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BACKGROUND: The strong association between HLA-B27 and spondyloarthritis (SpA) has demonstrated that typing the HLA-B27 antigen is a crucial step in diagnosis and aids in defining the progression and severity of disease. OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of HLA-B27 in Colombian individuals with clinical manifestations associated with SpA. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: We retrospectively analyzed 4109 HLA-B27 typing requests to the Hospital Militar Central and the Instituto de Referencia Andino from Colombian individuals with clinical signs suggestive of SpA between 2009 and 2012. We used basic digital cytometry followed by Polymerase Chain Reaction with sequence specific primers when confirmation was needed. We determined the frequency of HLA-B27 in the population and levels of association of HLA-B27 with SpA. RESULTS: Our population included 1585 men (36.8%) and 2524 women (61.4%). The predominant age range was between 19 and 45 years (49.9%). The majority (95.4%) of the study population came from the Andean region and eastern plains. The most frequent clinical manifestations were peripheral. Only a small fraction (12.1%) of the 4109 subjects was HLA-B27 positive. Of those, 56.9% were male, and 54.7% were between 19 and 45 years old. In contrast, when rheumatologists referred the HLA B27, 64% were found to be positive. CONCLUSION: The frequency of the HLA-B27 allele in individuals with clinical signs suggestive of SpA was low, in accordance with the lower prevalence found in Colombian patients diagnosed with SpA compared to American and European population.

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Introducción El remplazo total de rodilla se encuentra clasificado como una cirugía ortopédica mayor, donde varias complicaciones han sido descritas. Este estudio muestra cómo este procedimiento manejado con un protocolo de cirugía ambulatoria es seguro para el paciente y no aumenta la frecuencia de complicaciones. Materiales y métodos Estudio observacional descriptivo tipo cohorte transversal. Se incluyeron pacientes con clasificación ASA I-II, índice de masa corporal<35 y edad<80 años, sometidos a reemplazo total de rodilla primario con diagnóstico de artrosis operados desde 1 de septiembre de 2015 al 31 de diciembre de 2016. Se recolectó información demográfica, historia médica, dolor postoperatorio, satisfacción del paciente en la primera consulta postoperatoria y la presencia de complicaciones en los siguientes 30 días del procedimiento. Resultados Se evaluaron 143 pacientes con clasificación ASA I 19 pacientes (13.3%) y ASA II 124 (86.7%), 83 (58%) mujeres y 60 (42%) hombres con un promedio de edad de 66,6 (DS 9.2) años, índice de masa corporal promedio de 27.3 (DS 3.6), calificación de Oxford preoperatoria de 33.3 (DS8.4), el promedio de dolor el primer día postoperatorio en reposo fue de 1,1 (DS 1,4) y con el movimiento fue de 2,5 (DS 1.8) y el promedio de satisfacción de la experiencia de la cirugía de manera ambulatoria en una escala de 0 a 10 fue en promedio de 8.6 (1.5). Hubo 4 (2.8%) reingresos a urgencias por causas no relacionadas al procedimiento ambulatorio. Discusión En pacientes seleccionados, el reemplazo total de rodilla con manejo mediante protocolo de cirugía ambulatoria es seguro, aumenta el confort y la satisfacción de los pacientes y sus familias. Nivel de Evidencia IIl.

Background Total Knee Replacement is classified as major orthopedic surgery, where several complications have been described. The study shows how this procedure managed with an ambulatory surgery protocol is safe for the patient and does not increase the frequency of complications. Materials & Methods Transverse cohort descriptive observational study. We included patients with ASA I-II classification, Body Mass Index<35 and age<80 years, who underwent total primary knee replacement with diagnosis of severe osteoarthritis. Information related to postoperative pain, patient satisfaction at the first postoperative visit and the presence of complications were collected within 30 days of the procedure. Results A total of 143 patients with anesthesia classification ASA I 19 patients (13.3%) y ASA II 124 (86.7%), 83 (58%) women y 60 (42%) men average age 66,6 (DS 9.2) years, average body mass index 27.3 (DS 3.6), Oxford knee score before surgery 33.3 (8.4), pain first day post surgery at rest 1,1 (DS 1,4) and with movement 2,5 (DS 1.8), average satisfaction of the surgery experience on an outpatient basis in an scale of 0 a 10 was 8.6 (DS1.5). There were 4 (2.8%) readmissions to the emergency room for reasons not related to the outpatient protocol. Discussion In selected patients, total knee replacement with outpatient surgery protocol is safe, increases comfort and satisfaction of patients and their families. Evidence Level III.

