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BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is associated with an inflammatory response. Granzyme (GzmB) and IL-1ß play a key role in the pathology. Meglumine antimoniate (MA) is the first-choice drug for the treatment of CL, but therapy failure is observed in up to 50% of the cases. The protein, rSm29 of Schistosoma mansoni, down-modulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production. We evaluate if the combination of topical rSm29 plus MA increases the cure rate of CL. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, 91 CL patients were allocated in 3 groups. All cases received MA (20 mg/kg/weight) for 20 days. Group 1 used topical rSm29 (10 µg), group 2 a placebo topically applied, and group 3 received only MA. RESULTS: The cure rate on day 90 was 71% in subjects treated with rSm29 plus MA, and 43% in patients who received MA plus placebo or MA alone (P < 0.05). There was a decrease in GzmB and an increase in IFN-γ (P < 0.05) in supernatants of skin biopsies of the lesions obtained on D7 of therapy (P < 0.05) in patients who received rSm29. CONCLUSION: rSm29 associated with MA reduces GzmB levels, is more effective than MA alone, and decreases CL healing time. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrial.gov under NCT06000514.

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The littoral zone is an essential compartment for lake biota because of its high productivity and diversity. Moreover, phytoplankton is expected to have non-equilibrium dynamics on it. The study's aimed to explore phytoplankton in the littoral zone of a shallow lake over a short-term scale. Daily sampling was conducted for 25 consecutive summer days in 2016, at two marginal points of a continuously warm, polymictic, and oligo-mesotrophic subtropical lake (Lake Mangueira, Brazil). Cyanobacteria and Chlorophyta contributed 86% of total biomass. We observed high variability in phytoplankton structure, with species turnover over diel cycles. Redundancy analysis indicated spatial differentiation for phytoplankton structure in relation to abiotic conditions. Nutrient dynamics and humic substances were significant drivers for phytoplankton variability. Phytoplankton was positively correlated with SRP and negatively with humic substances. Our results showed a non- equilibrium state for the littoral phytoplankton of Lake Mangueira, given the high variability of abiotic conditions, even at short distances. Due to its high temporal and spatial variability, the littoralzone seems to contribute to the recruitment and maintenance of phytoplankton biodiversity in shallow lakes. Further studies should consider the functional attributes of species and the complex biological interactions of phytoplankton and macrophytes along the littoral zone.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate characteristics and changes over a decade in dietary carbohydrate and lipid quality according to socio-demographic variables. Data was obtained from two Brazilian National Dietary Surveys 2008-2009 (n = 34 003) and 2017-2018 (n = 46 164) examining a nationwide representative sample of individuals ≥10 years old. Food intake was assessed by means of two non-consecutive diet records (2008-2009) and 24 h diet recalls (2017-2018). Carbohydrate Quality Index is a score ranging from 4 to 20 calculated from fibre intake, global dietary glycaemic index, solid/total carbohydrate (CHO) and whole grains/total grains CHO. Lipid Quality Index was estimated by dividing the sum of the dietary content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids by the sum of saturated and trans fatty acids. Indices were categorised into five categories (1 for lowest and 5 for highest quality). Socio-demographic variables were sex, age, income, urban/rural area and place of food consumption. The estimates (95% CI) were generated separately for each survey and then compared to identify changes in time. Our main findings refer to changes in diet quality according to income. At the lowest income level, the proportions of individuals in the best carbohydrate and lipid quality categories reduced from 26.9% to 20.6% and from 30.0% to 24.9%, respectively. Alternatively, at the highest income level, these proportions increased from 22.9% to 26.6% and from 11.9% to 15.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the quality of lipids improved in women and among individuals reporting some away-from-home food consumption, while the quality of carbohydrates was reduced among adolescents and in rural areas.

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One of the theories related to aging is the increase in oxidative stress. Given this, the objective of the study is to evaluate the cellular mechanisms responsible for the resveratrol antioxidant effect on leukocytes from donors aged between 20 and 80 years old. For this, leukocytes from donors of three age groups (20-39, 40-59 and 60-80) were isolated. Image-iT™LIVE Green Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Kit was used. Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) analysis was performed by measuring nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. The PKA, Akt/PKB and p38-MAPK were evaluated by chemiluminescence. The statistical analysis between age and treatments were performed by Pearson correlation (*p < 0.05). It was possible to observe the antioxidant effect of resveratrol in all age groups. The correlation results show loss of resveratrol effect in decreasing ROS in leukocytes from older donors. We observed an active antioxidant effect of p38-MAPK in all ages, with resveratrol acting on it. The PKA and Akt/PKB were active in leukocytes from donors aged 20-59. In cells from donors older than 60, these pathways are silenced, and an effect is also not observed in cells treated with resveratrol. Therefore, resveratrol showed antioxidant effect in all age, although it was more pronounced in leukocytes from younger. One of resveratrol's mechanisms is due to the activation of the PKA and Akt/PKB, which were activated in younger donor cells.

