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PURPOSE: While exercise recovery may be beneficial from a physiological point of view, it may be detrimental to subsequent anaerobic performance. To investigate the energetic responses of water immersion at different temperatures during post-exercise recovery and its consequences on subsequent anaerobic performance, a randomized and controlled crossover experimental design was performed with 21 trained cyclists. METHOD: Participants were assigned to receive three passive recovery strategies during 10 min after a Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT): control (CON: non-immersed condition), cold water immersion (CWI: 20 â„ƒ), and hot water immersion (HWI: 40 â„ƒ). Blood lactate, cardiorespiratory, and mechanical outcomes were measured during the WAnT and its recovery. Time constant (τ), asymptotic value, and area under the curve (AUC) were quantified for each physiologic parameter during recovery. After that, a second WAnT test and 10-min recovery were realized in the same session. RESULTS: Regardless the water immersion temperature, water immersion increased [Formula: see text] (+ 18%), asymptote ([Formula: see text]+ 16%, [Formula: see text] + 13%, [Formula: see text] + 17%, HR + 16%) and AUC ([Formula: see text]+ 27%, [Formula: see text] + 18%, [Formula: see text] + 20%, HR + 25%), while decreased [Formula: see text] (- 33%). There was no influence of water immersion on blood lactate parameters. HWI improved the mean power output during the second WAnT (2.2%), while the CWI decreased 2.4% (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Independent of temperature, water immersion enhanced aerobic energy recovery without modifying blood lactate recovery. However, subsequent anaerobic performance was increased only during HWI and decreased during CWI. Despite higher than in other studies, 20 °C effectively triggered physiological and performance responses. Water immersion-induced physiological changes did not predict subsequent anaerobic performance.

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ABSTRACT: Fernandes-Da-Silva, J, Castagna, C, Teixeira, AS, Carminatti, LJ, Francini, L, Póvoas, SCA, and Antonacci Guglielmo, LG. Ecological and construct validity of a repeated sprint test in male youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 2000-2009, 2021-This study aimed to examine the relationship between a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test (5 bouts of 30-m sprints interspersed by 30 seconds of recovery) and match-related physical performance in male youth soccer players. Although 60 outfield players were evaluated, only data from players who participated in the full matches (n = 39) were retained (8 central defenders, 7 external defenders, 8 central midfielders, 8 external midfielders, and 8 forwards). To verify the ecological validity of this RSA protocol, the association between the best (RSAbest) and mean (RSAmean) sprint time in the 5 × 30-m and physical match performance during friendly youth soccer games was examined. Physical match demands were assessed using global positioning system technology (10 Hz) considering distance covered in selected arbitrary speed categories. The absolute speed thresholds were the same for all the players. Players were categorized into 2 groups based on the 5 × 30-m performance: RSAmean times below (i.e., faster) and above (i.e., slower) the median value. Players with faster RSAmean times covered significantly more distance sprinting during friendly matches (606 ± 204 m, +47.0%; t = 4.953; effect size = 1.88, 1.24; 2.52, p ≤ 0.001) compared to their slower counterparts (322 ± 145 m). A large negative correlation (r = -0.63, -0.77; -0.44, p ≤ 0.001) was found between RSAbest time (4.59 ± 0.27 seconds) and match sprint distance (457 ± 229 m). Likewise, RSAmean time (4.76 ± 0.25 seconds) was also largely associated (r = -0.60, -0.75; -0.39; p ≤ 0.001) with in-game sprinting performance. The results of this study provided evidence to support the construct and ecological validity of the 5 × 30-m protocol in male youth soccer players. Furthermore, differences in 5 × 30-m performance explained the amount of sprinting activity performed during the match.

