RESUMO
Staphylococcus aureus is among the microorganisms more frequently associated with subclinical bovine mastitis. S. aureus may produce several virulence factors. This study aimed at determining the frequency of virulence factors such as enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, and ica adhesion genes. In addition, we assessed antimicrobial drug resistance in S. aureus isolated from clinical and subclinical cases of mastitis. A total of 88 cows with clinical or subclinical mastitis were sampled, resulting in 38 S. aureus isolates, from which 25 (65.78%) carried toxin genes, including seb, sec, sed, tst, and icaD adhesion gene. These S. aureus isolates belong to 21 ribotypes and three S. aureus strains belonged to the same ribotype producing ica adhesion gene. Approximately 90% of S. aureus strains obtained in our study demonstrated multiple resistance to different antimicrobial agents. The most efficacious antimicrobial agents against the isolates were gentamicin, amoxicillin, and norfloxacin. Gentamicin was the most efficacious agent inhibiting 78.95% of the S. aureus isolates. The least efficacious were penicillin, streptomycin, and ampicillin. Our results can help in understanding the relationship between virulence factors and subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus. Further research about diversity of S. aureus isolates and genes responsible for the pathogenicity of subclinical mastitis is essential.
Assuntos
Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Biofilmes , Enterotoxinas/genética , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Superantígenos/genética , Amoxicilina/administração & dosagem , Animais , Brasil , Bovinos , Feminino , Gentamicinas/administração & dosagem , Norfloxacino/administração & dosagem , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Virulência , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
Latin America is the definition of the American group, where languages of Latin origin are spoken, including countries in South, Central, and North America. Paratuberculosis is a gastrointestinal contagious chronic disease that affects ruminants, whose etiological agent is the bacilli Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Paratuberculosis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea, decreased milk production, dehydration, and progressive weight loss and is possibly involved in Crohn's disease, a human intestinal disease. MAP is resistant to environmental factors, pasteurization, and water disinfection, which coupled with the subclinical-clinical nature of the disease, and makes paratuberculosis a relevant socioeconomic and public health issue, justifying the descriptive review of research on the disease carried out in Latin American countries. A survey of articles, published until September 2016, on the Scopus database, PubMed, Agris, and Science Direct, about detection of the agent and the disease in Latin America, without restrictions to the date of the research was performed. The keywords were as follows: "paratuberculosis," "Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis," "cattle," "milk," "wildlife," "goat," "ovine," "dairy," and the name of each country in English. Studies found from nine of the 20 Latin America countries, 31 related to Brazil, 17 to Argentina, 14 to Chile, eight to Colombia, six to Mexico, two to Peru, two to Venezuela, and one to Panama and to Bolivia, each. The agent was detected in cattle, goats, sheep, domesticated water buffalo, and wild animals. Microbiological culture, PCR, and ELISA were the frequent techniques. The small number of studies may result in overestimation or underestimation of the real scenario.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis , Paratuberculose/epidemiologia , Animais , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , Paratuberculose/microbiologiaRESUMO
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis and it potentially plays a role in Crohn's disease. In humans, the main route of transmission of MAP might be the intake of contaminated milk and dairy products. Considering that MAP has already been detected in many types of cheese in different counties, and that Coalho cheese is an important dairy product in northeastern Brazil, the aim of this study was to report the first detection of MAP in retail Coalho cheese in Brazil by PCR and culture. Of 30 retail Coalho cheese samples, 3 (10%) amplified fragments of a similar size to that expected (626 bp) were obtained and viable MAP was recovered by culture from 1 (3.3%) sample. The DNA from the positive culture sample was sequenced and showed 99% identity with the insertion sequence IS900 deposited in GenBank. It was possible to identify the presence of MAP-specific DNA in the analyzed samples for the first time in Brazil, and to recover viable cells from retail Coalho cheese.
