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INTRODUCTION: A specialized service for antifungal blood level determination is not available in Colombia. This service is essential for the proper follow-up of antifungal therapies. OBJECTIVE: To standardize and validate a simple, sensitive, and specific protocol based on high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector for voriconazole blood level quantification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used an Agilent HPLC™ series-1200 equipment with a UVdiode array detector with an analytical column Eclipse XDB-C18 and pre-column Eclipse- XDB-C18 (Agilent). We used voriconazole as the primary control and posaconazole as an internal control. We performed the validation following the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommendations. RESULTS: The best chromatographic conditions were: Column temperature of 25°C, UV variable wavelength detection at 256 nm for voriconazole and 261 nm for posaconazole (internal standard); 50 µl of injection volume, 0,8 ml/min volume flow, 10 minutes of run time, and mobile phase of acetonitrile:water (60:40). Finally, retention times were 3.13 for voriconazole and 5.16 minutes for posaconazole. Quantification range varied from 0.125 µg/ml to 16 µg/ml. CONCLUSION: The selectivity and chromatographic purity of the obtained signal, the detection limits, and the standardized quantification make this method an excellent tool for the therapeutic monitoring of patients treated with voriconazole.
Introducción. Hasta la fecha, Colombia no cuenta con un servicio especializado de medición de niveles séricos de antifúngicos, procedimiento esencial para el adecuado seguimiento del tratamiento de infecciones fúngicas invasoras. Objetivo. Estandarizar y validar un protocolo simple, sensible y específico basado en la aplicación de cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia acoplada con un detector de arreglo de diodos para la cuantificación de los niveles séricos de voriconazol. Materiales y métodos. Se usó un equipo HPLC-Agilent™, serie-1200, con un detector UVDAD, una columna analítica Eclipse-XDB-C18 y una pre-columna Eclipse-XDB-C18, ambas de la marca Agilent. Como control primario se utilizó voriconazol y como control interno, posaconazol. La validación se hizo cumpliendo todos los criterios de aceptación recomendados por la Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Resultados. Las mejores condiciones cromatográficas se obtuvieron con los siguientes parámetros: temperatura de la columna de 25 °C, detección UV-VWD de 261 nm, volumen de inyección de 50 µl, flujo de 0,8 ml/minuto y un tiempo de corrido de 10 minutos. La fase móvil usada fue acetonitrilo:agua (60:40) y los tiempos finales de retención fueron de 3,13 para voriconazol y de 5,16 minutos para posaconazol. El rango de cuantificación fue desde 0,125 µg/ml hasta 16 µg/ml. Conclusiones. La selectividad y la pureza de la señal cromatográfica, así como los límites de detección y cuantificación estandarizados hacen de esta metodología una excelente herramienta para el seguimiento terapéutico de pacientes tratados con voriconazol o en profilaxis con este fármaco.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Triazóis , Voriconazol , Voriconazol/sangue , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Antifúngicos/sangue , Humanos , Triazóis/sangue , Triazóis/análise , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/métodos , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/instrumentação , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/normas , Limite de DetecçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Fusarium is a very heterogeneous group of fungi, difficult to classify, with a wide range of living styles, acting as saprophytes, parasites of plants, or pathogens for humans and animals. Prevalence of clinical fusariosis and lack of effective treatments have increased the interest in the precise diagnosis, which implies a molecular characterization of Fusarium populations. OBJECTIVE: We compared different genotyping markers in their assessment of the genetic variability and molecular identification of clinical isolates of Fusarium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the performance of the fingerprinting produced by two random primers: M13, which amplifies a minisatellite sequence, and (GACA)4, which corresponds to a simple repetitive DNA sequence. Using the Hunter Gaston Discriminatory Index (HGDI), an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), and a Mantel test, the resolution of these markers was compared to the reference sequencing-based and PCR genotyping methods. RESULTS: The highest HGDI value was associated with the M13 marker followed by (GACA)4. AMOVA and the Mantel tests supported a strong correlation between the M13 classification and the reference method given by the partial sequencing of the transcription elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) and rDNA 28S. CONCLUSION: The strong correlation between the M13 classification and the sequencingbased reference together with its higher resolution demonstrates its adequacy for the characterization of Fusarium populations.
