RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Piloting an aircraft is a complex multitasking activity that involves managing information in a nonautomatic way and generates a high workload (psychological, cognitive, and physical) for the pilot. The excess of these demands can result in decreased performance and may impair flight safety. Heart rate variability (HRV) has been used in recent studies as a method to investigate operator's workload in complex environments. This measure can assess the stress and recovery ability of the autonomic nervous system. However, a better understanding of flight influence on the pilot's autonomic modulation is necessary. Therefore, this scoping review aims to systematically map the studies related to changes in the autonomic modulation in military pilots during flight, in order to characterize their workload at different times and flight profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (by PubMed), SCOPUS, and LILACS databases. Recent records (2002-2022) that analyzed HRV in military pilots during flight were included. Meanwhile, studies in which piloting activity was not performed were excluded. The study was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline extension for Scoping Reviews and the Updated Methodological Guidance for the Conduct of Scoping Reviews. RESULTS: A total of 298 records were obtained, of which 19 were included in the scoping review. The studies analyzed flights performed in high- and low-performance aircrafts, helicopters, and flight simulators, using time domain, frequency domain, and nonlinear HRV indices. Real and simulated flights produced significant autonomic changes. Some flights elicited autonomic nervous system responses that persisted up to 5 h after landing. During real flight, the most sensitive indices for identifying variations in pilot workload were root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats, standard deviation of interbeat interval of normal sinus beat (SDNN), ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency power, and Poincaré plot standard deviation perpendicular to the line of identity (SD1), whereas the interbeat interval (RR), SDNN, SD1, and Poincaré plot standard deviation along the line of identity (SD2) were the most sensitive indices when comparing segments of simulated flight with different levels of difficulty. CONCLUSIONS: This scoping review provided insight into the influence of flight on autonomic modulation in military pilots. Some key themes were highlighted: Increased sympathetic activity during flight, sensibility of different domains of HRV to flight demands, and autonomic changes during recovery time. Future research efforts may allow us to enhance the understanding of pilot's workload limits and to elucidate the optimal postflight recovery time.

RESUMO

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo consistiu em comparar a frequência de datas de nascimento entre atletas de futebol e a população brasileira e verificar possíveis diferenças entre categorias. Participaram 868 atletas avaliados entre 2001 a 2009, pertencentes às categorias sub-15, sub-17, sub-20 e profissional. As datas de nascimento foram classificadas por trimestres. Usou-se o teste qui-quadrado para análise, adotou-se P < 0,05. Houve diferença significativa entre os quartos de ano, com tendência a nascimentos no primeiro semestre, similar à distribuição da população brasileira. Não foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre as categorias. Concluiu-se que há uma tendência de nascidos no início do ano que desfavorece possíveis talentos nascidos no fim do ano competitivo.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the birth dates of soccer players and the Brazilian population as well as assess possible differences among categories. 868 players participated in this study, distributed according to the U-15, U-17, U-20 and professional categories. The birth dates were classified by quartiles. The chi-square test was used for the analyses, considering P < 0.05. Significant difference was identified among quartiles of births with a tendency to births in the first half, similar to the distribution of the Brazilian population. No differences were significant among categories. It was concluded that there is a tendency for births in the beginning of the year, discouraging potential talent ones who were born at the end of the competitive year.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la frecuencia de las fechas de nacimiento entre jugadores de fútbol y la población brasileña, e investigar las posibles diferencias entre categorías. Participaron 868 jugadores nacidos entre 2001 y 2009, y pertenecientes a las categorías sub-15, sub-17, sub-20 y profesional. Las fechas de nacimiento se clasificaron por trimestres. Se utilizó la prueba de chi cuadrado y se utilizó el valor de P < 0,05. Hubo diferencias significativas entre los diferentes cuatrimestres, con tendencia al nacimiento en el primer semestre, de forma similar a la distribución de la población brasileña. No hubo diferencias significativas entre las categorías. Se concluye que existe una tendencia de nacimientos a principios de año, lo cual trae consigo una desventaja para aquellos posibles talentos que nacen a finales del año competitivo.