Assuntos
Queijo/microbiologia , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Brasil , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Escherichia coli é um micro-organismo altamente adaptativo e sua habilidade em formar biofilmes pode ser fundamental na resistência a tratamentos com antimicrobianos. A avaliação da concentração mínima inibitória (CMI) vem sendo utilizada para verificar a sensibilidade dos micro-organismos aos antimicrobianos. Entretanto, quando se avaliam células sésseis, a concentração do antimicrobiano requerido para erradicação do biofilme é maior do que a determinada pela CMI. Objetivou-se comparar as CMI com as concentrações mínimas de erradicação de biofilmes (CMEB) de antimicrobianos usados no tratamento da mastite em 27 isolados de E. coli produtores de biofilmes provenientes de mastite. Os isolados foram submetidos a testes de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos usados no tratamento da mastite, tanto para células planctônicas, por meio da CMI, quanto para células sésseis, pela avaliação da CMEB. Os resultados revelaram uma alta sensibilidade: apenas quatro (14,8%) isolados obtiveram valores da CMI elevados, variando de 4 a 10µg/mL, sendo classificados como resistentes. Para os demais isolados (85,2%), os valores foram menores, variando de 0,125 a 2µg/mL, classificados como sensíveis. A avaliação de CMEB indicou que a concentração dos antimicrobianos necessária para eliminar as células sésseis variou de 100µg/mL a 500µg/mL. Os valores de CMEB foram significativamente maiores nos isolados grandes e moderados produtores de biofilmes em relação aos isolados fracos produtores de biofilmes (p<0,001). Não houve correlação entre os valores de CMEB e CMI (p>0,05). A escolha da terapêutica antimicrobiana correta para o tratamento de infecções intramamárias em bovinos relacionadas com a produção de biofilmes parece exigir a aplicação de testes mais específicos. Testes de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana baseados apenas em valores de CMI mostraram-se ineficazes em determinar com precisão a susceptibilidade das células bacterianas sésseis.(AU)
Escherichia coli is a highly adaptive microorganism. Its ability to form biofilms may be critical for resistance to antimicrobial treatments. Evaluation of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) has been used to check the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics, however, when evaluating sessile cells, the required antibiotic concentration to eradicate biofilm is greater than determined by MIC. This study aimed to compare MIC with minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of antimicrobials used in mastitis treatment in 27 E. coli biofilm producers isolates from mastitis. Isolates were tested for sensitivity to antimicrobials used in mastitis treatment, for both planktonic cells (by CMI) and sessile cells (by MBEC). The results revealed high sensitivity: only four (14.8%) isolates showed high MIC values, ranging from 4 to 10g/mL and they were classified as resistant. All other isolates (85.2%) showed lower values, ranging from 0.125 to 2mg/mL, and they were classified as sensitive. Evaluation of MBEC indicated that concentration of antimicrobial needed to remove sessile cells ranged from 100mg/mL to 500mg/mL. MBEC values were significantly higher in large and moderate biofilm producers isolates regarding weak biofilm producers isolates (p<0.001). There was no correlation between MBEC and CMI values (p>0.05). The correct choice of antimicrobial therapy for treatment of mammary infections in cattle related to biofilm production seems to require application of more specific tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing based only on MIC values proved ineffectiveness to accurately determination the susceptibility of sessile bacterial cells.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Infecções/patologia , Doenças Mamárias , Mastite Bovina/patologia , Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Bovinos/classificaçãoRESUMO
Escherichia coli é um micro-organismo altamente adaptativo e sua habilidade em formar biofilmes pode ser fundamental na resistência a tratamentos com antimicrobianos. A avaliação da concentração mínima inibitória (CMI) vem sendo utilizada para verificar a sensibilidade dos micro-organismos aos antimicrobianos. Entretanto, quando se avaliam células sésseis, a concentração do antimicrobiano requerido para erradicação do biofilme é maior do que a determinada pela CMI. Objetivou-se comparar as CMI com as concentrações mínimas de erradicação de biofilmes (CMEB) de antimicrobianos usados no tratamento da mastite em 27 isolados de E. coli produtores de biofilmes provenientes de mastite. Os isolados foram submetidos a testes de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos usados no tratamento da mastite, tanto para células planctônicas, por meio da CMI, quanto para células sésseis, pela avaliação da CMEB. Os resultados revelaram uma alta sensibilidade: apenas quatro (14,8%) isolados obtiveram valores da CMI elevados, variando de 4 a 10µg/mL, sendo classificados como resistentes. Para os demais isolados (85,2%), os valores foram menores, variando de 0,125 a 2µg/mL, classificados como sensíveis. A avaliação de CMEB indicou que a concentração dos antimicrobianos necessária para eliminar as células sésseis variou de 100µg/mL a 500µg/mL. Os valores de CMEB foram significativamente maiores nos isolados grandes e moderados produtores de biofilmes em relação aos isolados fracos produtores de biofilmes (p<0,001). Não houve correlação entre os valores de CMEB e CMI (p>0,05). A escolha da terapêutica antimicrobiana correta para o tratamento de infecções intramamárias em bovinos relacionadas com a produção de biofilmes parece exigir a aplicação de testes mais específicos. Testes de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana baseados apenas em valores de CMI mostraram-se ineficazes em determinar com precisão a susceptibilidade das células bacterianas sésseis.
