RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: There is growing evidence that ketogenic dietary therapy (KDT) can be safely and efficiently used in young children, but little evidence exists on its use in newborns. Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies starting in the neonatal period or early infancy usually present a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate effectiveness, safety, and survival of infants younger than 3 months of age with drug-resistant epilepsy in whom KDT was used. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate neonates and infants younger than 3 months who started KDT for drug-resistant developmental and epileptic encephalopathies at three referral centers. Data were collected on demographic features, time of epilepsy onset, epilepsy syndrome, seizure type, seizure frequency at diet onset, etiology, details regarding diet initiation, type of ketogenic formula, breastfeeding, route of administration, blood ketones, growth, length of NICU stay, and survival. RESULTS: Nineteen infants younger than 12 weeks of life who received KDT with a minimum follow-up of 1 month were included; 13 had early-infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, four epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures, and two focal epilepsy. A >50% response was observed in 73.7% at 1 month on the diet; 37% achieved a > 75% seizure reduction, and 10.5% became seizure free. At 3 months, a >50% decrease in seizure frequency was observed in 72.2%; 15.8% had a >75% reduction; 21% became seizure free. Overall survival was 76% at 1 year on diet. Incidence of acute and late adverse effects was low and most adverse effects were asymptomatic and manageable. SIGNIFICANCE: Our experience suggests that KDT is safe and effective in newborns and very young infants; however, further studies on the management of the diet in this vulnerable age group are necessary.
Assuntos
Dieta Cetogênica , Epilepsia Resistente a Medicamentos , Epilepsia Generalizada , Epilepsia , Criança , Lactente , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Retrospectivos , Dieta Cetogênica/efeitos adversos , Convulsões , DietaRESUMO
El síndrome de deficiencia del transportador de glucosa tipo 1 es una enfermedad de causa genética, que involucra el gen SLC2A1. En general, se presenta durante los primeros años de vida con retraso en la adquisición de pautas madurativas, epilepsia farmacorresistente y desórdenes del movimiento. La clínica y la disminución de glucosa en líquido cefalorraquídeo permiten sospechar el diagnóstico, el cual debe ser confirmado mediante el estudio molecular del gen SLC2A1. Debido a que se trata de una enfermedad poco frecuente y de expresión clínica variable, el diagnóstico precoz suele representar un desafío para los equipos de salud. Este es importante, ya que la implementación de la terapia cetogénica logra controlar las manifestaciones clínicas y mejora el pronóstico a largo plazo. Presentamos una revisión sobre el déficit del transportador de glucosa tipo 1, que abarca sus características clínicas, bioquímicas, moleculares y terapéuticas.
Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency with a typical onset is a genetic disorder associated with the SLC2A1 gene. Usually appears during the first years of life with severe developmental delay, drugresistant epilepsy, and movement disorders. Diagnosis is suspected based on clinical manifestations and a low glucose level in cerebrospinal fluid, and should be confirmed by the molecular genetic study of the SLC2A1 gene. As it is a rare disease with variable clinical expression, early diagnosis is often challenging for the healthcare team. Nevertheless, this is important because early implementation of ketogenic therapy will lead to control of the clinical manifestations and a better long-term prognosis. Here we review the glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome focusing on its clinical, biochemical, molecular, and therapeutic characteristics.
Assuntos
Humanos , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/diagnóstico , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/genética , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/terapia , Proteínas de Transporte de Monossacarídeos/genética , Epilepsia/diagnóstico , Epilepsia/genética , MutaçãoRESUMO
Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency with a typical onset is a genetic disorder associated with the SLC2A1 gene. Usually appears during the first years of life with severe developmental delay, drugresistant epilepsy, and movement disorders. Diagnosis is suspected based on clinical manifestations and a low glucose level in cerebrospinal fluid,and should be confirmed by the molecular genetic study of the SLC2A1 gene. As it is a rare disease with variable clinical expression, early diagnosis is often challenging for the healthcare team. Nevertheless, this is important because early implementation of ketogenic therapy will lead to control of the clinical manifestations and a better long-term prognosis. Here we review the glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome focusing on its clinical, biochemical, molecular, and therapeutic characteristics.
