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ABSTRACT: Since the first reports of boar castration, the anesthesia, surgery, and especially the restraint for surgical wound management of large and strong boars may be challenging. Most frequent complications include hemorrhage, excessive edema, infection, abscess, scirrhous cord, inguinal hernia, seroma, hematoma, and death. In order to diminish those complications, we hypothesized that the pre-scrotal approach would be a successful method for orchiectomy in boars and that the complication rate would be low, facilitating post-surgical handling on the commercial swine breeding farms by the owners or handlers. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe our experience performing castration in boars using a pre-scrotal approach on farm-setting. Thirty commercial-breed male boars (weighing 255-410kg) were submitted to dissociative anesthesia protocol and local anesthesia. An 8-10cm skin incision was made cranially to the hemiscrotum, and subcutaneous tissue was bluntly dissected, reaching the tunica dartos, fascia, and vaginal tunica. Mesorchium was bluntly dissected to separate, and a double size-0 transfixion ligature was placed around the spermatic cord that was sharply transected. The procedure was repeated on the contralateral testis using the same skin incision. Short-term complication was restricted to mild scrotal edema in 12 (40%) boars. No wound exudate, surgical site infection or death related to the surgery was recorded. On the long-term follow-up (≥4 months' post-surgery), all owners stated that the boar was subsequently used as intended (slaughter after the proper boar taint withdrawal time) and their satisfaction with the low degree of difficulty in handling the post-operative care. Herein, the overall complication rate was considered low, the mortality rate was zero, and the pre-scrotal castration approach was successfully performed in all boars. These features confirm the technique as a safe procedure for orchiectomy in boars. Additionally, abolishing the daily dressing of surgical wounds required in open castration techniques, especially when surgical site infection occurs, may provide better welfare for the boars.

RESUMO: Desde os primeiros relatos de castração de cachaços, a anestesia, a cirurgia, e, principalmente, a contenção para manejo de feridas cirúrgicas de cachaços grandes e fortes podem ser desafiadoras. As complicações mais frequentes incluem hemorragia, edema excessivo, infecção, abscesso, funiculite, hérnia inguinal, seroma, hematoma e morte. A fim de diminuir tais complicações, levantamos a hipótese de que a abordagem pré-escrotal seria um método bem-sucedido para orquiectomia em cachaços e que a taxa de complicações seria baixa, facilitando o manejo pós-cirúrgico pelos proprietários ou tratadores. Portanto, o presente estudo objetivou descrever nossa experiência na castração de cachaços por abordagem pré-escrotal nas granjas comerciais de suínos. Trinta cachaços machos de raças comerciais (variação de peso de 255-410kg) foram submetidos ao protocolo de anestesia dissociativa e anestesia local. Uma incisão cutânea de 8 a 10cm foi feita cranialmente ao hemiscroto, e o tecido subcutâneo divulsionado de forma romba atingindo a túnica dartos, fáscia e túnica vaginal. O mesórquio foi separado por divulsão, e, uma ligadura de transfixação dupla com fio 0 realizada ao redor do cordão espermático, que foi seccionado. O procedimento foi repetido no testículo contralateral usando a mesma incisão na pele. A complicação de curto prazo foi restrita a leve edema escrotal em 12 (40%) cachaços. Nenhuma infecção incisional, exsudato ou morte relacionada à cirurgia foi registrada. No acompanhamento a longo prazo (≥4 meses pós-cirúrgico), todos os proprietários afirmaram que o cachaço foi posteriormente utilizado como pretendido (abate após o tempo adequado de retirada do odor de macho inteiro), e sua satisfação com o baixo grau de dificuldade nos cuidados pós-operatórios. Aqui, a taxa geral de complicações foi considerada baixa, a taxa de mortalidade foi zero e a castração por abordagem pré-escrotal foi realizada com sucesso em todos os cachaços. Essas características confirmam a técnica como um procedimento seguro para orquiectomia em cachaços. Além disso, a abolição do curativo diário das feridas cirúrgicas exigido nas técnicas de castração aberta, principalmente quando ocorre infecção, pode proporcionar melhor bem-estar aos cachaços.

