RESUMO
Thousands of families live in agrarian reform rural settlements, these existing in Brazil since the 1980s. Factors such as agglomerations of families living in the same environment and the production of domestic animals can promote the transmission and maintenance of zoonosis in these areas. The epidemiology and geographic distribution of zoonotic diseases in settlement communities need to be highlighted. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors and spatial distribution of the teniasis-cysticercosis complex in the agrarian reform rural settlements in the state of Minas Gerais. A total of 497 family farming properties, distributed in 52 settlements, were randomly selected and sampled. Biological samples of humans, cattle and pigs were collected and processed. Survey questionnaires were applied in each family farming property to collect data on animal production as well as sanitary, hygienic and social conditions of each family. Human fecal samples were analyzed for detection of teniasis infection, while animal blood samples were collected and subjected to serological testing to detect the cysticercosis infection. A total of three (0.35%) positive cases of human teniasis were identified, 64 (4.2%) of bovine cysticercosis and 17 (3.3%) of swine cysticercosis. Prevalence per family farming unit was 0.6% (3/497) of taeniasis through fecal test, 5.8% (17/294) for swine cysticercosis and 11.1% (52/469) for bovine cysticercosis. The spatial profile for human teniasis and swine cysticercosis were clustered in two different regions, while bovine cysticercosis showed a dispersed geographical distribution. Two risk factors were associated with the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis: stream as source of water (p=0.009) and the environment as destination of sewage (p=0.031), while burning of garbage was shown to be a significant protective factor (p<0.001). Risk factor for swine cysticercosis was associated with the presence of free range pigs (p=0.008) and the environment as the destination of sewage (p≤0.024). The low number of positive human taeniasis did not allow statistical analysis. These zoonotic diseases represent a significant risk to public health because of their occurrence in livestock which are produced for both beef consumption and for commercialization. Significant endemic areas in the state of Minas Gerais have been determined in this study, and these discoverments suggest the importance of further investment in public health education about teniasis-cysticercosis transmission, the improvement of sanitary facilities for the settlements such as source and treatment of water and adequate destination of sewage. Integrated actions between the human, animal and environmental health sectors, at local and regional levels are needed, aiming at the adoption of effective public policies for the control and eradication of the teniasis-cysticercosis complex where the disease occurs.
Milhares de famílias vivem nos assentamentos da reforma agrária, criados no Brasil desde a década de 1980. Fatores como aglomerações de famílias convivendo no mesmo ambiente de produção de animais domésticos podem favorecer a transmissão e manutenção de zoonoses nessas áreas. A epidemiologia e distribuição geográfica das doenças zoonóticas nas comunidades assentadas precisam ser destacadas. Neste sentido, o presente estudo objetivou investigar a prevalência, fatores de risco e distribuição espacial do complexo teníase-cisticercose nos assentamentos rurais da reforma agrária no estado de Minas Gerais. Um total de 497 propriedades da agricultura familiar, distribuídas em 52 assentamentos, foram selecionadas e amostradas aleatoriamente. Amostras biológicas de humanos, bovinos e suínos foram coletadas e processadas. Questionários epidemiológicos foram aplicados em cada propriedade para a coleta de dados sobre a produção animal, condições sanitárias, higiênicas e sociais de cada família. Amostras fecais humanas foram analisadas para detecção de infecção por teníase, e amostras de sangue de animais foram coletadas e submetidas a testes sorológicos para detecção de infecção por cisticercose. Foram encontrados três (0,35%) casos positivos para teníase humana, 64 (4,2%) para cisticercose bovina e 17 (3,3%) para cisticercose suína. A prevalência por unidade de agricultura familiar foi de 0,6% (3/497) para teníase por exame fecal, 5,8% (17/294) para cisticercose suína e 11,1% (52/469) para cisticercose bovina. O perfil espacial da teníase humana e da cisticercose suína agrupou-se em duas regiões distintas, enquanto a cisticercose bovina apresentou distribuição geográfica dispersa. Dois fatores de risco estiveram associados à ocorrência de cisticercose bovina: riacho como fonte de água (p=0,009) e meio ambiente como destino de esgoto (p=0,031), enquanto a queima de lixo mostrou-se um fator de proteção significativo (p<0,001). O fator de risco para cisticercose suína foi associado à presença de suínos caipira (p=0,008) e ao meio ambiente como destino do esgoto (p≤0,024). Estas doenças zoonóticas representam um risco significativo para a saúde pública devido à sua ocorrência em rebanhos que são produzidos tanto para consumo de carne quanto para comercialização. Neste estudo os assentamentos analisados se configuram em áreas endêmicas no estado de Minas Gerais, e esses achados sugerem a importância de maiores investimentos na educação em saúde pública, melhoria das instalações sanitárias dos assentamentos como fonte e tratamento de água e destinação adequada de esgoto. São necessárias ações integradas entre os setores de saúde humana, animal e ambiental, em âmbito local e regional, visando a adoção de políticas públicas efetivas de controle e erradicação do complexo teníase-cisticercose onde estiver presente.