Escherichia coli is a highly adaptive microorganism. Its ability to form biofilms may be critical for resistance to antimicrobial treatments. Evaluation of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) has been used to check the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics, however, when evaluating sessile cells, the required antibiotic concentration to eradicate biofilm is greater than determined by MIC. This study aimed to compare MIC with minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of antimicrobials used in mastitis treatment in 27 E. coli biofilm producers isolates from mastitis. Isolates were tested for sensitivity to antimicrobials used in mastitis treatment, for both planktonic cells (by CMI) and sessile cells (by MBEC). The results revealed high sensitivity: only four (14.8%) isolates showed high MIC values, ranging from 4 to 10g/mL and they were classified as resistant. All other isolates (85.2%) showed lower values, ranging from 0.125 to 2mg/mL, and they were classified as sensitive. Evaluation of MBEC indicated that concentration of antimicrobial needed to remove sessile cells ranged from 100mg/mL to 500mg/mL. MBEC values were significantly higher in large and moderate biofilm producers isolates regarding weak biofilm producers isolates (p<0.001). There was no correlation between MBEC and CMI values (p>0.05). The correct choice of antimicrobial therapy for treatment of mammary infections in cattle related to biofilm production seems to require application of more specific tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing based only on MIC values proved ineffectiveness to accurately determination the susceptibility of sessile bacterial cells.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Doenças Mamárias , Infecções/patologia , Mastite Bovina/patologia , Bovinos/classificaçãoRESUMO
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, a chronic granulomatous enteritis that affects all ruminants worldwide. Some researchers have indicated a possible role of MAP in Crohn's disease. Despite extensive research and large and important advances in the past few decades, the etiology of Crohn's disease remains indefinite. The most probable transmission route of MAP from animals to humans is milk and dairy products. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis has already been detected in milk samples worldwide, and some studies have reported that MAP is resistant to pasteurization. In Brazil, MAP has been reported in raw milk samples; however, Brazilian retail pasteurized milk has not yet been tested for viable MAP. The aim of this study was to investigate MAP in pasteurized milk in the region of Viçosa (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Thirty-seven samples were collected and processed for culture of MAP. One colony similar to MAP was observed and confirmed by IS900-nested PCR and sequencing. Analysis revealed 97 to 99% identity with the MAP K-10 strain. This study is the first report of the presence of MAP in retail pasteurized whole milk in Brazil.
Assuntos
Leite/microbiologia , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Brasil , Bovinos , Microbiologia de Alimentos/métodos , PasteurizaçãoRESUMO
Extenders with a defined composition containing only components with clearly protective effects on sperm during storage would be an advantage. The aims of the present work were to assess whether caseinate, improves cooled and frozen equine semen quality. Semen from six stallions were suspended with four different cooling extenders C1) Kenney extender; C2) 0.6 % caseinate; C3) 2.7 % caseinate ; and C4) C1 + 2.1 % caseinate, and frozen extenders: F1) INRA 82 extender; F2) 1.35 % caseinate; and F3) 2.7 % caseinate. Although there was no significant difference between the motility rate among the cooled (C1:45.0, C2:36.7, C3:38.3 and C4:48.3) and frozen extenders (F1:16.9, F2:21.1 and F3:18.6), significant higher values of sperm velocity variables were observed with the 1.35 % caseinate extender compared to the control (VSL: 40.8 x 18.9 and VAP: 46.8 x 25.0 µm/s), respectively. Caseinate seemed to be responsible for sperm protection during preservation and showed to be as efficient as milk.
Assuntos
Caseínas , Criopreservação/veterinária , Crioprotetores , Preservação do Sêmen/veterinária , Espermatozoides/citologia , Animais , Caseínas/metabolismo , Temperatura Baixa , Criopreservação/métodos , Crioprotetores/metabolismo , Cavalos , Masculino , Preservação do Sêmen/métodos , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides , Espermatozoides/metabolismoRESUMO
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis in domestic and wild ruminants. In sheep and goats it causes a chronic granulomatous enteritis with progressive emaciation and death, diarrhea rarely being observed. In this aspect, the disease is considered a worldwide threat to livestock, as it may remain subclinical for years, with indirect losses in production and agent dissemination. In addition, there are reports of a possible relationship with the agent of Crohn's disease, so it is also of relevance to public health. Brazil does not have any data quantifying the actual production losses in herds affected by the disease, and few details of the involvement of goats and sheep in the country have been reported. Thus, this paper aims to review the occurrence of paratuberculosis in flocks of domestic small ruminants.
