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Improvements in race times for male and female Para canoe athletes across different sports classes have led to a reduction in relative differences between classes over time. However, there is a lack of research examining the comparative developmental trajectories between high-performance Paralympic (PCS) and Olympic (OCS) canoe sprint. In this study, we compared the developmental trajectories of 200-meter kayak performances among PCS and OCS athletes. In total, we analyzed 628 race results obtained from public online databases, for nine competitions between 2015 and 2023. Race times were reduced over the years except in specific sports classes (KL3-M, K1-M, and K1-F; KL: Kayak Level, M: male, F: female), with a poor positive correlation (r = 0.17 to 0.33) between time and the years. For the remaining sports classes, these correlations ranged from poor to fair (r = -0.58 to -0.13). OCS K1 athletes outperformed their Paralympic counterparts. Among Paralympic classes, KL1 had slower times than KL2 and KL3 (p ≤ .05), with KL2 times significantly lower than KL3 in the female category. OCS athletes exhibited less variability in race times compared to PCS athletes. In the male category, there were no significant differences in the coefficients of variation (CV) and amplitude of race times between sport classes, except for KL1-M, which had a larger CV than K1 (p ≤ .05). In the female category, the CV and amplitude of race times were significantly higher in KL1-F compared to KL3-F and K1-F. OCS times remained stable from 2015, with KL3-M following a similar trend. PCS displayed greater race time variability, particularly in higher impairment classes, notably KL1. This underscores the existence of distinct developmental stages within the canoe sprint modality, particularly emphasizing the early developmental phase of KL1. It also provides valuable insights for coaches and sports selection, especially concerning athletes with more severe impairments, including those in Rehabilitation Centers and during athlete recruitment.

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PURPOSE: Wheelchair users and people with disabilities have limited access to physical exercise due to various factors, including medical follow-up and training facilities. Although tele-exercise guided by experts has become a viable option, there is limited knowledge about the acute performance decrement (APD) resulting from remote training methods. The current cross-sectional study aimed to: (1) assess the APD of muscle resistance strength after three synchronous tele-exercise training methods in wheelchair users and (2) compare the training loads associated with each training method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen male and female wheelchair users who participated in tele-exercise strength practices were recruited. The participants performed a maximum resistance strength test by synchronous tele-assessment (push-up test, PUT) at baseline and immediately after three training methods: high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and sprint interval training (SIT). The primary outcome was the APD, which was measured by the percentage decrease in the number of repetitions of the PUT immediately after the training methods. RESULTS: APD was observed for all three training methods, with no significant differences between them (-34.8%, -29.9% and -38.0% for MICT, SIT and HII, respectively), and presented a non-significant correlation with the training loads. HIIT had a significantly higher training load than MICT and SIT. CONCLUSIONS: APD occurred in all training sessions, but did not correlate with training load, indicating that it is not an appropriate metric for comparison. Findings provide insight into APD response and highlight the need to consider multiple metrics when comparing training protocols.

Synchronous moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), sprint interval training (SIT) and high-intensity interval training tele-exercises provided similar acute performance decrement in wheelchair users and people with disabilities.High-intensity interval training showed a higher training load compared to MICT and SIT performed remotely.Acute performance decrement did not correlate with the training load.

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Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo relatar la evolución del movimiento paralímpico y su vínculo con el escenario político nacional e internacional. Los Juegos Paralímpicos de Verano hicieron su debut en 1960, mientras que Chile participó por primera vez en 1992. Por otro lado, los Juegos Paralímpicos de Invierno comenzaron en 1976, y la primera participación chilena en este evento se produjo en 2002. Para el desarrollo del estudio se utilizó un análisis documental, donde se analizaron las convocatorias oficiales de las delegaciones chilenas, junto con las planillas de resultados generales obtenidos en los Juegos Paralímpicos, se extrajo de los documentos: el número de atletas participantes de ambos sexos y deportes, información que posteriormente fue agrupada en presencia o no de medallas y tipo de medalla obtenida y, a partir de aquello, se analizó por tipo de discapacidad y año de participación. A través de los años, Chile vivenció constantes procesos y cambios en los periodos de gestión, a esto se suma la promulgación de leyes, tanto nacionales como internacionales, junto con la constante ayuda recibida de distintas agrupaciones privadas y gubernamentales, resultando en un paulatino incremento de deportistas paralímpicos, situación que colaboró en gran medida con el desarrollo integral del movimiento paralímpico chileno hasta lo que es en la actualidad; este crecimiento facilitó resultados exitosos, como el obtenido en el año 2012 con la conquista de la primera medalla paralímpica de Chile, llegando a un total de siete medallas distribuidas en cuatro deportes en los Juegos Paralímpicos Tokio 2020, quedando situado en el ranking paralímpico en la cuadragésima quinta posición.