Assuntos
Fusarium , Animais , Biomarcadores , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Primers do DNA , Fusarium/genética , Genótipo , Repetições de MicrossatélitesRESUMO
Introduction: Fusarium is a very heterogeneous group of fungi, difficult to classify, with a wide range of living styles, acting as saprophytes, parasites of plants, or pathogens for humans and animals. Prevalence of clinical fusariosis and lack of effective treatments have increased the interest in the precise diagnosis, which implies a molecular characterization of Fusarium populations. Objective: We compared different genotyping markers in their assessment of the genetic variability and molecular identification of clinical isolates of Fusarium. Materials and methods: We evaluated the performance of the fingerprinting produced by two random primers: M13, which amplifies a minisatellite sequence, and (GACA)4, which corresponds to a simple repetitive DNA sequence. Using the Hunter Gaston Discriminatory Index (HGDI), an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), and a Mantel test, the resolution of these markers was compared to the reference sequencing-based and PCR genotyping methods. Results: The highest HGDI value was associated with the M13 marker followed by (GACA)4. AMOVA and the Mantel tests supported a strong correlation between the M13 classification and the reference method given by the partial sequencing of the transcription elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) and rDNA 28S. Conclusion: The strong correlation between the M13 classification and the sequencing-based reference together with its higher resolution demonstrates its adequacy for the characterization of Fusarium populations.
Introducción. Fusarium es un grupo heterogéneo de hongos, difícil de clasificar y con una amplia gama de estilos de vida, que actúa como saprófito, parásito de plantas o patógeno de humanos y animales. La prevalencia de la fusariosis clínica y la falta de tratamientos han incrementado el interés en su diagnóstico preciso, lo que conlleva la caracterización molecular de las poblaciones. Objetivo. Comparar marcadores de genotipificación en la evaluación de la variabilidad genética e identificación de aislamientos clínicos de Fusarium. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó la huella genética producida por dos cebadores aleatorios: M13, que amplifica una secuencia minisatélite, y (GACA)4, que corresponde a una secuencia repetitiva de ADN. Utilizando el índice discriminatorio de Hunter Gaston (HGDI), el análisis de varianza molecular (AMOVA) y una prueba de Mantel, se comparó la resolución de estos marcadores con métodos de genotipificación basados en secuenciación y PCR. Resultados. El mayor HGDI se asoció con el marcador M13, seguido de (GACA)4. Las pruebas AMOVA y Mantel mostraron correlación entre las clasificaciones obtenidas con M13 y la referencia basada en la secuenciación parcial del factor de elongación de transcripción 1-alfa (TEF1-α) y el ADNr 28S. Conclusión. La fuerte correlación entre la clasificación obtenida con M13 y el método de referencia, así como su alta resolución, demuestran su idoneidad para la caracterización de poblaciones de Fusarium.
Assuntos
Fusarium , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Bacteriófago M13 , Fusariose , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Elonguina , Genética PopulacionalRESUMO
Invasive fungal diseases (IFD) contribute significantly to worldwide morbidity and mortality, but their frequency is not well-described in some countries. The present work describes the frequency of IFD in a specialized laboratory in Colombia. A retrospective, descriptive study was implemented between March 2009 and December 2015. Results: 13,071 patients with clinical suspicion of IFD were referred during the study period, from which 33,516 biological samples were processed and analyzed using 14 laboratory methods. Diagnosis was confirmed in 1425 patients (11%), distributed according to the mycoses of interest analyzed here: histoplasmosis in 641/11,756 patients (6%), aspergillosis in 331/10,985 patients (3%), cryptococcosis in 239/8172 patients (3%), pneumocystosis in 111/1651 patients (7%), paracoccidioidomycosis in 60/10,178 patients (0.6%), and invasive candidiasis in 48/7525 patients (0.6%). From the first year of the study period to the last year, there was a 53% increase in the number of cases of IFD diagnosed. Our laboratory experienced a high frequency of IFD diagnosis, possibly attributable to the availability of a greater range of diagnostic tools. Frequency of IFD in this study was atypical compared with other studies, probably as a result of the single laboratory-site analysis. This demonstrates that implementing educational strategies helps to create a high index of clinical suspicion, while the availability and utilization of appropriate diagnostic assays assure greater reliability in identification of these cases.