Assuntos
Teníase/transmissão , Teníase/epidemiologia , Cisticercose/transmissão , Cisticercose/epidemiologia , Saúde da População Rural , População Rural , Bovinos/parasitologia , Sus scrofa/parasitologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Until recently, Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) was considered to represent a single tick species in the New World. Recent studies have split this taxon into six species. While the A. cajennense species complex or A. cajennense (sensu lato) (s.l.) is currently represented by two species in Brazil, A. cajennense (sensu stricto) (s.s.) and Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, 1888, their geographical distribution is poorly known. METHODS: The distribution of the A. cajennense (s.l.) in Brazil was determined by morphological examination of all lots of A. cajennense (s.l.) in two large tick collections of Brazil, and by collecting new material during three field expeditions in the possible transition areas between the distribution ranges of A. cajennense (s.s.) and A. sculptum. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from the ITS2 rRNA gene was used to validate morphological results. Morphological description of the nymphal stage of A. cajennense (s.s.) is provided based on laboratory-reared specimens. RESULTS: From the tick collections, a total 12,512 adult ticks were examined and identified as 312 A. cajennense (s.s.), 6,252 A. sculptum and 5,948 A. cajennense (s.l.). A total of 1,746 ticks from 77 localities were collected during field expeditions, and were identified as 249 A. cajennense (s.s.), 443 A. sculptum, and 1,054 A. cajennense (s.l.) [these A. cajennense (s.l.) ticks were considered to be males of either A. cajennense (s.s.) or A. sculptum]. At least 23 localities contained the presence of both A. cajennense (s.s.) and A. sculptum in sympatry. DNA sequences of the ITS2 gene of 50 ticks from 30 localities confirmed the results of the morphological analyses. The nymph of A. cajennense (s.s.) is morphologically very similar to A. sculptum. CONCLUSION: Our results confirmed that A. cajennense (s.l.) is currently represented in Brazil by only two species, A. cajennense (s.s.) and A. sculptum. While these species have distinct distribution areas in the country, they are found in sympatry in some transition areas. The current distribution of A. cajennense (s.l.) has important implications to public health, since in Brazil A. sculptum is the most important vector of the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, the etiological agent of Brazilian spotted fever.
Assuntos
Ixodidae/anatomia & histologia , Ixodidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Filogeografia , Animais , Brasil , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/química , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Ninfa/anatomia & histologia , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Ticks collected in the last two decades from free-living and captive wild animals from 28 municipalities of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso were identified and tested using molecular methods for the presence of rickettsial agents. A total of 4467 ticks (229 larvae, 1676 nymphs, 1565 males, 997 females) representing 27 ixodid species were collected from 235 species of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals from three different ecoregions (Pantanal, Cerrado, and Amazonia). The species Amblyomma parkeri, Amblyomma romitii, Amblyomma varium and Ixodes luciae are reported for the first time in the state of Mato Grosso. Amongst 538 ticks tested by molecular methods for rickettsial infection, we detected 'Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii' infecting Amblyomma cajennense sensu stricto and Amblyomma coelebs, Rickettsia sp. strain Atlantic rainforest infecting Amblyomma ovale, Rickettsia sp. strain NOD infecting Amblyomma nodosum, and 'Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae' infecting Amblyomma sculptum. Our results represent an impressive expansion of knowledge on tick fauna and rickettsiae and are essential for understanding the ecology of ticks and tick-borne diseases in the Neotropical region, particularly in midwestern Brazil.