The aim of this paper was to describe the evolution of the Paralympic movement and its connection with the national and international political scenario. The Summer Paralympic Games made their debut in 1960, while Chile first participated in 1992. On the other hand, the Winter Paralympic Games began in 1976, and Chile's first participation in this event occurred in 2002. A documentary analysis was conducted for the study, in which the official documents of the Chilean delegations were analyzed, along with the overall results obtained in the Paralympic Games. The documents provided information on the number of participating athletes of both genders, results and sports. This information was later grouped based on the presence or absence of medals and the type of medal obtained. It was further analyzed by type of disability and year of participation. Over the years, Chile experienced constant processes and changes in management, in addition to the enactment of laws, both national and international. The constant support received from various private and governmental organizations contributed to the gradual increase in paralympic athletes, which greatly facilitated the overall development of the Chilean Paralympic movement to its current state. This growth led to successful outcomes, such as Chile's 1st Paralympic medal in 2012, and the country has now achieved a total of 7 medals in 4 disciplines in Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020, placing it in the 45th position in paralympic medal board.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar a evolução do movimento paralímpico e sua relação com o cenário político nacional e internacional. Os Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão fizeram sua estreia em 1960, enquanto o Chile participou pela primeira vez em 1992. Por outro lado, os Jogos Paralímpicos de Inverno começaram em 1976, e a primeira participação chilena neste evento ocorreu em 2002. O estudo foi realizado através de análise documental, de onde foram extraídas informações sobre as delegações chilenas, juntamente com as planilhas de resultados gerais obtidos dos Jogos Paralímpicos. As variáveis registradas foram número de atletas participantes de ambos os sexos, modalidades e esportes. As informações posteriormente foram agrupadas em quantidade de medalhas e tipo da medalha obtida, sendo analisadas por tipo de deficiência e ano de participação. Ao longo dos anos, o Chile experimentou constantes processos e mudanças nos períodos de gestão, como a promulgação de leis, tanto nacionais como internacionais, juntamente com a ajuda constante recebida de diferentes grupos privados e governamentais, resultando em aumento de atletas paralímpicos, situação que contribuiu com o desenvolvimento integral do movimento paralímpico chileno. Este crescimento facilitou resultados exitosos, como o obtido em 2012 com a conquista da primeira medalha paralímpica do Chile, alcançando hoje um total de 7 medalhas distribuídas em 4 disciplinas em Tóquio 2022, colocando-se na quadragésima quinta posição do quadro de medalhas.

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Resumen La danza es una actividad físico-deportiva y artística idónea para el desarrollo integral del alumnado y puede considerarse como promotora de inclusión. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión narrativa relacionada con los beneficios que aporta la danza en el alumnado con Síndrome de Down (SD) en la etapa de educación infantil. Para realizar la búsqueda de los documentos, se emplearon las palabras clave: "Child Education", "Dance" y "Down Syndrome". Los manuscritos fueron buscados en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus y PubMed, hasta enero de 2023. Para ajustar la búsqueda al objeto de estudio, se estableció una serie de criterios de inclusión: i) cualquier tipo de documento científico relacionado con la temática; ii) manuscritos que indiquen, en el cuerpo del texto, al menos una descripción de los alumnos con SD de una longitud mínima de 50 palabras; iii) documentos realizados en inglés, español y/o portugués; y, iv) manuscritos que permitan obtener el texto completo; se obtuvo un total de 9 documentos. Los resultados mostraron una escasez de documentos en relación con el ámbito de estudio, como consecuencia de ser una temática muy específica. Asimismo, los manuscritos incluidos en esta revisión reportan que los beneficios que podrían obtenerse de la danza para el alumnado con SD están relacionados con la conciencia y el control postural, la mejora de aspectos sociales y mejoras a nivel cognitivo y emocional, así como el disfrute. Por ello, se recomienda ampliar el número de investigaciones futuras relacionadas con la danza en el sistema educativo y, concretamente, en la etapa de educación infantil, debido a los múltiples beneficios que aporta al alumnado con discapacidad.