RESUMO

O objetivo do presente estudo foi quantificar a intensidade dos esforços utilizando o método da PSE em partidas oficiais de futsal. A amostra foi constituída por 10 atletas do sexo masculino (16,5±2 anos) que participaram da etapa estadual dos Jogos Escolares da Juventude. Foi avaliado o comportamento da percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) em resposta à cinco jogos oficiais de futsal na categoria sub-17, sendo dois pela fase classificatória e três pela fase final da competição. A quantificação da carga interna foi determinada através do método da PSE da sessão (FOSTER et, al., 2001). Foram encontrados valores médios de 7,5 e 7,4 para as partidas da 1ª fase e 8,2, 8,7 e 8,9 para os jogos da fase final. Os resultados indicam cargas crescentes ao longo da competição, demonstrando que os jogos foram realizados com intensidades elevadas, compatíveis com intensidades de partidas de futsal analisadas utilizando outros indicadores, como frequência cardíaca e lactato. Pode-se concluir que a PSE é um método confiável para mensurar a intensidade dos esforços em partidas oficiais de futsal.(AU)

The aim of this study was to quantify the degree of effort using the method of PSE in official games of futsal. The sample consisted of 10 male athletes (16.5 ± 2 years) who participated in the state level of School Youth Games. The behavior of perceived exertion (RPE) in response to the five official games of futsal in the under-17 category was evaluated, two and three through the qualifying for the final stage of the competition. The quantification of the internal load was determined by the session SPE (Foster et, al. 2001) method. Average values of 7.5 and 7.4 for departures from 1st stage and 8.2, 8.7 and 8.9 for the finals matches were found. The results indicate increasing loads throughout the competition, demonstrating that the games were held at high intensities, consistent with intensities of futsal matches analyzed using other indicators such as heart rate and lactate. Can conclude that the PSE is a reliable method to measure the intensity of the efforts in official games of futsal.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A vantagem de jogar em casa, fenômeno conhecido como “home advantage”, é o termo utilizado pela maior prevalência de vitórias (acima de 50%) das equipes que jogam em casa, em uma tabela equilibrada, com o mesmo número de jogos entre as equipes (em casa e como visitante). No voleibol feminino, existem poucos estudos que observaram esse fenômeno e suas implicações nos fundamentos técnicos do jogo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a vantagem de jogar em casa no voleibol feminino e sua influência em indicadores de desempenho (ações finais) no resultado do jogo. A amostra foi composta de 90 jogos da superliga nacional feminina (temporada 2012/2013), totalizando 323 sets e 14.356 pontos. Foram observados os indicadores de desempenho que interferem no resultado do jogo (vitória ou derrota): saque, ataque, bloqueio e erro do adversário. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o software SPSS 17.0. Foram realizadas análises descritivas (média e desvio padrão), e as comparações foram realizadas através do teste U de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes na comparação das ações pontuadoras da equipe de casa e visitante. O nível de significância adotado foi P<0,05. Os resultados mostraram que houve o fenômeno da “vantagem de jogar em casa”, com maior prevalência de vitória para das equipes da casa na superliga feminina de voleibol (53%)...

The advantage of playing at home, phenomenon known as "home advantage" is the termused by the higher prevalence of victories (over 50%) of the teams playing at home in a balanced tablewith the same number of games among the teams (at home and away). In women's volleyball, there arefew studies that observed this phenomenon and its implications on the skills of the game. The aim of thisstudy was to investigate the advantage of playing at home in women's volleyball and its influence onperformance indicators (final actions) on the outcome of the game. The sample consisted of 90 games ofwomen's volleyball leagues (season 2012/2013), totaling 323 sets and 14.356 points. Performanceindicators were observed to interfere with the result of the game (win or lose): serve, attack, block andopponent’s error. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software. Descriptive analysis were performed(mean and standard deviation), and comparisons were made through the Mann-Whitney U test forindependent samples when comparing home and away team’s actions points. The level of significance wasP<0.05. The results showed that the "home advantage" phenomenon was verified with a higher prevalenceof victory for the home teams in the women’s league volleyball (53%)...

Assuntos

RESUMO

The purpose of this study was to investigate energy system contributions and energy costs in combat situations. The sample consisted of 10 male taekwondo athletes (age: 21 ± 6 years old; height: 176.2 ± 5.3 cm; body mass: 67.2 ± 8.9 kg) who compete at the national or international level. To estimate the energy contributions, and total energy cost of the fights, athletes performed a simulated competition consisting of three 2 min rounds with a 1 min recovery between each round. The combats were filmed to quantify the actual time spent fighting in each round. The contribution of the aerobic (W(AER)), anaerobic alactic (W(PCR)), and anaerobic lactic [Formula: see text] energy systems was estimated through the measurement of oxygen consumption during the activity, the fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and the change in blood lactate concentration in each round, respectively. The mean ratio of high intensity actions to moments of low intensity (steps and pauses) was ~1:7. The W(AER), W(PCR) and W([La(-)]) system contributions were estimated as 120 ± 22 kJ (66 ± 6%), 54 ± 21 kJ (30 ± 6%), 8.5 kJ (4 ± 2%), respectively. Thus, training sessions should be directed mainly to the improvement of the anaerobic alactic system (responsible by the high-intensity actions), and of the aerobic system (responsible by the recovery process between high-intensity actions).

Assuntos