaluate the relationship between the recovery of mobility capacity and spontaneous voiding. After a short period of permanent bladder drainage patients started CIC along evaluation by PPME during hospitalization and at 7, 15, 30 60, 90, and 180 days of discharge. Mann-Whitney U, chi-square test and ANOVA tests were used. RESULTS: All patients were hospitalized for at least 15 days (Median 26.3 ± 4.1 days). Progressive improvement on mobility scale measured by PPME was observed after leaving ICU and along the initial 7 days of hospitalization but with a deterioration if hospitalization extends beyond 15 days (p<0.03). Prolonged hospital stay impairs mobility in all domains (p<0.05) except step-up and transfer skills (p<0.02) although a recovery rate on spontaneous voiding persistented. Restoration of spontaneous voiding was accompanied by improvement on mobility scale (p<0.02). Recovery of spontaneous voiding was markedly observed after discharging the hospital. All patients recovered spontaneous voiding until 6 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Recovery to spontaneous voiding after acute urinary retention in the hospital setting may be anticipated by evaluation of lower limbs function measured by validated instruments.

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AIMS: Involuntary Detrusor Contraction (IDC) may alter therapeutic plans; therefore, urodynamic demonstration (UD) is pivotal. We explore if same session repetitions enhance its demonstration and minimize false-negative results. METHODS: Two hundred fifty two women (mean age 47 ± 5.7) had 4 full repetitions of UD with the last round filled with 4°C fluid (Ice-water test). IDC was diagnosed if with at least 3 cm H2O after artifacts were ruled out. RESULTS: 44.4% of the cases showed IDC in the first round of the exam but it could be demonstrated in 88.5% of the women if 4 rounds are taken into account. Only 2 cases showed IDC exclusively in the first round. Nine cases (3.5%) showed IDC in the first round and only on Ice-test, while all other IDC-detected cases revealed it in scattered patterns along the repetitions. Likewise, IDC detection on the second, third and fourth rounds varied widely and unpredictably, many failing to show a consistent pattern of presentation after its detection. IDC wave amplitude did not show any correlation to the detection. CONCLUSIONS: Urodynamic repetition is a necessary procedure where IDC is important to demonstrate, as its false-negative rate is high and its unpredictable pattern of detection may be improved by repetition.

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Objectives Determine what happens to patients after unsuccessful SUI operations and to explore the reasons why these patients change doctors. Materials and Methods One hundred consecutive failed patients treated for SUI were interviewed about the exams requested after persistence of the incontinence as well as the reasons they abandoned their primary doctors through a structured questionnaire. Results Among the patients with cases of anterior colporrhaphy, bladder suspensions or slings, 34.3%, 13.7% and 8.3%, respectively, were not offered any further type of investigative procedures to clarify the failure. Urodynamic evaluations were recommended in 75% of failed slings, and 66.6% of the patients proceeded with these tests. In contrast, only 31% of patients with bladder suspensions and 40% of patients with anterior colporrhaphy were recommended for urodynamic investigations, and only 44.4% and 28.5% of them, respectively, proceeded with the option. Patients´ delusions were reinforced by the doctors’ attitude toward the investigations. Vacuous justifications and the lack of intention to seek improvement were the driving forces causing the patients to change doctors. Conclusion Unsuccessful patients are evaluated in a non-protocol form. Difficulty in clarifying the reasons for surgical failure and the disruption of the doctor-patient relationship are the main reasons why patients abandon them. .

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate different patterns of after-contraction (A-C) waves detected during urodynamic evaluation in women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 4,110 women were prospectively observed regarding the presence of A-C waves upon urodynamic evaluation. Intravenous pyelography and ultrasound were requested. Paired t test, χ(2) test, Wilcoxon's rank sum test and correlation analysis were performed with a 95% significance level. RESULTS: There were three distinguishing patterns of A-C: type I - detrusor contraction after the regular voiding phase, type II - detrusor contraction persisting after the flow rate had stopped, and type III - rebound of the detrusor contraction after the flow. A-C was observed in 13.9% of the women. Type I A-C wave patterns were present in 68 patients (11.8%), type II A-C wave patterns in 477 patients (83.2%), and type III A-C wave patterns in 28 patients (10.3%). Studies with intravenous pyelography and ultrasound very frequently showed bladder mucosa, muscle thickening or trabeculation. Secondary ureterectasis related to A-C waves was also observed. Additionally, watts factor, maximum flow rate, detrusor pressure and opening detrusor pressure were markedly elevated in patients with type III A-C, suggesting enhanced detrusor contraction in these A-C waves. CONCLUSION: A-C waves are a real urodynamic entity with different patterns of presentation and with clinical and morphological alterations.