El síndrome de deficiencia del transportador de glucosa tipo 1 es una enfermedad de causa genética, que involucra el gen SLC2A1. En general, se presenta durante los primeros años de vida con retraso en la adquisición de pautas madurativas, epilepsia farmacorresistente y desórdenes del movimiento. La clínica y la disminución de glucosa en líquido cefalorraquídeo permiten sospechar el diagnóstico, el cual debe ser confirmado mediante el estudio molecular del gen SLC2A1. Debido a que se trata de una enfermedad poco frecuente y de expresión clínica variable, el diagnóstico precoz suele representar un desafío para los equipos de salud. Este es importante, ya que la implementación de la terapia cetogénica logra controlar las manifestaciones clínicas y mejora el pronóstico a largo plazo. Presentamos una revisión sobre el déficit del transportador de glucosa tipo 1, que abarca sus características clínicas, bioquímicas, moleculares y terapéuticas.
Assuntos
Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Carboidratos , Humanos , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/diagnóstico , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/genética , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/terapia , Epilepsia/diagnóstico , Epilepsia/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Monossacarídeos/genética , MutaçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to extend our knowledge of the genetic background of Argentinean pediatric patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) applying a next generation sequencing (NGS) panel. METHODS: Thirty one patients with DEE were studied, including these phenotypes: Dravet syndrome (n:7), Dravet like syndrome (n:3), West syndrome (WS) (n:6), WS that evolved to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) (n:4), epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (n:2), continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep evolving to LGS (n:1), LGS (n:1), myoclonic status in non-progressive encephalopathy (n:1), myoclonic atonic epilepsy (n:1), epileptic encephalopathy with multifocal spikes (n:1) and unclassified epileptic encephalopathy (n:4). Fifty-two genes frequently associated with DEE were studied by NGS in genomic DNA from peripheral blood. RESULTS: Relevant variants were detected in 12 cases; 6 novel pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants, 6 previously reported as pathogenic and 1 variant of unknown significance. Single-nucleotide heterozygous variants were identified in the SCN1A (5), GABRG2 (1), STXBP1 (2) genes, a mosaic variant in SCN2A (1) and a homozygous variant in SCN1B (1). Additionally, a heterozygous deletion involving the SCN1A, SCN2A and SCN3A genes (1), and the most frequent triplet repeat expansion in the ARX gene (1) were detected. DISCUSSION: Genetic diagnosis was made in 39% of patients. We emphasize the importance of considering mosaic variants, copy number variants and hereditary forms when designing and interpreting molecular studies, to optimize diagnosis and management of patients. Approximately 42% of the detected variants were novel, expanding the knowledge of the molecular basis of DEEs in Latin-American patients.
Introducción: El objetivo del estudio fue ampliar el conocimiento de las bases moleculares de las encefalopatías epilépticas y del desarrollo (EED) en pacientes pediátricos argentinos aplicando un panel de secuenciación de nueva generación (NGS). Métodos: Se analizaron 31 pacientes con los fenotipos clínicos de síndrome de Dravet (n:7), síndrome símil Dravet (n:3), síndrome de West (SW) (n:6), SW que evoluciona a síndrome de Lennox Gastaut (SLG)(N:4), epilepsia de la infancia con crisis focales migratorias (n:2), actividad de punta onda continua durante el sueño que evolucionan a SLG (n:1), SLG (n:1), encefalopatía no progresiva con estatus mioclónico (n:1), epilepsia mioclónica atónica (n:1), encefalopatía epiléptica con espigas multifocales (n:1) y encefalopatía epiléptica indeterminada (n:4). Se estudiaron los 52 genes más frecuentemente asociados a EED a través de NGS, en ADN extraído de sangre periférica. Resultados: Se identificaron variantes relevantes en 12 casos, de las cuales 5 fueron nuevas y 6 previamente reportadas como patogénicas o posiblemente patogénicas, mientras que una variante fue clasificada como de significado incierto. Variantes heterocigotas, de nucleótido único, se identificaron en los genes SCN1A (5), GABRG2 (1), STXBP1 (2), una variante en mosaico en SCN2A (1) y otra homocigota en SCN1B (1). Además, se detectó una deleción que involucra a los genes SCN1A, SCN2A y SCN3A (1) y la expansión de repeticiones de tripletes más frecuente en el gen ARX (1). Discusión: Se alcanzó el diagnóstico molecular en el 39% de los pacientes. Remarcamos la importancia de considerar variantes en mosaico, variantes en el número de copias y formas heredadas al momento de diseñar e interpretar los estudios moleculares, de tal forma de optimizar el diagnóstico y seguimiento de los pacientes con EED. Cabe destacar, que el 42% de las variantes detectadas fueron nuevas, ampliando nuestro conocimiento sobre las bases moleculares de las EED en población latino americana.