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BACKGROUND: The yeasts species determination is fundamental not only for an accurate diagnosis but also for establishing a suitable patient treatment. We performed a concordance study of five methodologies for the species identification of oral isolates of Candida in Colombia. METHODS: Sixty-seven Candida isolates were tested by; API® 20C-AUX, Vitek®2 Compact, Vitek®MS, Microflex® and a molecular test (panfungal PCR and sequencing). The commercial cost and processing time of the samples was done by graphical analysis. RESULTS: Panfungal PCR differentiated 12 species of Candida, Vitek®MS and Microflex® methods identified 9 species, and API® 20C-AUX and Vitek®2 Compact methods identified 8 species each. Weighted Kappa (wK) showed a high agreement between Panfungal PCR, Vitek®MS, Microflex® and API® 20C-AUX (wK 0.62-0.93). The wK that involved the Vitek®2 Compact method presented moderate or good concordances compared with the other methods (wK 0.56-0.73). Methodologies based on MALDI TOF MS required 4 minutes to generate results and the Microflex® method had the lowest selling price. CONCLUSION: The methods evaluated showed high concordance in their results, being higher for the molecular methods and the methodologies based on MALDI TOF. The latter are faster and cheaper, presenting as promising alternatives for the routine identification of yeast species of the genus Candida.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La clasificación a nivel de especies de las levaduras del género Candida de origen clínico es fundamental para el diagnóstico y la instauración de un adecuado tratamiento para el paciente. Se realizó un estudio de concordancia de cinco metodologías usadas para la identificación de aislamientos orales de Candida spp en Colombia. MÉTODOS: Sesenta y siete aislamientos de Candida spp fueron identificados a nivel de especie utilizando; API® 20 C AUX' Vitek® 2 Compact, MALDI TOF (Vitek® MS y Microflex®) y una prueba molecular, PCR Panfungal y secuenciación. Un análisis del costo comercial y tiempo de procesamiento de las muestras por cada método fue realizado mediante el análisis gráfico de ambas variables. RESULTADOS: La PCR Panfungal y secuenciación diferenció 12 especies de Candida' los métodos Vitek® MS y Microflex® identificaron 9 especies y los métodos API® 20 C AUX y Vitek® 2 Compact identificaron 8 especies. El análisis de Kappa ponderado (wK) demostró una concordancia alta entre los métodos PCR Panfungal y secuenciación' Vitek® MS' Microflex® y API® 20 C AUX' concordancias agrupadas en las categorías buena y muy buena (wK 0.62 - 0.93); los Kp que involucraron el método Vitek® 2 Compact presentaron concordancias moderadas o buenas frente a los otros métodos (wK 0.56 - 0.73). Las metodologías basadas en MALDI TOF MS requirieron 4 minutos para generar un resultado y el método Microflex® fue el método que en nuestro medio presentó el menor precio de venta del servicio. CONCLUSIÓN: Los métodos evaluados presentaron una alta concordancia en sus resultados' siendo más alta para los métodos moleculares y las metodologías basadas en MALDI TOF MS; estas últimas son metodologías más rápidas, económicas y precisas, las cuales se presentan como alternativas prometedoras para la identificación rutinaria de especies de levaduras del género Candida.
Assuntos
Candida/isolamento & purificação , Candidíase Bucal/diagnóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz/métodos , Adulto , Candidíase Bucal/microbiologia , Colômbia , Humanos , Técnicas de Tipagem Micológica/métodos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Abstract Background: The yeasts species determination is fundamental not only for an accurate diagnosis but also for establishing a suitable patient treatment. We performed a concordance study of five methodologies for the species identification of oral isolates of Candida in Colombia. Methods: Sixty-seven Candida isolates were tested by; API® 20C-AUX, Vitek®2 Compact, Vitek®MS, Microflex® and a molecular test (panfungal PCR and sequencing). The commercial cost and processing time of the samples was done by graphical analysis. Results: Panfungal PCR differentiated 12 species of Candida, Vitek®MS and Microflex® methods identified 9 species, and API® 20C-AUX and Vitek®2 Compact methods identified 8 species each. Weighted Kappa (wK) showed a high agreement between Panfungal PCR, Vitek®MS, Microflex® and API® 20C-AUX (wK 0.62-0.93). The wK that involved the Vitek®2 Compact method presented moderate or good concordances compared with the other methods (wK 0.56-0.73). Methodologies based on MALDI TOF MS required 4 minutes to generate results and the Microflex® method had the lowest selling price. Conclusion: The methods evaluated showed high concordance in their results, being higher for the molecular methods and the methodologies based on MALDI TOF. The latter are faster and cheaper, presenting as promising alternatives for the routine identification of yeast species of the genus Candida.