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BACKGROUND: One of the most studied theories about aging comes from the accumulation of free radical generation, leading to oxidative stress. Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenolic compound that has been shown to act as an antioxidant in medical practice. OBJECTIVE: To verify the antioxidant action of resveratrol (and its correlation with aging) in leukocytes from donors of different ages, mainly through the analysis of the three main enzymes of the antioxidant complex and the analysis of the SIRT1 signaling pathway. METHODS: Luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay was used to evaluate ROS and SIRT1. Antioxidant enzymes were evaluated by commercial kits. *p<0.05. RESULTS: In all age groups, there was a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells stimulated with RSV. There was a positive correlation between its antioxidant effect and donor age. In younger individuals (20-39 years old), there was an increase in catalase activity in cells exposed to RSV. In the older groups (40-59 years old and 60-80 years old), RSV was able to increase the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Through the analysis of SIRT1 it was possible to observe a silencing of the pathway in leukocytes treated with RSV during aging. CONCLUSION: RSV showed antioxidant activity in all age groups, although more pronounced in younger individuals. One of the mechanisms of action of the RSV is due to the increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which varies according to the individual's age, especially through the modulation of important antioxidant pathways.

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The mechanisms involved in the development of resistance to infection/reinfection by Schistosoma mansoni still arouse great interest and controversy. Some authors demonstrate that resistance to infection is attributed to a mixed Th1 and Th2 response and resistance to reinfection after repeated treatments through mechanisms associated with the Th2 response. Through flow cytometry, the phenotypic characterization of B and T lymphocytes in individuals residing in endemic areas with low parasite loads over 10 years was evaluated for the first time in humans. In this study, individuals with low parasite loads for Schistosoma mansoni had a higher proportion of Th1 and Th2 cells. In addition, lymphocytes from these individuals showed a higher degree of expression of costimulatory molecules CD28 and CTLA-4 and regulatory molecules FoxP3 and IL-10, when compared to individuals with high parasite loads. Our data indicate that the control of the parasite load of S. mansoni must be associated with a Th1, Th2, and regulatory response, and that further studies are needed to elucidate the possibility of mechanisms associated with the hyporesponsiveness of lymphocytes from individuals with high parasite loads.

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Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects about 166 million people around the world. It is estimated that 5%-10% of individuals with schistosomiasis develop severe forms of the disease, which are characterized by pulmonary hypertension, ascites, periportal fibrosis, and other significant complications. The chronic phase of the disease is associated with a Th2 type immune response, but evidence also suggests there are roles for Th1 and Th17 in the development of severe disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the CD4+ T lymphocyte profile of patients with different degrees of periportal fibrosis secondary to schistosomiasis. These individuals had been treated for schistosomiasis, but since they live in a S. mansoni endemic area, they are at risk of reinfection. They were evaluated in relation to the degree of periportal fibrosis and classified into three groups: without fibrosis or with incipient fibrosis (WF/IFNE), n=12, possible periportal fibrosis/periportal fibrosis, n=13, and advanced periportal fibrosis/advanced periportal fibrosis with portal hypertension, n=4. We observed in the group without fibrosis a balance between the low expression of Th2 cytokines and high expression of T reg cells. As has already been described in the literature, we found an increase of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the group with periportal fibrosis. In addition, this group showed higher expression of IL-17 and IL-10 but lower IL-10/IL-13 ratio than patients in the WF/IFNE group. Cells from individuals who present any level of fibrosis expressed more TGF-ß compared to the WF/IFNE group and a positive correlation with left lobe enlargement and portal vein wall thickness. There was a negative correlation between IL-17 and the thickness of the portal vein wall, but more studies are necessary in order to explore the possible protective role of this cytokine. Despite the fibrosis group having presented a higher expression of pro-fibrotic molecules compared to WF/IFNE patients, it seems there is a regulation through IL-10 and T reg cells that is able to maintain the low morbidity of this group.

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Objetivo: Avaliar a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso em idosos cardiopatas. Método: Pesquisa de campo, descritiva e quantitativa. Consentiram em participar da pesquisa 40 idosos atendidos em um Ambulatório de Cardiogeriatria. A coleta de dados ocorreu de agosto a novembro de 2018, com dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, Avaliação Multidimensional da Pessoa Idosa à avaliação da adesão ao tratamento pelo Brief Medication Questionnaire. Resultados: A idade média foi de 74+9,9 anos do sexo feminino em 57,7% dos idosos. Segundo o BMQ, 90% dos idosos apresentaram algum tipo de barreira para a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso; 66,7% apresentaram barreiras de 'Regime', 10,2% de 'Crenças' e 89,5% de 'Recordação'. Conclusão: Na avaliação da adesão ao tratamento, segundo o BMQ, as barreiras mais frequentes foram as de 'Recordação', seguidas de 'Regime' e de 'Crenças'. A frequência dos idosos com barreira de 'Recordação' foi maior entre os que utilizavam cinco ou mais medicamentos diários(AU)