Abstract Dance is a physical/sports and artistic activity appropriate to the comprehensive development of students, and can be considered as a means to promote inclusion. Thus, the objective of this study was to carry out a narrative review related to the benefits of dance in students with Down Syndrome (DS) in the child education stage. In order to carry out the search of documents, the keywords "Child Education", "Dance", and "Down Syndrome" were used. Manuscripts were searched in the Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and PubMed data bases, up to January, 2023. In order to adjust the search of the object of study, a series of inclusion criteria was established: i) any type of scientific document relating to the topic; ii) manuscripts indicating, within the text body, at least one description of the students with DS that is at least 50 words in length; iii) documents written in English, Spanish and/or Portuguese; and iv) manuscripts that allow to obtain the full text. A total 9 documents were obtained. The results showed a scarcity of documents concerning the domain of study, as a result of this being a very specific topic. Similarly, the manuscripts included in this review report that the benefits that could derive from dance for students with DS have to do with posture awareness and control, the improvement of social aspects and improvements of a cognitive and emotional nature, as well as enjoyment. Therefore, it is recommended to expand the number of future research projects related to dance in the educational system, and concretely in the child education stage, due to the multiple benefits this brings to students with disabilities.

Resumo A dança é uma atividade físico-esportiva e artística idônea para o desenvolvimento integral dos alunos e pode ser considerada como promotora de inclusão. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão narrativa relacionada aos benefícios que a dança proporciona aos alunos com Síndrome de Down (SD) na etapa da educação infantil. Para busca dos documentos foram utilizadas as palavras-chave: "Child Education", "Dance" e "Down Syndrome". Os manuscritos foram pesquisados nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus e PubMed, até janeiro de 2023. Para adequar a busca ao objeto de estudo, foi estabelecida uma série de critérios de inclusão: i) qualquer tipo de documento científico relacionado ao tema; ii) manuscritos que indiquem, no corpo do texto, pelo menos uma descrição de alunos com SD com extensão mínima de 50 palavras; iii) documentos elaborados em inglês, espanhol e/ou português; e, iv) manuscritos que permitam a obtenção do texto completo; foram obtidos um total de 9 documentos. Os resultados mostraram escassez de documentos em relação à área de estudo, por se tratar de um tema muito específico. Da mesma forma, os manuscritos incluídos nesta revisão mostram que os benefícios que poderiam ser obtidos com a dança para alunos com SD estão relacionados à consciência e ao controle postural, à melhoria dos aspectos sociais e às melhorias no âmbito cognitivo e emocional, bem como ao prazer. Portanto, recomenda-se ampliar o número de pesquisas futuras relacionadas à dança no sistema educacional e, especificamente, na etapa da educação infantil, pelos múltiplos benefícios que traz aos alunos com deficiência.

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Objective: a) to verify whether body composition and physical fitness should be analyzed by chronological age and/or maturity stage in young Brazilian soccer players and b) to propose reference values for the evaluation of body composition and physical fitness by maturity stage in elite soccer players. Methods: A descriptive-correlational study was carried out in 206 young Brazilian soccer players (11-16 years old). The sample selection was non-probabilistic by convenience. Weight and standing height were evaluated. Body composition (BC) was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). BC indicators [(percent fat (%F), Fat-free mass (FFM), Fat mass (FM) and Bone mass (BM)] were extracted. For physical fitness (PF), we applied the Flexibility (cm) sit and reach tests, explosive strength tests [Counter Movement Jump CMJ (cm) and horizontal jump HJ (cm)], speed [Speed 10, 20, 30 and 40 m (seconds)] and Yo-Yo endurance level I test. Percentiles were constructed for BC and PF using the LMS method [L (Lambda; skewness), M (Mu; median) and S (Sigma; coefficient of variation)]. Results: The explanatory power between chronological age (CA) with BC was: FM (R2 = 0.03%), FFM (R 2 = 0.66%) and BM (R 2 = 0.62%), while between maturity status (MS) with BC were: FM (R 2 = 0.04%), FFM (R 2 = 0.71%) and BM (R 2 = 0.66). The explanatory power between the CA with the physical fitness tests ranged from: (R 2 = 0.22-0.62%). While between MS with physical fitness the values ranged from: (R 2 = 0.23-0.64%). Percentiles per MS (P3, P5, P10, P15, P25, P50, P75, P85, P90, P95 and P97) were proposed for both BC and PF. Conclusion: The results of the study have shown that the evaluation of BC and PF of young soccer players should be performed by controlling for MS rather than for CA. The inclusion of a non-invasive method to control MS by means of percentiles during puberty may contribute to the development of retention and exclusion of young soccer players, thus, they may have a better chance of achieving sporting success.