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The study aimed to verify possible associations between game-play running performance and outcomes derived from fitness (running) tests in female futsal players. Sixteen women professional elite futsal players from a 1st division league team (19.2±2 years-old, 4.3±2.1 years of experience) participated. Firstly, a graded incremental treadmill test was adopted to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Following 72 h of laboratory protocol, players were asked to perform a repeated-sprint test on a court (8×40 m with two 180° change-of-directions). Twenty-four hours after, players participated in a one-off friendly game (two 20-min half-times). A computerized automatic image recognition software (DVIDEOW; 30 Hz) allowed to determine game running performance variables. Fatigue index and best time in the court test and VO2max and its attached speed derived from laboratory-based test showed significant moderate-to-moderately high correlations (r=- 0.59-0.76; p<0.05) with some game running performance outputs, notably related to high-intensity running. In conclusion, the present study provided initial evidence on associations between two fitness tests and one-off game running performance in female futsal. Information derived from the work potentially help conditioning professionals working with female futsal athletes gain awareness about some properties of common testing tools.

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The objective of the present study was to determine the validity of Carminatti's shuttle run incremental test-T-Car derived parameters in estimating the maximal lactate steady state determined in shuttle run format. Eighteen soccer players performed a T-Car test, and several trials to determine the maximal lactate steady state. From T-Car were derived the heart rate deflection point, peak speed, maximal heart rate and parameters resulting from percentage of peak measures. The validity was accessed by Bland-Altman plots, linear regressions, and two one-sided tests of equivalence analysis. The results showed the speed at 80.4% of T-Car peak speed, the heart rate deflection point and the 91.4% of maximal heart rate were equivalent to maximal lactate steady state (Mean difference; ±90% compatibility interval; -0.8; ±1.5%, -0.4; ±1.1%, and 0.0; ±2.7%, respectively). Additionally, peak speed during the T-Car test was a stronger predictor of maximal lactate steady state (MLSS [km/h]=2.57+0.65 × sPeak; r=0.82 [90% CI; 0.62-0.92], standard error of the estimate=3.6%; 90% CI ×/÷1.4). Therefore, soccer players can use the T-Car derived parameters as a noninvasive and practical alternative to estimate the specific maximal lactate steady state for soccer.

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Functional threshold power is defined as the highest power output a cyclist can maintain in a quasi-steady state for approximately 60 min (FTP60). In order to improve practicality for regular evaluations, FTP60 could theoretically be determined as 95% of the mean power output in a 20-min time trial (FTP20). This study tested this assumption and the validity of FTP20 and FTP60 against the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT). Twenty-three trained male cyclists performed an incremental test to exhaustion, 20- and 60-min time trials, and a time to exhaustion at FTP20. Power output, heart rate and oxygen uptake representing FTP20, FTP60 and IAT were not different (p>0.05), and large to very large correlations were found (r=0.61 to 0.88). Bland-Altman plots between FTP20, FTP60 and IAT showed small bias (-1 to -5 W), but large limits of agreement ([-40 to 32 W] to [-62 to 60 W]). Time to exhaustion at FTP20 was 50.9±15.7 min. In conclusion, FTP20 and FTP60 should not be used interchangeably on an individual basis and their validity against IAT should be interpreted with caution.

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Abstract Aerobic energy transference is highly required and accounts for more than 90% of total energy consumption during a soccer match. In addition high aerobic fitness contributes to recovery from high-intensity intermittent exercise, specific to performance in soccer. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the peak velocity in the Carminatti's test (PVT-CAR) for prescribing interval-training drills is effective in eliciting aerobic-fitness development intensities in male soccer-players. Fifteen Brazilian male elite soccer-players (U20) were tested for T-CAR and monitored for heart rate (HR) during PVT-CAR prescribed interval-training drills (i.e., 4x4min with 3min passive recovery). Drills were performed with a 1:1 work-to-rest ratio with either straight-line (6/6s) or 180° shuttle running (12/12s). The interval training performed at PVT-CAR elicited HR above 90% of HRmax and lactate above 4m.mol.l-1. In the shuttle-running drills, HR and lactate (93.3±2.1% HRmax; 7.7±1.4 m.mol.l-1) were significantly higher than in the straight line drills (vs 90.3±2.6 %HRmax; 4.5±0.9 m.mol.l-1). The coefficient of variations showed low inter-subject variability in HR (CV 2.3 and 3.0% for 12/12 and 6/6 respectively). The results of this study demonstrated that PVT-CAR can be successfully used to individualize high-intensity interval running training in players with different aerobic profiles, while shuttle-running drills presented higher values at intern load than straight line. The physiological and time-motion profiles resemble the most demanding phases of the match, especially for the fittest players.