Purpose: To evaluate adherence to a drug treatment in elderly patients with heart diseases. Method: This is a descriptive, quantitative field research. Forty elderly people assisted in a Cardiogeriatrics Clinic consented to participate in the research. Data collection took place from August to November 2018 and comprised sociodemographic and clinical data, Multidimensional Assessment of the Elderly, and the assessment of adherence to treatment by the Brief Medication Questionnaire. Results: The mean age was 74 ± 9.9 years and 57.7% of the elderly were women. According to the BMQ, 90% of the elderly had some type of resistance to adhering to drug treatment; 66.7% were due to 'Regime', 10.2% due to 'Beliefs' and 89.5% due to 'Recollection'. Conclusion: In assessing adherence to treatment according to the BMQ, the most frequent reasons against adherence were 'Recollection', followed by 'Regime' and 'Beliefs'. The frequency of elderly people in the "Recollection" group was higher among those who took five or more medications per day.(AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico en pacientes ancianos con cardiopatía. Método: Investigación de campo, descriptiva y cuantitativa. Cuarenta ancianos atendidos en una Clínica de Cardiogeriatría dieron su consentimiento para participar en la investigación. La recolección de datos se realizó de agosto a noviembre de 2018, con datos sociodemográficos y clínicos, Evaluación Multidimensional del Anciano y la evaluación de la adherencia al tratamiento mediante el Cuestionario Breve de Medicación. Resultados: La edad media fue de 74 + 9,9 años y el 57,7% de los ancianos eran mujeres. Según el BMQ, el 90% de los ancianos tenía algún tipo de barrera para la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico; El 66,7% tenía barreras de "Régimen", el 10,2% de "Creencias" y el 89,5% de "Recuerdo". Conclusión: Al evaluar la adherencia al tratamiento según BMQ, las barreras más frecuentes fueron las de 'Recuerdo', seguidas de 'Régimen' y 'Creencias'. La frecuencia de las personas mayores con una barrera de "recuperación" fue mayor entre los que usaban cinco o más medicamentos al día(AU)

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Objetivo: analisar as atitudes de enfermeiros acerca da administração de antineoplásicos em oncologia pediátrica. Método: estudo descritivo, com análise estatística dos dados. Participaram 20 enfermeiros de um hospital de ensino, localizado na capital paulista, que administravam quimioterapia (QT) a crianças e adolescentes. Em 2016, mediante questionário autoaplicável, foram coletados dados de caracterização dos participantes e sobre suas atividades profissionais na administração de QT, que incluíam principais receios e preocupações, além dos potenciais eventos adversos associados à quimioterapia. Resultados: poucos participantes eram especialistas na área de oncologia ou pediatria; a maioria dos profissionais buscou conhecimento e capacitação por iniciativa própria; os enfermeiros classificaram a atividade como complexa e específica para quem possui interesse na área. Conclusão: todos os enfermeiros consideraram a QT o principal tratamento para o câncer infanto-juvenil. O risco de extravasamento e a falta de dispositivos adequados para administração das drogas foram os fatores que mais preocuparam os participantes.

Objective: to examine nurses' attitudes to the administration of antineoplastics in pediatric oncology. Method: this descriptive study used statistical data analysis. The participants were twenty nurses, who administered chemotherapy to children and adolescents at a teaching hospital in São Paulo City. In 2016, data were collected using a self-report questionnaire on the participants' characteristics and their experience with chemotherapy administration, which included the main chemotherapyrelated fears, concerns and potential adverse events. Results: few participants were specialists in the field of oncology or pediatrics; most sought knowledge and capacity-building on their own initiative; and the nurses classified the activity as complex and specific to those with an interest in the field. Conclusion: all the nurses considered chemotherapy the main treatment for childhood cancer. The factors that most concerned the participants were the risk of extravasation and the lack of appropriate devices for drug administration.

Objetivo: analizar las actitudes de enfermeros acerca de la administración de antineoplásicos en oncología pediátrica. Método: estudio descriptivo, con análisis estadística de los datos. Participaron 20 enfermeros de un hospital de enseñanza, ubicado en la capital de São Paulo, que administraban quimioterapia (QT) a niños y adolescentes. En 2016, a través de cuestionario autoaplicable, se recopilaron datos sobre la caracterización de los participantes y sobre sus actividades profesionales en la administración de quimioterapia que incluían los principales temores, preocupaciones y potenciales eventos adversos asociados a la quimioterapia. Resultados: pocos participantes eran especialistas en el área de oncología o pediatría; la mayoría de los profesionales buscó conocimiento y capacitación por iniciativa propia; los enfermeros clasificaron la actividad como compleja y específica para quien tiene interés en el área. Conclusión: todos los enfermeros consideraron la quimioterapia como el tratamiento principal para el cáncer infantil. El riesgo de extravasación y la falta de dispositivos adecuados para la administración de las drogas fueron los factores que más preocuparon a los participantes.

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