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Cornejo, M. I., Henríquez, M., Herrera, F., Muñoz, F., Bernardes, N., Auricchio, J. R., y Castelli-Correia de Campos, L. F. (2022). Percepción de la calidad de vida en para- deportistas y no deportistas chilenos con lesión cerebral. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20 (2), 1-18. La calidad de vida (CV) y la actividad física son aspectos relevantes en la salud de la población, y esta última con un impacto positivo en las personas con discapacidad. Debido a esto, los objetivos de este estudio fueron comparar las características e identificar la asociación entre los dominios de la percepción de la CV entre un grupo de personas con lesión cerebral que practican fútbol, para-deportistas (PD) y personas con lesión cerebral no para-deportistas (NPD), además determinar si existen diferencias en la percepción de la CV según las diferentes clases deportivas (FT1, FT2 y FT3). El estudio se desarrolló en Chile, donde se aplicó el cuestionario WHOQOL-BREF para determinar la CV de los participantes. Los resultados identificaron una relación positiva y significativa entre los distintos dominios de la CV (p < .001, r = .44 - .67). Además, se observó una mejor percepción de la CV en los PD (p < .001, TE = 1.18, grande) en comparación con lo reportado por el grupo NPD. Por otro lado, no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre los dominios para las diferentes clases deportivas en el grupo PD. Estos datos refuerzan la idea de que la práctica deportiva influye en la participación social y en la percepción de la CV en PD con lesión cerebral. El desarrollo conjunto de los factores asociados entre la salud y el bienestar socioemocional podrían colaborar con la consolidación de la práctica deportiva y de actividad física, los cuales, a su vez son beneficiosos para las personas con discapacidad tal como lo plantean los objetivos del desarrollo sostenible en su agenda de trabajo provista al año 2030.

Cornejo, M. I., Henríquez, M., Herrera, F., Muñoz, F., Bernardes, N., Auricchio, J. R., y Castelli-Correia de Campos, L. F. (2022). Perception of quality of life in chilean para-athletes and non-athletes with brain injury. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20 (2), 1-16. Quality of life (QOL) and physical activity are relevant aspects in the health of the population, and the latter has a positive impact on people with disabilities. For this reason, the objectives of this study were to compare the characteristics and identify the association between the domains of QOL perception between a group of people with brain injury who practice soccer, para-athletes (PD) and non-para-athletes with brain injury (NPD), as well as to determine if there are differences in the perception of QOL according to the different sports classes (FT1, FT2 and FT3). The study was carried out in Chile, where the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was applied to determine the QOL of participants. The results identified a positive and significant relationship between the different domains of QOL (p < .001, r = .44 - .67). In addition, a better perception of QoL was observed in the PDs (p < .001, TE = 1.18, large) compared to that reported by the NPD group. On the other hand, no significant differences between domains were obtained for the different sport classes in the PD group. These data reinforce the idea that sport practice influences social participation and perception of QoL in PD with brain injury. The joint development of the factors associated between health and socioemotional well-being could collaborate in the consolidation of sports practice and physical activity, which, in turn, are beneficial for people with disabilities, as proposed by the Sustainable Development Goals in their work agenda foreseen for the year 2030.