Resumo A transferência de energia aeróbia é altamente necessária e representa mais de 90% do consumo total de energia durante um jogo no futebol. Ademais, a alta aptidão aeróbia contribui para a recuperação durante exercício intermitente de alta intensidade, específico do desempenho do futebol. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar se o pico de velocidade no teste de Carminatti (PVT-CAR) para a prescrição de treino intervalado é funcional na obtenção de desenvolvimento de aptidão aeróbia em jogadores de futebol. Quinze jogadores de futebol brasileiros (Sub-20) foram testados no T-CAR e monitorados por freqüência cardíaca (FC) durante o treinamento intervalado prescrito por PVT-CAR (ou seja, 4x4min com recuperação passiva de 3min). Os treinos foram realizados com uma relação de trabalho e repouso de 1:1 com corrida em linha reta (6/6s) e corrida de 180° com mudança de direção em vai-e-vem (12/12s). O treinamento intervalado prescrito com PVT-CAR induziu respostas de FC acima de 90% de FCmax, lactato superior a 4m.mol.l-1. uOs resultados de FC e lactato no treinamento de corrida com mudança de direção (93,3±2,1% FCmax; 7,7±1,4 m.mol.l-1) foram significativamente maiores que no treino de corrida em linha (vs 90,3±2,6 %FCmax; 4,5±0,9 m.mol.l-1). O coeficiente de variação mostrou baixa variabilidade inter-sujeitos na frequência cardíaca (CV 2,3 e 3,0% para 12/12 e 6/6, respectivamente). Os resultados do estudo mostraram que o PVT-CAR pode ser utilizado com sucesso para individualizar o treinamento de corrida intervalado de alta intensidade em jogadores com diferentes perfis aeróbicos. Os perfis fisiológicos e momentos de demandas se assemelham às fases mais exigentes da partida, especialmente para os jogadores melhor condicionados.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological responses during the time limit at the intensity of the peak velocity of the Carminatti's test (T-CAR). Ten professional futsal players (age, 27.4 ± 5.8 years, body mass, 78.8 ± 8.5 kg, body height, 175.8 ± 6.8 cm, body fat mass, 14.1 ± 2.6%) took part in the study. The players performed three tests, with an interval of at least 48 hours, as follows: the T-CAR to determine the peak velocity and the maximal heart rate; an incremental treadmill protocol to determine the maximal physiological responses; and a time limit running test at the peak velocity reached in the T-CAR. During the last two tests, a portable gas analyzer was used for direct measurement of cardiorespiratory variables. It was shown that the peak velocity was not significantly different from the maximal aerobic speed achieved in the laboratory (p = 0.213). All athletes reached their maximum oxygen uptake during the time limit test. The maximum oxygen uptake achieved during the time limit test was not different from that observed in the laboratory condition (51.1 ± 4.7 vs. 49.6 ± 4.7 ml·kg-1·min-1, respectively, p = 0.100). In addition, Bland and Altman plots evidenced acceptable agreement between them. On average, athletes took ~140 s to achieve maximum oxygen uptake and maintained it for ~180 s. Therefore, the peak velocity intensity can be used as an indicator of maximal aerobic power of futsal athletes and the time limit can be used as a reference for training prescription.