Resumen Introducción: La clasificación a nivel de especies de las levaduras del género Candida de origen clínico es fundamental para el diagnóstico y la instauración de un adecuado tratamiento para el paciente. Se realizó un estudio de concordancia de cinco metodologías usadas para la identificación de aislamientos orales de Candida spp en Colombia. Métodos: Sesenta y siete aislamientos de Candida spp fueron identificados a nivel de especie utilizando; API® 20 C AUX‚ Vitek® 2 Compact, MALDI TOF (Vitek® MS y Microflex®) y una prueba molecular, PCR Panfungal y secuenciación. Un análisis del costo comercial y tiempo de procesamiento de las muestras por cada método fue realizado mediante el análisis gráfico de ambas variables. Resultados: La PCR Panfungal y secuenciación diferenció 12 especies de Candida‚ los métodos Vitek® MS y Microflex® identificaron 9 especies y los métodos API® 20 C AUX y Vitek® 2 Compact identificaron 8 especies. El análisis de Kappa ponderado (wK) demostró una concordancia alta entre los métodos PCR Panfungal y secuenciación‚ Vitek® MS‚ Microflex® y API® 20 C AUX‚ concordancias agrupadas en las categorías buena y muy buena (wK 0.62 - 0.93); los Kp que involucraron el método Vitek® 2 Compact presentaron concordancias moderadas o buenas frente a los otros métodos (wK 0.56 - 0.73). Las metodologías basadas en MALDI TOF MS requirieron 4 minutos para generar un resultado y el método Microflex® fue el método que en nuestro medio presentó el menor precio de venta del servicio. Conclusión: Los métodos evaluados presentaron una alta concordancia en sus resultados‚ siendo más alta para los métodos moleculares y las metodologías basadas en MALDI TOF MS; estas últimas son metodologías más rápidas, económicas y precisas, las cuales se presentan como alternativas prometedoras para la identificación rutinaria de especies de levaduras del género Candida.
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Candida/isolamento & purificação , Candidíase Bucal/diagnóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz/métodos , Fatores de Tempo , Candidíase Bucal/microbiologia , Técnicas de Tipagem Micológica/métodos , ColômbiaRESUMO
Introducción: En la literatura colombiana son escasos los reportes acerca de la epidemiología de la tinea capitis. Objetivo : Realizar un estudio retrospectivo para describir el comportamiento de esta micosis y de sus agentes etiológicos, en una serie de pacientes remitidos a un centro de diagnóstico especializado en Medellín, Colombia. Métodos : Estudio retrospectivo donde se analizaron los registros de pacientes remitidos entre los años 1994 y 2013 para estudio micológico a la Unidad de Micología Médica y Experimental de la Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), en Medellín, Colombia. Resultados : Fueron analizados 415 pacientes con sospecha clínica de tinea capitis, 133 (32%) de los cuales fueron confirmados por el laboratorio. La mayoría de los pacientes positivos, 124/133 (93%), fueron menores de edad y 89/133 (67%) correspondieron al sexo masculino. En 52 de los 133 casos comprobados se pudo determinar algún factor de riesgo asociado: el contacto con animales fue el principal factor de riesgo en 39/52 pacientes (75%). El examen directo fue positivo en el 87% y el cultivo para hongos en el 92% de los casos comprobados. El agente etiológico más frecuentemente aislado fue Microsporum canis (86%), seguido con una amplia diferencia por Microsporum gypseum(4%), Trichophyton tonsurans (3%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (3%), Microsporum audouinii (3%) y Microsporum spp. (1%). Conclusión : Nuestros resultados representan una casuística importante para la epidemiología de la tinea capitis en Colombia. En ausencia de estudios más extensos en cobertura geográfica y en población estudiada que permitan conocer la incidencia real de esta micosis en nuestro medio, estos datos deben ser considerados como aporte valioso en el conocimiento de los agentes etiológicos de tinea capitis más frecuentes en el país.