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Background: Aural or auricular hematoma is an important and prevalent surgical condition in small animals practice, and commonly reported in companion pets. The condition is characterized by blood accumulation between the pinnae's dermal surface and the underlying perichondrium. In farm animals, most cases present surgical treatment with drainage of serosanguineous fluid from acute cases with clinical evolution ranging from 1 to 5 days. Therefore, the present work reports the clinical features, surgical treatment and outcome of aural hematomas in 3 small ruminants with a chronic evolution (7 to 20 days), detailing the post-surgical complications, such as wound infection and recurrence, and final cosmetic appearance of the pinnae. Cases: Upon physical examination, all animals were alert and presenting a good body condition score. Clinical alteration was restricted to a bilateral (Case 1) or unilateral (Cases 2 & 3) painless, and fluid-filled swelling, presenting doughy consistency masses within the fluid during pinna manipulation. The fluid-filled swellings were located on the concave (Case 1 - left ear & Case 2) and convex (Case 1 - right ear & Case 3) surface of the pinna. No primary pruritic disorders of the pinna were detected, and a diagnosis of traumatic aural hematoma was proposed. Due to the chronicity of the cases, surgical approach was advisable. The small ruminants underwent general anesthesia, and a linear incision over the skin overlying the hematoma was performed (Cases 1 & 2). After removal of blood and fibrin clots, the cavity was flushed and captonated size 0 nylon mattress sutures were performed on either side of the incision, in order to obliterate the dead space. Due to recurrence after 14 days, Case 2 was submitted to a modified surgical approach using a S-shaped incision combined to multiple drainage holes (MDH) using a disposable 6 mm biopsy punch. The same approach has performed in Case 3. Then, size 0 nylon mattress sutures followed by a tight protective pressure and absorbent bandage combined with an Elizabethan collar was applied. Postoperatively, Case 1 presented surgical site infection and the antibiotic was changed after bacterial culture and antibiogram results. Hospital discharge varied from 14 to 19 days' post-surgery. All animals presented some degree of ear retraction and a linear or S-shaped scar on the affected ear, but final cosmetic appearance was satisfactory to all owners. Discussion: Aural or auricular hematomas are a frequent disorder in dogs and cats clinical practice. In sheep, the few reported cases have been associated with pruritic disorders of the pinna, such as ticks infestation and sarcoptic mange. Whilst in goats, traumatic injuries, such as ear tagging and trauma from others goats, are considered the main cause, especially in breeds with pendulous ear. In our cases with chronic evolution (> 7 days), the most important clinical feature was the presence of doughy consistency masses within the fluid, suggesting matured blood and fibrin clots. A linear incision with captonated size 0 nylon mattress sutures was associated to post-surgical complications, such as wound infection and aural hematoma recurrence. Therefore, a S-shaped incision associated to creation of MDH, in order to achieve better drainage, was the chosen approach in the second surgery (Case 2) and on the subsequent patient (Case 3). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report using the MDH approach in farm animals, that appears to be an effective treatment for chronic aural hematomas in small ruminants.

