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BACKGROUND: The efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) in sparing red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in children with hemolytic uremic syndrome related to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC-HUS) is uncertain. METHODS: We conducted a pilot randomized controlled open trial between December 2018 and January 2021. Children were randomized to the intervention (subcutaneous rHuEPO 50 U/kg three times weekly until discharge + RBC transfusion if hemoglobin ≤ 7 g/dL and/or hemodynamic instability) or to the control arm (RBC transfusion if hemoglobin ≤ 7 g/dL and/or hemodynamic instability). Primary outcome was the number of RBC transfusions received during hospitalization. Secondary outcomes were to explore whether baseline EPO levels were adequate to the degree of anemia, to correlate selected acute phase parameters with the number of RBC transfusions, and to assess possible adverse events. RESULTS: Twelve patients per arm were included; they were comparable at recruitment and throughout the disease course. Median number of RBC transfusions was similar between groups (1.5, p = 0.76). Most patients had baseline EPO levels adequate to the degree of anemia, which did not correlate with the number of transfusions (r = 0.19, p = 0.44). Conversely, baseline (r = 0.73, p = 0.032) and maximum lactic dehydrogenase levels (r = 0.78, p = 0.003), creatinine peak (r = 0.71, p = 0.03) and dialysis duration (r = 0.7, p = 0.04) correlated significantly with RBC requirements. No side effects were recorded. CONCLUSION: In children with STEC-HUS, the administration of rHuEPO did not reduce the number of RBC transfusions. Larger studies addressing higher doses and similar severity of kidney failure at rHuEPO initiation (e.g. at start of dialysis) are warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03776851. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevalencia de hipertensión arterial neonatal en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN) varía entre el 3 y el 9%, sin embargo, no existe información actualizada de Latinoamérica. OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial y evaluar su asociación con causas previa mente relacionadas con esta condición. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio transversal que incluyó a todos los niños internados en una UCIN durante un año, excluidos aquellos trasladados a cirugía cardio vascular. Se registraron variables maternas y neonatales, hipertensión arterial materna, vía de parto, edad gestacional, edad, sexo, peso de nacimiento, Apgar, antecedente de maduración pulmonar con corticoides y cateterismo de vasos umbilicales. Se consignó motivo de ingreso a UCIN, medicamen tos y complicaciones durante la hospitalización. La tensión arterial se registró con oscilómetro au tomatizado considerando hipertensión arterial según tablas para edad gestacional. La prevalencia se expresó como porcentaje (intervalo de confianza 95%, IC95%). La estadística descriptiva se presenta como mediana (rango) o frecuencia de presentación (porcentajes) y se buscó asociación con el Test de Wilcoxon, Chi2 o Fisher según correspondiera (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: Se reclutaron 169 pacientes (60% sexo masculino). Edad gestacional: 38 semanas (rango 26-42), 38% prematuros. Peso 3.000 g (rango 545-4.950), 32% bajo peso. Ocho pacientes presentaron hipertensión arterial (prevalencia 4,7%, IC95% 2,4-9). La presencia de hipertensión arterial se asoció con prematurez (p = 0,0003), bajo peso (p = 0,01), maduración pulmonar con corticoides (p = 0,002), cateterismo umbilical (p = 0,03), uso de ≥ 2 drogas nefrotóxicas (p = 0,02), tratamiento con cafeína (p = 0,0001), injuria renal aguda (p = 0,02) e hipertensión intracraneal (p = 0,04). Solo un paciente requirió medicación antihiper- tensiva y en todos los casos se normalizó durante el seguimiento. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de hipertensión arterial neonatal fue de 4,7% y en todos los casos se presentó en niños prematuros con factores previamente reconocidos como asociados a esta condición.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of neonatal hypertension in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) ranges between 3 and 9%. However, there is no current data on Latin America. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of neonatal hypertension and to assess its association with causes previously related to this condi tion. PATIENTS AND METHOD: cross-sectional study. All patients admitted to the NICU during one year were included, excluding those transferred to the cardiovascular NICU. The following maternal and neonatal variables were registered: maternal arterial hypertension, type of delivery, gestational age, age, sex, birth weight, Apgar score, history of pulmonary maturation with corticosteroids, and umbilical vessel catheterization as well as the reason for admission to the NICU, medications, and complications during hospitalization. Blood pressure was measured with an automated oscillometric device, defining neonatal hypertension according to standards in gestational age. Prevalence was ex pressed as percentage (confidence interval 95%, CI95%). Descriptive data were reported as median (range) and frequency of presentation (percentage). Finally, we used the Wilcoxon, Chi2 o Fisher exact test to identify factors related to NH as applicable (p < 0.05). RESULTS: 169 patients were in cluded (60% males). Gestational age was 38 weeks (range 26-42 weeks), 38% were preterm. Birth weight was 3000 g (range 545-4950 g) and 32% presented low birth weight. Eight patients presented hypertension during hospitalization (4.7% prevalence, CI95% 2.4-9). The presence of hypertension was associated with prematurity (p = 0.0003), low birth weight (p = 0.01), prenatal corticosteroid treatment (p = 0.002), umbilical catheterization (p = 0.03), administration of ὅ 2 nephrotoxic drugs (p = 0.02), caffeine treatment (p = 0.0001), acute kidney injury (p = 0.02), and intracranial hyper tension (p = 0.04). Only one patient required antihypertensive pharmacologic treatment and in all cases, hypertension was resolved during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of neonatal hypertension in our NICU was 4.7% and in all cases occurred in preterm newborns with previously recognized factors associated with this condition.

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INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of neonatal hypertension in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) ranges between 3 and 9%. However, there is no current data on Latin America. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of neonatal hypertension and to assess its association with causes previously related to this condi tion. PATIENTS AND METHOD: cross-sectional study. All patients admitted to the NICU during one year were included, excluding those transferred to the cardiovascular NICU. The following maternal and neonatal variables were registered: maternal arterial hypertension, type of delivery, gestational age, age, sex, birth weight, Apgar score, history of pulmonary maturation with corticosteroids, and umbilical vessel catheterization as well as the reason for admission to the NICU, medications, and complications during hospitalization. Blood pressure was measured with an automated oscillometric device, defining neonatal hypertension according to standards in gestational age. Prevalence was ex pressed as percentage (confidence interval 95%, CI95%). Descriptive data were reported as median (range) and frequency of presentation (percentage). Finally, we used the Wilcoxon, Chi2 o Fisher exact test to identify factors related to NH as applicable (p < 0.05). RESULTS: 169 patients were in cluded (60% males). Gestational age was 38 weeks (range 26-42 weeks), 38% were preterm. Birth weight was 3000 g (range 545-4950 g) and 32% presented low birth weight. Eight patients presented hypertension during hospitalization (4.7% prevalence, CI95% 2.4-9). The presence of hypertension was associated with prematurity (p = 0.0003), low birth weight (p = 0.01), prenatal corticosteroid treatment (p = 0.002), umbilical catheterization (p = 0.03), administration of ὅ 2 nephrotoxic drugs (p = 0.02), caffeine treatment (p = 0.0001), acute kidney injury (p = 0.02), and intracranial hyper tension (p = 0.04). Only one patient required antihypertensive pharmacologic treatment and in all cases, hypertension was resolved during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of neonatal hypertension in our NICU was 4.7% and in all cases occurred in preterm newborns with previously recognized factors associated with this condition.

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