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The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the peak velocity derived from the Carminatti Test (T-CAR) (PVT-CAR) and physical match performance in young soccer players. Thirty-three youth soccer players were recruited from 2 non-professional clubs. Friendly matches and small-sided game were performed. Physical match demands were assessed using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. On a separate occasion, the players were submitted to the T-CAR. Players were categorised into 3 groups based on their T-CAR performance: Low (PVT-CAR ≤ P33), Intermediate (P33 > PVT-CAR < P66) and High (PVT-CAR ≥ P66). The PVT-CAR (15.5 ± 0.7 km·h-1) was significantly related to high-intensity activities (HIA; r = 0.78, P < 0.001), high-intensity running (HIR; r = 0.66, P < 0.001), sprinting (r = 0.62, P < 0.001) and total distance (TD) covered (r = 0.47, P < 0.01) during friendly matches. The PVT-CAR was strongly correlated with the amount of HIA (r = 0.81, P < 0.001), HIR (r = 0.85, P < 0.001) and TD covered (r = 0.81, P < 0.001) during small-sided game. No significant correlation was observed between the PVT-CAR and distance of sprinting (r = 0.49, P = 0.067) during small-side game. Furthermore, players in the High group covered significantly more TD (10%) and did more HIA (42%), sprinting (31%) and HIR (25%) during friendly matches compared to the players classified as having Low performance on the T-CAR. These differences still remained after adjusting for chronological age (CA), maturity and body size. In conclusion, the current study gives empirical support to the ecological and construct validity of this novel field test (T-CAR) as an indicator of match-related physical performance in young soccer players during pubertal years.

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Abstract Futsal has intermittent characteristics with different requirements of displacements and changes of direction, requiring simultaneously aerobic and anaerobic capacities of athletes. So, during counter-attacks and returns to defense or fast movements to get rid or perform marking, there is maximum mobilization of specific capabilities of the sport and the ability to perform high-intensity intermittent exercise is a key factor of performance. The aim of this study was to perform an expositive review on the physiological characteristics, high-intensity interval training and aerobic evaluation methods that have been used and suggested in scientific literature in original studies. A search in scientific portals Google Scholar, Scopus®, SciELO®, ScienceDirect® (Elsevier) and PubMed® was conducted to find articles with publication date since 2000 using the following terms in different combinations: “Futsal”, “performance”, “aerobic evaluation”, “high-intensity interval training”, “field tests” and their variations in English. Analysis of physiological indexes related to game performance can help in the knowledge about the aerobic fitness of Futsal players and improve training assessment, prescription and monitoring, also serving as a reference to assist professionals of this sport in the preparation of high intensity interval training programs to meet the particular needs of the sport. Field tests with specific features of the sport were created as a means of assessment and also training prescription and are recommended due to their specificity and ecological validity.

Resumo O futsal apresenta características intermitentes com diferentes exigências de deslocamentos e mudanças de direção, exigindo simultaneamente as capacidades aeróbias e anaeróbias dos atletas. Assim, durante os contra-ataques e retornos à defesa, ou movimentações rápidas para se desmarcar ou realizar marcação, há uma mobilização máxima das capacidades específicas da modalidade, sendo que a habilidade de realizar exercícios intermitentes de alta intensidade é um fator decisivo da performance. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura expositiva sobre as características fisiológicas, treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade e métodos de avaliação aeróbia que vêm sendo utilizados e sugeridos na literatura científica em estudos originais. Realizou-se uma pesquisa nos portais científicos da Google Scholar, Scopus®, SciELO®, ScienceDirect® (Elsevier) e PubMed® buscando artigos com data de publicação a partir do ano 2000 pelos seguintes termos em diferentes combinações: “futsal”, “performance”, “avaliação aeróbia”, “treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade”, “testes de campo” e suas variações em inglês. A análise dos índices fisiológicos relacionados à performance de jogo podem auxiliar no conhecimento a respeito da aptidão aeróbia de jogadores de futsal e aprimorar a avaliação, prescrição e acompanhamento do treinamento. Adicionalmente, servem de referência para auxiliar os profissionais da modalidade na elaboração de programas de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade que atendam às necessidades específicas do esporte. Os testes de campo com características próprias da modalidade foram criados como forma de avaliação e também prescrição de treinamento e são recomendados pela especificidade e validade ecológica que possuem.