Assuntos
Encefalopatias , Epilepsias Mioclônicas , Epilepsia , Síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut , Espasmos Infantis , Humanos , Epilepsia/diagnóstico , Epilepsias Mioclônicas/diagnóstico , Encefalopatias/genética , Síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut/genética , Espasmos Infantis/diagnóstico , Espasmos Infantis/genética , Fenótipo , ConvulsõesRESUMO
Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study was to extend our knowledge of the genetic background of Argentinean pediatric patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) applying a next generation sequencing (NGS) panel. Methods: Thirty one patients with DEE were studied, including these phenotypes: Dravet syndrome (n:7), Dravet like syndrome (n:3), West syndrome (WS) (n:6), WS that evolved to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) (n:4), epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (n:2), continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep evolving to LGS (n:1), LGS (n:1), myoclonic status in non-progressive encephalopathy (n:1), myoclonic atonic epilepsy (n:1), epileptic encephalopathy with multifocal spikes (n:1) and unclassified epileptic encephalopathy (n:4). Fifty-two genes frequently associated with DEE were studied by NGS in genomic DNA from peripheral blood. Results: Relevant variants were detected in 12 cases; 6 novel pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants, 6 previously reported as pathogenic and 1 variant of unknown sig nificance. Single-nucleotide heterozygous variants were identified in the SCN1A (5), GABRG2 (1), STXBP1 (2) genes, a mosaic variant in SCN2A (1) and a homozygous variant in SCN1B (1). Additionally, a heterozygous deletion involving the SCN1A, SCN2A and SCN3A genes (1), and the most frequent triplet repeat expansion in the ARX gene (1) were detected. Discussion: Genetic diagnosis was made in 39% of patients. We emphasize the importance of considering mosaic variants, copy number variants and hereditary forms when designing and interpreting molecular studies, to optimize diagnosis and management of patients. Approximately 42% of the de tected variants were novel, expanding the knowledge of the molecular basis of DEEs in Latin-American patients.
Resumen Introducción: El objetivo del estudio fue ampliar el conocimiento de las bases moleculares de las encefalopatías epilépticas y del desarrollo (EED) en pacientes pediátricos argentinos aplicando un panel de secuenciación de nueva generación (NGS). Métodos: Se analizaron 31 pacientes con los fenotipos clínicos de síndrome de Dra vet (n:7), síndrome símil Dravet (n:3), síndrome de West (SW) (n:6), SW que evoluciona a síndrome de Lennox Gastaut (SLG)(N:4), epilepsia de la infancia con crisis focales migratorias (n:2), actividad de punta onda continua durante el sueño que evolucionan a SLG (n:1), SLG (n:1), encefalopatía no progresiva con estatus mioclónico (n:1), epilepsia mioclónica atónica (n:1), encefalopatía epiléptica con espigas multifocales (n:1) y encefalopatía epiléptica indeterminada (n:4). Se estudiaron los 52 genes más frecuentemente asociados a EED a través de NGS, en ADN extraído de sangre periférica. Resultados: Se identificaron variantes relevantes en 12 casos, de las cuales 5 fueron nuevas y 6 previamente reportadas como patogénicas o posiblemente patogénicas, mien tras que una variante fue clasificada como de significado incierto. Variantes heterocigotas, de nucleótido único, se identificaron en los genes SCN1A (5), GABRG2 (1), STXBP1 (2), una variante en mosaico en SCN2A (1) y otra homocigota en SCN1B (1). Además, se detectó una deleción que involucra a los genes SCN1A, SCN2A y SCN3A (1) y la expansión de repeticiones de tripletes más frecuente en el gen ARX (1). Discusión: Se alcanzó el diagnóstico molecular en el 39% de los pacientes. Remarcamos la importancia de considerar variantes en mosaico, variantes en el número de copias y formas heredadas al momento de diseñar e interpretar los estudios moleculares, de tal forma de optimizar el diagnóstico y seguimiento de los pacientes con EED. Cabe destacar, que el 42% de las variantes detectadas fueron nuevas, ampliando nuestro conocimiento sobre las bases mole culares de las EED en población latino americana.