Introduction: There are few written reports on the epidemiology of tinea capitis in Colombia. Objective: To undertake a retrospective study (1994-2013) aimed at describing the behavior of this mycosis and its etiological agents, using a series of patients referred to a specialized diagnostic center in Medellin, Colombia. Methods: This is a retrospective study in which the records were analysed of patients from 1994-2013, who were referred for mycological studies (direct examination and culture) to the Medical and Experimental Mycology Unit of the Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) with the clinical suspicion of tinea capitis. Results: In this period, 415 patients with clinical suspicion of tinea capitis were reported, of which 133 cases were confirmed by the laboratory (32%); most patients 124 (93%) were children, mostly boys 89 (67%). In terms of associated risk factors there was information from 52 confirmed cases, of which 39 (75%) had contact with animals. Direct examination was positive in 87% and fungal culture in 92% of confirmed cases; the etiologic agent most isolated was Microsporum canis (86%), followed by Microsporum gypseum (4%), Trichophyton tonsurans (3%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (3%), Microsporum audouinii (3%) and Microsporum spp. (1%). Conclusion: Our results represent an important casuistry for the epidemiology of tinea capitis in Colombia. In the absence of more extensive studies on geographic coverage and population characteristics that reveal the true incidence of this mycosis in our country, these data should be considered a valuable contribution to the understanding of the most frequent etiologic agents of tinea capitis in Colombia.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Tinha do Couro Cabeludo , Serviços de Laboratório Clínico , Couro Cabeludo , Trichophyton , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Colômbia , MicrosporumRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Colombia currently does not have a specialised service for measuring antifungal levels in serum, which is of prime importance for the proper treatment and correct management of invasive fungal infections. AIMS: To standardise and validate a simple, sensitive, and specific protocol, based on high performance liquid chromatography, complying with the parameters recommended by the Food and Drug Administration, to detect, identify, and quantify serum concentrations of posaconazole. METHODS: A high performance liquid chromatography Agilent series-1 200 equipment was used with ultraviolet diode array detector and analytical column-Eclipse XDB-C18. Posaconazole-SCH56592 (batch IRQ-PAZ-10-X-103) was used as the primary control and itraconazole (batch ZR051211PUC921) was used as an internal control. The validation was performed taking into account all criteria recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (selectivity, calibration curves, recovery, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability of the sample). RESULTS: The most suitable chromatographic conditions were the following: column temperature 25°C, ultraviolet detection at 261nm, 50µl injection volume, flow volume 0.8ml/min, 10min running time, mobile phase of acetonitrile:water (70:30), and final retention times of 3.4 and 7.2min for posaconazole and itraconazole, respectively, with a wide and reliable quantification range (0.125µg/ml to 16µg/ml). Using these parameters, the method was selective, R2 in the calibration curves was≥0.99, and the percentage recovery was 98.7%, with a coefficient of variation less than 10%. The relative error for accuracy and the coefficient of variation for precision were less than 15%, all meeting the acceptance criteria recommended by the Food and Drug Administration. CONCLUSIONS: The selectivity and chromatographic purity of the obtained signal, as well as the standardised limits of detection and quantification, make this method an excellent tool for therapeutic monitoring of patients treated with posaconazole.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/sangue , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/normas , Triazóis/sangue , Colômbia , Humanos , Micoses/sangue , Micoses/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Histoplasmosis is an important mycosis in the Americas; and in children with no immune system abnormalities, histoplasmosis is typically a self-limited process. In contrast, in children with immune problems, disease manifestations are frequently more severe and include dissemination. From 1984 to 2010, a retrospective study of paediatric patients who had been diagnosed with histoplasmosis was performed. A total of 45 pediatric cases of histoplasmosis were identified. The most important risk factor was malnutrition (37%), followed by environmental exposure (33%). The patients exhibited pulmonary infiltrates (83%), fever (76%), cough, constitutional symptoms (38%), headache (35%), and lymph node hypertrophy (33%). Concerning the clinical forms, 64% of the patients presented with the progressive disseminated form that frequently affected the central nervous system (48%). Diagnostic laboratory tests indicated that the cultures were positive for 80% of the patients, the agar gel immunodiffusion was reactive in 95%, the M band of the precipitate was more commonly observed (81%), and the complement fixation tests were reactive in 88% of the patients. The timely diagnosis of histoplasmosis is important, and for this reason, it is hoped that the results of this study will lead pediatricians toward a better understanding of this mycosis in children.
Assuntos
Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina/métodos , Histoplasmose/epidemiologia , Histoplasmose/patologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Histoplasmose/diagnóstico , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Neutrophils play an important role as effector cells and contribute to the resistance of the host against microbial pathogens. Neutrophils are able to produce extracellular traps (NETs) in response to medically important fungi, including Aspergillus spp., Candida albicans and Cryptococcus gattii. However, NET production in response to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis has yet to be studied. We have demonstrated that human neutrophils produce NETs against both conidia and yeasts of P. brasiliensis. Although the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) did not alter NET production against conidia, it partially suppressed NET formation against P. brasiliensis yeasts. Cytochalasin D or IFN-γ did not affect the production of NETs against the fungus. Additionally, a mutant strain of P. brasiliensis with reduced expression of an alternative oxidase induced significantly higher levels of NETs in comparison with the WT strain. Finally, c.f.u. quantification of P. brasiliensis showed no significant differences when neutrophils were treated with DPI, DNase I or cytochalasin D as compared with untreated cells. These data establish that NET formation by human neutrophils appears to be either dependent or independent of reactive oxygen species production, correlating with the fungal morphotype used for stimulation. However, this mechanism was ineffective in killing the fungus.