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Due to the scarcity of information on Breton horses, the objective was to study hematobiochemical values of this breed. Blood samples were collected from 29 Bretons, males and females, of different ages, in Brasília-DF, distributed into groups, according to age, without distinction of sex (G1): animals from 4 to 9 years old (n=16) and (G2): from 10 to 26 years old (n=13). The horses were also distributed into males and females for comparisons between the sexes. Values for red blood cells, hemoglobin, creatinine, and urea were statistically higher in females. Fibrinogen was higher in males. Lymphocyte values were higher in G1, but mean corpuscular volume, monocytes, neutrophils, and GGT in G2 were higher than G1. The hematocrit value differed between the ages of the females and was higher than that of the males, while the older male animals showed higher values than the young animals. Females presented lower platelet values than males, with older females having higher platelet values than younger females, in the same way as males. G1 females had the highest leukocyte values. The leukocyte values in males of G2 were higher than those of G1. This same behavior occurred for lymphocytes, eosinophils, and creatine kinase. Considering the albumin and aspartate aminotransferase variables, females had the highest values in the group of animals aged 4 to 9 years. Bretons are considered cold-blooded animals, which is consistent with the observed blood count values. However, it is concluded that these horses have biochemical values similar to warm-blooded breeds.

Devido à escassez de informações sobre equinos da raça Bretão, objetivou-se estudar valores hematobioquímicos da raça. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 29 Bretões, machos e fêmeas de diferentes idades, em Brasília-DF, distribuídos entre grupos, segundo idade, sem distinção de sexo (G1): animais de 4 a 9 anos (n=16) e (G2): de 10 a 26 anos (n=13). Os mesmos também foram distribuídos em machos e fêmeas para comparação entre os sexos. Valores para hemácia, hemoglobina, creatinina e ureia foram estatisticamente maiores nas fêmeas. Fibrinogênio foi maior nos machos. Valores de linfócitos do G1 foram maiores, mas o volume corpuscular médio, monócitos, neutrófilos e GGT do G1 foram menores que do G2. Valor do hematócrito difere entre idades das fêmeas e foi superior ao dos machos, os animais machos mais velhos apresentaram valores superiores aos jovens. As fêmeas apresentaram valores de plaquetas menores que os machos, sendo que as mais velhas apresentaram valores de plaqueta maiores que as mais jovens, da mesma forma que os machos. No G1, as fêmeas apresentaram os maiores valores de leucócitos. Os valores de leucócitos nos machos do G2 foram maiores que os do G1. Esse mesmo comportamento ocorreu para linfócitos, eosinófilos e creatinaquinase. Já para as variáveis albumina e aspartato aminotransferase, no grupo de animais de 4 a 9 anos, as fêmeas tiveram os maiores valores. Bretões são animais de sangue frio, o que condiz com os valores do hemograma observados. Porém, conclui-se que estes equinos apresentam valores bioquímicos similares aos de sangue quente.

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Background: Equine cutaneous habronemiasis is common in the distal regions of the limbs. Organophosphates, appliedsystemically, one previously used treatment, which is highly effective, but currently in disuse, due to the risks of intoxication. Regional perfusion is a potential technique for distal limb wounds, since, in addition to being used in low doses, itprevents systemic circulation of the drug and possible intoxication, and has a lower treatment cost. The current work aimedto perform clinical, laboratory, and venography evaluations of the use of trichlorfon in regional intravenous perfusion, asa possible form of treatment for cutaneous habronemosis in the distal region of equine limbs.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve equines were used, divided into 2 groups, with the left thoracic limb (LTL) beingthe test limb, and the right thoracic limb (RTL) the control limb. At moment zero (M0), distal radiography and venographywere performed. The tourniquet was then loosened and after 5 min, at moment one (M1), the tourniquet was repositionedfor 1.25 mg/kg (G1) and 5.5 mg/kg (G2) trichlorfon injections into the left thoracic limb, diluted in 20 mL of Ringer’s lactate solution, and 20 mL of Ringer’s lactate solution was applied to the right thoracic limb. The tourniquet was maintainedfor 30 min after infusion in both groups. At moment 2 (M2), 4 days later, blood tests, radiography, and venography wererepeated. Every day between M0 and M2, physical examinations were performed, including measurement of the pastern,fetlock, and coronet band, and a lameness examination. There were no significant alterations in clinical parameters, behavior, and appetite. In the blood cell count, there was an increase in leukocytes on D4 in G2, although remaining withinthe reference values for the species. The biochemical tests showed no alterations. There were no changes in the circumferences evaluated and 4 equines from G2 presented lameness in the LTL and...