RESUMO
Resumen La prevalencia de las verdaderas epilepsias farmacorresistentes (EFR) en la población general es el 20% aproximadamente. El grupo de trabajo perteneciente a la International League Against Epi lepsy definió a las EFR como la falla en el control de las crisis al tratamiento con dos fármacos bien tolerados y adecuadamente seleccionados, en monoterapia o en combinación. Las EFR pueden dividirse en dos grandes categorías: las pseudo resistentes a los fármacos (RF) y las verdaderamente RF. Las epilepsias pseudo RF co rresponden a aquellas que son incorrectamente tratadas debido a errores por parte del paciente, por deficiencias sanitarias y por error u omisión del médico. Los errores por parte del paciente son el cumplimiento irregular de la toma de los fármacos anticonvulsivos (FACs) como la distribución horaria inadecuada y una vida desordena da. Las deficiencias sanitarias corresponden por ejemplo a una mala calidad en algunos fármacos en pacientes que dejan de recibir medicamentos originales y pasan a ingerir drogas genéricas. En relación a una omisión o error de los médicos, es importante destacar que un grupo importante de pacientes remitidos a la consulta como portadores de EFR, pueden presentar trastornos paroxísticos no epilépticos incluidas crisis funcionales, errores en el reconocimiento del tipo de crisis y síndromes epilépticos como la etiología y un manejo inadecuado de los FACs y otros tratamientos. Consideramos imprescindible el estudio sistemático de los pacientes con EFR a través de un equipo multidisciplinario, por lo cual creemos que un número considerable de pacientes se beneficiarán si se realiza un diagnóstico correcto temprano y un tratamiento integral adecuado.
Abstract The prevalence of true drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) in the general population is about 20%. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) working group defined DRE as the failure of seizure control by adequate trials of two well-tolerated and appropriately selected drugs, either in monotherapy or in combination. DREs can be divided into two broad cat egories: pseudo drug-resistant (DR) and true DR. Pseudo DRE correspond to those that are incorrectly treated due to patient error, healthcare deficiencies, or physician error or omission. Errors on the part of the patient are irregular compliance with the intake of antiseizure medications (ASMs) such as inadequate time distribution of the ASMs and an unhealthy lifestyle. Healthcare deficiencies are related, for example, to the poor quality of some drugs in patients who stop receiving original drugs and switch to generic drugs. Regarding omissions or errors by physicians, it is important to note that a significant group of patients referred to the clinic as having DRE may have non-epileptic paroxysmal disorders, including functional seizures, errors in the recognition of the type of seizures and epileptic syndromes as well as etiology, and inadequate management of the ASMs and other treatments We consider it essential to systematically study patients with DRE in a multidisciplinary team and we believe that a considerable number of patients will benefit from an early correct diagnosis and adequate comprehensive treatment.
RESUMO
The prevalence of true drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) in the general population is about 20%. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) working group defined DRE as the failure of seizure control by adequate trials of two well-tolerated and appropriately selected drugs, either in monotherapy or in combination. DREs can be divided into two broad categories: pseudo drug-resistant (DR) and true DR. Pseudo DRE correspond to those that are incorrectly treated due to patient error, healthcare deficiencies, or physician error or omission. Errors on the part of the patient are irregular compliance with the intake of antiseizure medications (ASMs) such as inadequate time distribution of the ASMs and an unhealthy lifestyle. Healthcare deficiencies are related, for example, to the poor quality of some drugs in patients who stop receiving original drugs and switch to generic drugs. Regarding omissions or errors by physicians, it is important to note that a significant group of patients referred to the clinic as having DRE may have non-epileptic paroxysmal disorders, including functional seizures, errors in the recognition of the type of seizures and epileptic syndromes as well as etiology, and inadequate management of the ASMs and other treatments We consider it essential to systematically study patients with DRE in a multidisciplinary team and we believe that a considerable number of patients will benefit from an early correct diagnosis and adequate comprehensive treatment.
La prevalencia de las verdaderas epilepsias farmacorresistentes (EFR) en la población general es el 20% aproximadamente. El grupo de trabajo perteneciente a la International League Against Epilepsy definió a las EFR como la falla en el control de las crisis al tratamiento con dos fármacos bien tolerados y adecuadamente seleccionados, en monoterapia o en combinación. Las EFR pueden dividirse en dos grandes categorías: las pseudo resistentes a los fármacos (RF) y las verdaderamente RF. Las epilepsias pseudo RF corresponden a aquellas que son incorrectamente tratadas debido a errores por parte del paciente, por deficiencias sanitarias y por error u omisión del médico. Los errores por parte del paciente son el cumplimiento irregular de la toma de los fármacos anticonvulsivos (FACs) como la distribución horaria inadecuada y una vida desordenada. Las deficiencias sanitarias corresponden por ejemplo a una mala calidad en algunos fármacos en pacientes que dejan de recibir medicamentos originales y pasan a ingerir drogas genéricas. En relación a una omisión o error de los médicos, es importante destacar que un grupo importante de pacientes remitidos a la consulta como portadores de EFR, pueden presentar trastornos paroxísticos no epilépticos incluidas crisis funcionales, errores en el reconocimiento del tipo de crisis y síndromes epilépticos como la etiología y un manejo inadecuado de los FACs y otros tratamientos. Consideramos imprescindible el estudio sistemático de los pacientes con EFR a través de un equipo multidisciplinario, por lo cual creemos que un número considerable de pacientes se beneficiarán si se realiza un diagnóstico correcto temprano y un tratamiento integral adecuado.