Mycobacterium avium subesp. paratuberculosis (MAP) é o agente etiológico da paratuberculose em ruminantes domésticos e silvestres. Em caprinos e ovinos causa uma enterite granulomatosa crônica com emagrecimento progressivo seguido de morte, raramente a diarreia é observada. Nesse aspecto, a doença é considerada uma ameaça mundial aos rebanhos, pois pode permanecer no estádio subclínico por anos, manifestando perdas indiretas na produção animal e na disseminação do agente. Além disso, existem relatos da possível relação de MAP com a doença de Crohn, determinando, assim, a sua relevância na saúde pública. O Brasil não dispõe de dados quantificando as reais perdas produtivas nos rebanhos acometidos pela doença, e poucas informações do comprometimento de caprinos e ovinos no país são relatadas. Assim, este artigo busca revisar a paratuberculose em pequenos ruminantes domésticos.
RESUMO
Mycobacterium avium subesp. paratuberculosis (MAP) é o agente etiológico da paratuberculose em ruminantes domésticos e silvestres. Em caprinos e ovinos causa uma enterite granulomatosa crônica com emagrecimento progressivo seguido de morte, raramente a diarreia é observada. Nesse aspecto, a doença é considerada uma ameaça mundial aos rebanhos, pois pode permanecer no estádio subclínico por anos, manifestando perdas indiretas na produção animal e na dissemina-ção do agente. Além disso, existem relatos da possível relação de MAP com a doença de Crohn, determinando, assim, a sua relevância na saúde pública. O Brasil não dispõe de dados quantificando as reais perdas produtivas nos rebanhos acometidos pela doença, e poucas informações do comprometimento de caprinos e ovinos no país são relatadas. Assim, este artigo busca revisar a paratuberculose em pequenos ruminantes domésticos.
PARATUBERCULOSIS IN SMALL DOMESTIC RUMINANTS. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis in domestic and wild ruminants. In sheep and goats it causes a chronic granulomatous enteritis with progressive emaciation and death, diarrhea rarely being observed. In this aspect, the disease is considered a worldwide threat to livestock, as it may remain subclinical for years, with indirect losses in production and agent dissemination. In addition, there are reports of a possible relationship with the agent of Crohns disease, so it is also of relevance to public health. Brazil does not have any data quantifying the actual production losses in herds affected by the disease, and few details of the involvement of goats and sheep in the country have been reported. Thus, this paper aims to review the occurrence of paratuberculosis in flocks of domestic small ruminants.
Assuntos
Animais , Diarreia/veterinária , Morte , Paratuberculose/parasitologia , Redução de Peso/fisiologia , Ruminantes , Cabras/classificação , Ovinos/classificaçãoRESUMO
Mycobacterium avium subesp. paratuberculosis (MAP) é o agente etiológico da paratuberculose em ruminantes domésticos e silvestres. Em caprinos e ovinos causa uma enterite granulomatosa crônica com emagrecimento progressivo seguido de morte, raramente a diarreia é observada. Nesse aspecto, a doença é considerada uma ameaça mundial aos rebanhos, pois pode permanecer no estádio subclínico por anos, manifestando perdas indiretas na produção animal e na dissemina-ção do agente. Além disso, existem relatos da possível relação de MAP com a doença de Crohn, determinando, assim, a sua relevância na saúde pública. O Brasil não dispõe de dados quantificando as reais perdas produtivas nos rebanhos acometidos pela doença, e poucas informações do comprometimento de caprinos e ovinos no país são relatadas. Assim, este artigo busca revisar a paratuberculose em pequenos ruminantes domésticos. (AU)
PARATUBERCULOSIS IN SMALL DOMESTIC RUMINANTS. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis in domestic and wild ruminants. In sheep and goats it causes a chronic granulomatous enteritis with progressive emaciation and death, diarrhea rarely being observed. In this aspect, the disease is considered a worldwide threat to livestock, as it may remain subclinical for years, with indirect losses in production and agent dissemination. In addition, there are reports of a possible relationship with the agent of Crohns disease, so it is also of relevance to public health. Brazil does not have any data quantifying the actual production losses in herds affected by the disease, and few details of the involvement of goats and sheep in the country have been reported. Thus, this paper aims to review the occurrence of paratuberculosis in flocks of domestic small ruminants. (AU)