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Background: Obstructive urolithiasis is a rare but potentially serious condition in equids. In the reviewed literature, there are several case reports of urolithiasis in horses and donkeys, but the only mention of this condition in mules occurred as incidental findings at a slaughterhouse. Therefore, this work aims to describe the first report and successful treatment of obstructive urethrolithiasis in a mule (Equus asinus x Equus caballus). Case: A 10-year-old castrated male mule weighing 380 kg was referred for hospital care. Tachycardia (64 beats per min), mild dehydration (7%), increased capillary filling time (3 s), slightly congested mucous membranes, and dysuria were observed. During its attempts to urinate, the mule was able to expose the penis, resulting in only dribbling of urine with reddish coloration. Urethral catheterization failed to reach the urinary bladder and revealed an obstruction at the ischial arch (7 x 4 cm), as confirmed by palpation and ultrasonography. Additionally, rectal ultrasound examination showed urine sedimentation and a single 2.36 mm vesical calculus. After sedation, local anesthesia, and surgical preparation, urethrotomy in the standing position was performed over the urethral obstruction at the ischial arch, reaching the urethrolith that fragmented during removal. Urethral catheterization from the urethrotomy site to flush the urinary bladder and urethra were performed, but the remaining vesical calculus was not retrieved. Considering the presence of a vesical calculus, severe urethral damage caused by the spiculated calculus and catheterization attempts, permanent perineal urethrostomy was performed. Laboratory tests revealed unremarkable hematological parameters, while serum biochemistry showed increased creatinine level. Urinalysis revealed cloudiness, amber appearance, countless red blood cells and bacteria, and calcium carbonate crystals. The urethrolith composition included ammonia, carbonate, and oxalate. Twelve months after surgery, the mule was healthy, the urethrostomy was viable, and no complications were recorded during this period. Discussion: Although uncommon, there are reports describing calculi of different sizes and weighing up to 803 g, causing mild to severe clinical signs according to the degree of obstruction in horses and donkeys. In the mule described here, the urethrolith did not completely obstruct the urethra, but the spiculated calculus caused dysuria and hematuria. In fact, most animals are usually referred for acute abdominal signs or hematuria and pollakiuria, but other unusual signs, such as rectal prolapse, may also be present. In the present report, the diagnosis of obstructive urethrolithiasis was established based on clinical signs and transcutaneous ultrasound of the subischial area, allowing visualization of the urethrolith. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of obstructive urethrolithiasis affecting a mule in Brazil. We reiterate that this condition must be included in the differential diagnosis of mules and hinnies with hematuria and dysuria, especially when associated with abdominal pain. Additionally, urethrostomy associated with urethrotomy performed on this mule in the standing position was a low-cost procedure with good results. Due to the lack of specificity regarding the food management of the mule on the previous farm, an assessment cannot be made regarding the effects of its food on urolith composition.(AU)

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Ferida é uma alteração na integridade anatômica da pele, tecido subcutâneo, músculos,tendões ou ossos, resultante de trauma intencional ou acidental. A cicatrização é um processo dinâmico que consiste de uma sequência de eventos celulares e moleculares que reparam e restabelecem a integridade dos tecidos. A cicatrização por terceira intenção é indicada em casos de feridas contaminadas, sujas, com destruição de tecido e presença de espaço morto, realizando se a aproximação das bordas da ferida, após o tratamento aberto inicialmente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o tratamento instituído na cicatrização por terceira intenção em um potro de quatro meses com ferida lacerada profunda, com perda do ligamento nucal e massa muscular no pescoço. Foi instituído o tratamento clínico-cirúrgico, e logo após formação de tecido de granulação,realizou-se a plastia, caracterizando uma cicatrização por terceira intenção.(AU)