Assuntos
DNA/genética , Ixodidae/microbiologia , Infecções por Rickettsia/veterinária , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/veterinária , Anfíbios/microbiologia , Anfíbios/parasitologia , Animais , Aves/microbiologia , Aves/parasitologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Feminino , Ixodidae/classificação , Ixodidae/genética , Larva/genética , Larva/microbiologia , Masculino , Mamíferos/microbiologia , Mamíferos/parasitologia , Ninfa/genética , Ninfa/microbiologia , Filogeografia , Répteis/microbiologia , Répteis/parasitologia , Rickettsia/classificação , Rickettsia/genética , Rickettsia/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Rickettsia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rickettsia/microbiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/microbiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/parasitologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/microbiologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of formulations of sodium alginate matrix (pellets) of the nematode predatory fungi, Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001 isolate) and Arthrobotrys robusta (I-31 isolate), in the biological control of sheep gastrointestinal nematode infections. Thirty young Bergamacia ewes were allocated into three groups: In group 1 (control), the animals received 2 g/10 kg of live weight (l.w.) of pellets without fungus; in group 2, each animal received 2 g/10 kg of l.w. of pellets of D. flagrans (0.2 g of fungus/10 kg l.w.); and in group 3, each animal received 2 g/10 kg of l.w. of pellets of A. robusta (0.2 g of fungus/10 kg l.w.). The animals of each group were kept separately under rotational grazing. Pellets, with or without fungi, were mixed with 1 kg animal food and administered twice a week for 6 months. There was no significant difference in mean live weight and packed cell volume among groups (P > 0.05). Mean nematode fecal egg counts (FEC) did not significantly differ between the control and the remaining groups, except in one or two collections, when FEC was higher in the control group than in group 2 and group 3, respectively. The group that received A. robusta pellets needed less salvage anthelmintic treatments. Haemonchus contortus was the predominant species recovered from tracer lambs. The nematophagous fungi, D. flagrans and A. robusta, did not provide satisfactory results in the prophylaxis of parasitic gastroenteritis in sheep, under the conditions of the present study.
Assuntos
Antibiose , Ascomicetos/fisiologia , Gastroenterite/veterinária , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/terapia , Animais , Ascomicetos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Gastroenterite/parasitologia , Gastroenterite/terapia , Infecções por Nematoides/parasitologia , Infecções por Nematoides/terapia , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Ovinos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Toxocara (Neoascaris) vitulorum is a gastrointestinal nematode parasite of young ruminants, responsible for high mortality rates in parasitized cattle and buffalo calves. The objective of this work was to compare the predatory capacity under laboratory conditions of four fungal isolates of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1, VC4, VC5 and VC12) on T. vitulorum eggs in 2% water-agar (2% WA). T. vitulorum eggs were plated on 2% WA Petri dishes which contained cultured fungal isolates and control plates without fungi. After 10 and 15 days one hundred eggs were removed and classified according to the following parameters: type 1, biochemical and physiological effect without morphological damage to the eggshell, type 2, lytic effect with morphological alteration of the eggshell and embryo and type 3, lytic effect with morphological alteration of eggshell and embryo in addition to hyphal penetration and internal egg colonization. The fungal isolates were effective in the destruction of T. vitulorum eggs presenting the type 3 effect at 10 and 15 days after contact with the fungus. No nematophagous fungi were observed in the control group during the experiment. There was no variation in the predatory capacity of the fungal isolates (P > 0.01) at the intervals of 10 and 15 days. These results indicate that P. chlamydosporia (VC1, VC4, VC5 and VC12) negatively influenced the development of T. vitulorum eggs and can be considered a potential candidate for the biological control of nematodes.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Hypocreales/fisiologia , Toxocara/microbiologia , Toxocaríase/parasitologia , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Técnicas In Vitro , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Toxocaríase/prevenção & controleRESUMO
The predatory capacity of one isolate of nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) on infective larvae of cyathostomes was evaluated in laboratorial conditions in medium water-agar 2% (WA 2%). There was significant reduction (p<0.01) of 93.64% in the average of infective larvae of cyathostomes recovered of medium WA 2% at seven day. These results show that the isolated AC001 could be used in the biological control of cyathostomes of horses.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos/isolamento & purificação , Nematoides/microbiologia , Animais , Larva/microbiologiaRESUMO
A capacidade predatória de um isolado de fungo predador de nematoides Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) sobre larvas infectantes de ciatostomíneos foi avaliada em condições laboratoriais em ensaio experimental em meio ágar-água 2% (AA 2%). Houve redução significativa (p < 0,01) de 93,64% na média de larvas infectantes de ciatostomíneos recuperadas do meio AA2%, ao final de sete dias. Os resultados desse ensaio evidenciam que o isolado fúngico AC001 poderia ser utilizado no controle biológico de ciatostomíneos de equinos.