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Litter presence was assessed on the entire Cuban coastline, and includes 99 beaches from all Cuban regions, during field work carried out in 2012 and 2015. A standard method verified in several countries was applied, which classified beaches for nine types of litter into four grades (A-excellent to D-poor). Almost half of the Cuban beaches obtained excellent cleanliness scores, although many needed to be better managed. In this baseline, the most common types of residue were general litter (8% grade D and 35% grades B/C) and potentially harmful litter (<68% with grade A). Resort beaches and those with international visitors showed the best litter management. Tourism Impacts seems to be related to visitor origin therefore choices to develop sustainable tourism in rural and village beaches (64%) appears low, if beach cleaning gross investment is focused on resort beaches (24%). Finally, this paper highlights geographical distribution and types of litter patterns.

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Ehrenfest's urn model is modified by introducing nonlinear terms in the associated transition probabilities. It is shown that these modifications lead, in the continuous limit, to a Fokker-Planck equation characterized by two competing diffusion terms, namely, the usual linear one and a nonlinear diffusion term typical of anomalous diffusion. By considering a generalized H theorem, the associated entropy is calculated, resulting in a sum of Boltzmann-Gibbs and Tsallis entropic forms. It is shown that the stationary state of the associated Fokker-Planck equation satisfies precisely the same equation obtained by extremization of the entropy. Moreover, the effects of the nonlinear contributions on the entropy production phenomenon are also analyzed.

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Seaweeds have been used as food since ancient times. The edible brown algae Undaria pinnatifida is native to northeast Asia; however, in 1992, the first specimens in Patagonian environments were found and, since then, have rapidly expanded. The main object of this study was to determine, for the first time in Argentina, the nutritive composition and concentrations of trace elements and hydrocarbons in these alien algae and evaluate their usefulness as food. Sexually mature U. pinnatifida samples were collected at 10-m depth in the Nuevo and San José gulfs. The first site is influenced by activities from Puerto Madryn city, and the latter place was considered as the control. Protein, dietary fiber, and mineral concentrations were similar in both gulfs and in the same order as in eastern countries. Crude protein, indigestible fiber, and calcium and magnesium concentrations were greatest in blade; lipid concentration was greatest in sporophyll; and sodium and potassium concentrations were greatest in midrib. Amino acids showed the greatest concentrations in blades, and these were greater than those reported in kelp from Japan. Cadmium (Cd), arsenic, mercury, and hydrocarbons were detected, but only Cd showed concentrations that could be a risk for consumption. In Argentina, maximum acceptable levels of these contaminants in seaweeds are not established.

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The time rate of generalized entropic forms, defined in terms of discrete probabilities following a master equation, is investigated. Both contributions, namely entropy production and flux, are obtained, extending works carried previously for the Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy to a wide class of entropic forms. Particularly, it is shown that the entropy-production contribution is always non-negative for such entropies. Some illustrative examples for known generalized entropic forms in the literature are also worked out. Since generalized entropies have been lately associated with several complex systems in nature, the present analysis should be applicable to irreversible processes in these systems.

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The entropy time rate of systems described by nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations--which are directly related to generalized entropic forms--is analyzed. Both entropy production, associated with irreversible processes, and entropy flux from the system to its surroundings are studied. Some examples of known generalized entropic forms are considered, and particularly, the flux and production of the Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy, obtained from the linear Fokker-Planck equation, are recovered as particular cases. Since nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations are appropriate for the dynamical behavior of several physical phenomena in nature, like many within the realm of complex systems, the present analysis should be applicable to irreversible processes in a large class of nonlinear systems, such as those described by Tsallis and Kaniadakis entropies.

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The role of oxidative stress in prostate cancer has been increasingly recognised. Acute and chronic inflammations generate reactive oxygen species that result in damage to cellular structures. Haeme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has cytoprotective effects against oxidative damage. We hypothesise that modulation of HO-1 expression may be involved in the process of prostate carcinogenesis and prostate cancer progression. We thus studied HO-1 expression and localisation in 85 samples of organ-confined primary prostate cancer obtained via radical prostatectomy (Gleason grades 4-9) and in 39 specimens of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We assessed HO-1 expression by immunohistochemical staining. No significant difference was observed in the cytoplasmic positive reactivity among tumours (84%), non-neoplastic surrounding parenchyma (89%), or BPH samples (87%) (P=0.53). Haeme oxygenase-1 immunostaining was detected in the nuclei of prostate cancer cells in 55 of 85 (65%) patients but less often in non-neoplastic surrounding parenchyma (30 of 85, 35%) or in BPH (9 of 39, 23%) (P<0.0001). Immunocytochemical and western blot analysis showed HO-1 only in the cytoplasmic compartment of PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines. Treatment with hemin, a well-known specific inducer of HO-1, led to clear nuclear localisation of HO-1 in both cell lines and highly induced HO-1 expression in both cellular compartments. These findings have demonstrated, for the first time, that HO-1 expression and nuclear localisation can define a new subgroup of prostate cancer primary tumours and that the modulation of HO-1 expression and its nuclear translocation could represent new avenues for therapy.

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