Wound is an alteration in the anatomical integrity of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, tendons or bones, resulted from intentional or accidental trauma. Wound healing is a dynamic process which consists in a sequence of cellular and molecular events that interact repairing and reestablishing the integrity of tissues. Wound healing by third intention is indicated in cases of contaminated, dirty wounds, with tissue destruction and presence of dead space, performing the approximation of the wound edges after treatment initially open. The objective of this study was to report the treatment used in healing by third intention of 4 months old foal, with deep lacerated wound and loss of the nuchal ligament and neck muscle. Was instituted clinical and surgical treatment, and after granulation tissue formation, there was plasty, characterizing a healing by third intention.(AU)

Herida es una alteración en la integridad anatómica de la piel, tejido subcutáneo, músculos, tendones o huesos, como resultado de trauma intencional o accidental. El proceso de cicatrización es dinámico y consiste en una secuencia de eventos celulares y moleculares que repara y restablece la integridad de los tejidos. La cicatrización por tercera intenciónes indicada en casos de heridas contaminadas, sucias, con destruición de tejido y presencia de espaciomuerto, realizándo se la aproximación de los bordes de la lesión, después del tratamiento abierto inicialmente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue relatar el tratamiento instituido en la cicatrización por tercera intencióne nun potro de 4 meses con herida lacerada profunda, con pierda del ligamento nucal y la masa muscularen el cuello. Fue instituido un tratamiento clínico quirúrgico, y luego después de la formación detejido de granulación, se realizó la plastia, caracterizando una cicatrización por tercera intención.(AU)

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Ferida é uma alteração na integridade anatômica da pele, tecido subcutâneo, músculos,tendões ou ossos, resultante de trauma intencional ou acidental. A cicatrização é um processo dinâmico que consiste de uma sequência de eventos celulares e moleculares que reparam e restabelecem a integridade dos tecidos. A cicatrização por terceira intenção é indicada em casos de feridas contaminadas, sujas, com destruição de tecido e presença de espaço morto, realizando se a aproximação das bordas da ferida, após o tratamento aberto inicialmente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o tratamento instituído na cicatrização por terceira intenção em um potro de quatro meses com ferida lacerada profunda, com perda do ligamento nucal e massa muscular no pescoço. Foi instituído o tratamento clínico-cirúrgico, e logo após formação de tecido de granulação,realizou-se a plastia, caracterizando uma cicatrização por terceira intenção.

Wound is an alteration in the anatomical integrity of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, tendons or bones, resulted from intentional or accidental trauma. Wound healing is a dynamic process which consists in a sequence of cellular and molecular events that interact repairing and reestablishing the integrity of tissues. Wound healing by third intention is indicated in cases of contaminated, dirty wounds, with tissue destruction and presence of dead space, performing the approximation of the wound edges after treatment initially open. The objective of this study was to report the treatment used in healing by third intention of 4 months old foal, with deep lacerated wound and loss of the nuchal ligament and neck muscle. Was instituted clinical and surgical treatment, and after granulation tissue formation, there was plasty, characterizing a healing by third intention.

Herida es una alteración en la integridad anatómica de la piel, tejido subcutáneo, músculos, tendones o huesos, como resultado de trauma intencional o accidental. El proceso de cicatrización es dinámico y consiste en una secuencia de eventos celulares y moleculares que repara y restablece la integridad de los tejidos. La cicatrización por tercera intenciónes indicada en casos de heridas contaminadas, sucias, con destruición de tejido y presencia de espaciomuerto, realizándo se la aproximación de los bordes de la lesión, después del tratamiento abierto inicialmente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue relatar el tratamiento instituido en la cicatrización por tercera intencióne nun potro de 4 meses con herida lacerada profunda, con pierda del ligamento nucal y la masa muscularen el cuello. Fue instituido un tratamiento clínico quirúrgico, y luego después de la formación detejido de granulación, se realizó la plastia, caracterizando una cicatrización por tercera intención.

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