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OBJECTIVE: To check whether subtle voiding dysfunction is related to recurrent urinary tract infection (rUTI). METHODS: 254 consecutive patients with at least four episodes of urinary tract infection (UTI) were studied. At least three repeat urodynamic evaluations with an additional ice water test to maximize the detection of involuntary detrusor contraction (IDC) were used. Stress urinary incontinence cases were used as controls. Nonparametric univariate and multivariate analyses were used for statistics. RESULTS: IDC was detected in 83.6% of patients in the rUTI group and in 31.7% in the control group. IDC was <15 cm H2O in 54.7% whereas high-amplitude (>50 cm H2O) IDC was observed in 6.8% in the rUTI group. Female urinary tract obstruction was diagnosed in 16.8% of patients in the rUTI group and in 7.9% in the control group. Residual volume, PdetQmax and Qmax were not predictive of UTI recurrence. Symptoms were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with rUTI present with covert bladder dysfunctions represented by detrusor overactivity.

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OBJECTIVES: Determine what happens to patients after unsuccessful SUI operations and to explore the reasons why these patients change doctors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred consecutive failed patients treated for SUI were interviewed about the exams requested after persistence of the incontinence as well as the reasons they abandoned their primary doctors through a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Among the patients with cases of anterior colporrhaphy, bladder suspensions or slings, 34.3%, 13.7% and 8.3%, respectively, were not offered any further type of investigative procedures to clarify the failure. Urodynamic evaluations were recommended in 75% of failed slings, and 66.6% of the patients proceeded with these tests. In contrast, only 31% of patients with bladder suspensions and 40% of patients with anterior colporrhaphy were recommended for urodynamic investigations, and only 44.4% and 28.5% of them, respectively, proceeded with the option. Patients' delusions were reinforced by the doctors' attitude toward the investigations. Vacuous justifications and the lack of intention to seek improvement were the driving forces causing the patients to change doctors. CONCLUSION: Unsuccessful patients are evaluated in a non-protocol form. Difficulty in clarifying the reasons for surgical failure and the disruption of the doctor-patient relationship are the main reasons why patients abandon them.

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OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to compare the impact of urodynamic training on the young urologists after fellowship training as well as on senior urologists who attend regular courses on the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and their capacity to do and interpret urodynamic studies. METHODS: Sixty-four consecutive young urologists admitted to fellowship program on voiding dysfunctions and 110 senior urologists attending to periodical meetings were interviewed before and after the 3-day-courses regarding their ability to set, interpret and do urodynamic studies. They were also questioned on the reasons that led them to attend the courses and how they use the new concepts to manage BPH. A rank of the used parameters to indicate transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in BPH patients were scored before and after the course. RESULTS: Fellowship and senior urologists mainly attended the course because of lack of confidence and belief that this urological issue is too important to be disregarded. A significant portion of both groups do not trust third-party examiners. More than 90% of the urologists acquired confidence in interpreting, setting and were able to do the exam after the course. The majority of both groups believed urodynamic study was essential to manage BPH, disregarding volume as the main reason to operate on patients. Many outdated parameters became less important on the decision to operate. CONCLUSIONS: Doctors exposed to intensive or long urodynamic training dramatically changed their perceptions on the utility of this tool and became more attentive it.

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OBJECTIVE: : Sling operations may obstruct the urethra, promoting voiding dysfunction and secondary urine leakage that are incorrectly attributed to surgical failure. METHODS: : We prospectively evaluated the evolution of urinary symptoms in the postoperative follow-up of 108 polypropylene sling cases. Patients presented for follow-up at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 months for review of individual urinary symptoms. Statistical analysis used Fisher exact test. RESULTS: : On the 30th postoperative day, 100% of the cases were cured of stress urinary incontinence, although frequency (62.9%), urgency (29.6%), urge-incontinence (23.1%), nocturia (28.6%), incomplete voiding sensation (11.1%), and poor stream (11.1%) persisted. At 3 months, 16.6% reported frequency, 38% complained of urgency, and 29.6% were troubled by nocturia. True urinary leakage under stress was resolved in 100% of cases by the first visit and did not show any further decrease when specifically questioned. Pad usage decreased after 3 months but did not completely disappear after 48 months. A total of 94.4% of the cases achieved total continence and clinical satisfaction after 4 years of follow-up, in parallel with the steady disappearance of voiding dysfunction observed in the early postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: : Voiding dysfunction after sling procedures is frequent but transitory. As symptoms improve or disappear, patients tend to miss their follow-up. In this study, 94.4% of the cases had complete dryness and satisfaction with the operation.