The predatory capacity of one isolate of nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) on infective larvae of cyathostomes was evaluated in laboratorial conditions in medium water-agar 2% (WA 2%). There was significant reduction (p < 0. 01) of 93.64% in the average of infective larvae of cyathostomes recovered of medium WA 2% at seven day. These results show that the isolated AC001 could be used in the biological control of cyathostomes of horses.
Assuntos
Animais , Ascomicetos/isolamento & purificação , Nematoides/microbiologia , Larva/microbiologiaRESUMO
The dynamics of the passage of conidia, chlamydospores, and mycelia of the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans through the digestive tracts of goats was evaluated. Four groups with five goats each were formed. In the group conidia, each animal received 1 x 10(6) D. flagrans conidia per kilogram of live weight. In the group chlamydospore, each animal received 1 x 10(6) chlamydospores per kilogram of live weight. In the group mycelia, each animal received 1 g of mycelium mass per kilogram of live weight. In the control group, the animals received no fungal structure. Feces were obtained 3 h before and 12, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 h after the inoculation. The feces were placed in Petri dishes containing water-agar. The Petri dishes were examined to detect the fungus and trapped nematodes. A second trial evaluated the effect of the fungal structures on the number of gastrointestinal larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Strongyloides papillosus harvested from the fecal cultures of the goats. The feces were obtained from the goats in the 12-24, 24-30, 30-36, 42-48, 60-72, 72-84, and 84-96 intervals after the inoculation. D. flagrans survived the digestive process of the goats and maintained its predatory activity, being observed from 12 to 96 h before inoculation in the animals that received chlamydospores and conidia.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos/patogenicidade , Fezes/parasitologia , Cabras/parasitologia , Haemonchus/microbiologia , Viabilidade Microbiana , Strongyloides/microbiologia , Animais , Ascomicetos/fisiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Cabras/microbiologia , Haemonchus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/microbiologia , Strongyloides/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The ovicidal activity of the nematophagous fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia (isolates VC1 and VC4), Duddingtonia flagrans (isolate AC001) and Monacrosporium thaumasium (isolate NF34) on Taenia saginata eggs was evaluated under laboratory conditions. T. saginata eggs were plated on 2% water-agar with fungal isolates and controls without fungus and examined after 5, 10 and 15 days. At the end of the experiment P. chlamydosporia showed ovicidal activity against T. saginata eggs (p<0.05), mainly for internal egg colonization with results of 12.8% (VC1) and 2.2% (VC4); 18.1% (VC1) and 7.0% (VC4); 9.76% (VC1) and 8.0% (VC4) at 5, 10 and 15 days, respectively. The other fungi showed only lytic effect without morphological damage to the eggshell. Results demonstrated that P. chlamydosporia was effective in vitro against T. saginata eggs unlike the other fungi.
Assuntos
Hypocreales/fisiologia , Taenia saginata/microbiologia , Animais , Ascomicetos/fisiologia , Ascomicetos/ultraestrutura , Humanos , Hypocreales/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Óvulo/microbiologia , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Taenia saginata/ultraestrutura , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
A capacidade predatória de um isolado de fungo predador de nematoides Duddingtonia lagrans (AC001) sobre larvas infectantes de ciatostomíneos foi avaliada em condições laboratoriais em ensaio experimental em meio ágar-água 2% (AA 2%). Houve redução significativa (p < 0,01) de 93,64% na média de larvas infectantes de ciatostomíneos recuperadas do meio AA2%, ao final de sete dias. Os resultados desse ensaio evidenciam que o isolado fúngico AC001 poderia ser utilizado no controle biológico de ciatostomíneos de equinos.(AU)
The predatory capacity of one isolate of nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia lagrans (AC001) on infective larvae of cyathostomes was evaluated in laboratorial conditions in medium water-agar 2% (WA 2%). There was significant reduction (p < 0. 01) of 93.64% in the average of infective larvae of cyathostomes recovered of medium WA 2% at seven day. These results show that the isolated AC001 could be used in the biological control of cyathostomes of horses. (AU)