Assuntos
Epilepsia Resistente a Medicamentos , Epilepsia , Criança , Epilepsia Resistente a Medicamentos/diagnóstico , Epilepsia Resistente a Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico , Epilepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Epilepsia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Prevalência , ConvulsõesRESUMO
PURPOSE: We retrospectively analyzed the electroclinical features, treatment, and outcome of patients with Panayiotopoulos syndrome (PS) who presented with unusual clinical manifestations. METHOD: A retrospective, descriptive, multicenter study was conducted evaluating 44 patients with PS who had seizures with an unusual semiology. Data from patients with PS seen at eight Argentine centers between April 2000 and April 2019 were collected. RESULTS: Twelve patients (29.2%) had ictal syncope or syncope-like epileptic seizures. Three children (7.3%) had recurrent episodes of vomiting. Four patients (9.7%) presented with urinary incontinence associated with autonomic signs and consciousness impairment. One child had hiccups with autonomic manifestations followed by eye deviation. One boy had episodes of laughter with autonomic symptoms followed by loss of consciousness. Six patients (14.6%) had hyperthermia without acute febrile illness with autonomic symptoms as the first manifestation. Six others (14.6%) had focal motor seizures characterized by eye and head deviation in four and eyelid blinking in two. Four patients (9.7%) had ictal headache as the initial manifestation followed by nausea and vomiting. Two children (4.8%) had their first seizure while asleep associated with cardiorespiratory arrest. Two children (4.8%) had oral automatisms, such as sucking and chewing. In two children (4.8%) coughing was the initial manifestation followed by emetic symptoms. One patient (2.3%) had vertigo with a sensation of fear, with eye deviation and unresponsiveness. One child started with continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep, behavior disturbances, and emetic symptoms. CONCLUSION: In this study, evidence of the existence of unusual clinical cases of PS with typical EEG patterns was found. Outcome was excellent.
Assuntos
Eletroencefalografia , Epilepsias Parciais , Criança , Epilepsias Parciais/complicações , Epilepsias Parciais/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Convulsões/complicações , Convulsões/diagnóstico , SíndromeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We describe the evolution of the electroclinical picture of patients with different types of self-limited epilepsy of childhood (SLEC) occurring at the same or at different times with or without atypical evolutions as well as patients with SLEC associated with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective, descriptive study was conducted evaluating patients with SLEC who had focal seizures of different types of SLEC including atypical evolutions as well as SLEC associated with absence epilepsy seen at eight Argentinian centers between April 2000 and April 2019. Of 7705 patients with SLEC, aged between 2 and 14 years (mean, 7.5 years), of whom 2013 were female and 5692 male (ratio, 1:2.8), 5068 patients had SLECTS, 2260 patients had self-limited childhood occipital epilepsy Panayiotopoulos type (SLE-P), 356 had self-limited childhood occipital epilepsy Gastaut type (SLE-G), and 21 had self-limited epilepsy with affective seizures (SLEAS). Electroclinical features typical of more than one SLEC syndrome were recognized in 998 (13 %) children. RESULTS: We recognized three well-defined groups of patients. The most frequent association was SLE-P and SLECTS, the paradigmatic type, but associations of SLE-P and SLE-G, SLECTS and SLE-G, and SLEAS and SLE-P or SLECTS were also recognized. The second-most-common association was SLEC and an atypical evolution. In this group, the most frequent combination was SLECTS with its atypical evolution, opercular status epilepticus, epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-and-waves during slow sleep, or Landau-Kleffner syndrome. SLE-P and SLE-G associated with an atypical evolution were also identified. The third, less-frequent group had SLECTS, SLE-P, or SLE-G associated with CAE. These cases support the concept that the different types of SLEC are part of a self-limited childhood seizure susceptibility syndrome. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that 13 % of our patients with SLEC have with different types of SLEC occurring at the same or at different times with or without atypical evolutions - i.e. CSWSS - as well as patients with SLEC associated with CAE, supporting the concept of the self-limited childhood seizure susceptibility syndrome.