Cornejo, M. I., Henríquez, M., Herrera, F., Muñoz, F., Bernardes, N., Auricchio, J. R., y Castelli-Correia de Campos, L. F. (2022). Percepção da qualidade de vida em paratletas e não-atletas chilenos com lesões cerebrais. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20 (2), 1-16. Qualidade de vida (QV) e atividade física são aspectos relevantes da saúde da população, tendo esta última um impacto positivo sobre as pessoas com deficiências. Portanto, os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar as características e identificar a associação entre os domínios da percepção de QV entre um grupo de pessoas com lesões cerebrais que praticam futebol, paratletas (P) e pessoas com lesões cerebrais não paratletas (NP), e determinar se existem diferenças na percepção de QV de acordo com as diferentes classes esportivas (FT1, FT2 e FT3). O estudo foi realizado no Chile, onde o questionário WHOQOL-BREF foi utilizado para determinar o QV dos participantes. Os resultados identificaram uma relação positiva e significativa entre os diferentes domínios da QV (p < 0,001, r = 0,44 - 0,67). Além disso, uma melhor percepção de QV foi observada nos Ps (p < 0,001, TE = 1,18, grande) em comparação com a relatada pelo grupo NP. Por outro lado, não foram obtidas diferenças significativas entre os domínios para as diferentes classes esportivas do grupo P. Estes dados reforçam a ideia de que a prática esportiva influencia a participação social e a percepção da QV nos P com lesão cerebral. O desenvolvimento conjunto de fatores associados à saúde e ao bem-estar socioemocional poderia contribuir para a consolidação da prática do esporte e da atividade física, que, por sua vez, são benéficos para as pessoas com deficiência, conforme estabelecido nas Metas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável em sua agenda para 2030.

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Campos Campos, K. I., Castelli Correia de Campos, L. F., Pereira Morato, M., Fernández Muñoz, M., Tosim, A., Alarcón Segura, K., y Luarte Rocha, C. (2022). Efectividad del lanzamiento de los atletas de goalball en la Liga Nacional de Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-16. El goalball es un deporte paralímpico colectivo con características de oposición, pero sin invasión por parte de los atletas que, a pesar de requerir gran condición física en las acciones ofensivas y defensivas, también se identifica como un deporte táctico, en donde la administración de la técnica en las diversas situaciones del juego determina el éxito en la competencia. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la efectividad del ataque de la Liga Nacional de goalball de Chile, según tipo de lanzamiento y trayectoria. Se filmaron cuatro partidos de goalball de la fase final de un torneo nacional. Para ello, se utilizó una cámara digital posicionada detrás de un arco ubicado en altura. Para el análisis de los partidos se utilizaron los diagramas propuestos por Morato et al. (2016) y Morato (2012). Los datos se transcribieron de forma computacional a una planilla, para luego ser analizados descriptivamente. El lanzamiento frontal (FRO) fue el que más se utilizó (88.9%), con una tasa de efectividad del 6.2%. Se realizaron trayectorias más largas en diagonales cortas (DC) y paralelas (PA) (31.3% y 23.2%, respectivamente). El lanzamiento de FRO se dirigió en DC (34.5%) y PA (22.4%), mientras que, por otro lado, los lanzamientos con giro (GIR) se dirigieron preferentemente en PA (30.4%) y DC (29.1%). El lanzamiento FRO fue más efectivo en PA (10.6%), mientras que el lanzamiento GIR fue más efectivo en diagonales medias (DM) (12.5%). Las posiciones laterales ejecutan lanzamientos, preferentemente FRO; pero en defensa, las posiciones centrales son protagonistas. Los lanzamientos son más efectivos cuando se dirigen en PA y DC.

Campos Campos, K. I., Castelli Correia de Campos, L. F., Pereira Morato, M., Fernández Muñoz, M., Tosim, A., Alarcón Segura, K., y Luarte Rocha, C. (2022). Effectiveness of goalball athletes throwing in the Chilean National League. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-16. Goalball is a collective Paralympic sport with oppositional characteristics but without invasion by the athletes that, despite requiring great physical condition in offensive and defensive actions, is also identified as a tactical sport, where the administration of technique in the various game situations determines success in competition. The objective of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of the attack of the Chilean National Goalball League, according to type of shot and trajectory. Four Goalball matches of the final phase of a national tournament were filmed. For this, a digital camera was used behind an arch located in height. The matches were analyzed following the diagrams proposed by Morato et al. (2016) and Morato (2012). The front throw (FRO) was used the most (88.9%) with an effectiveness rate of 6.2%. Longer trajectories were made in short diagonals (DC) and parallel (PA) (31.3% and 23.2%, respectively). The FRO throw was directed in DC (34.5%) and PA (22.4%), while on the other hand, the spinning throws (GIR) were directed preferably in PA (30.4%) and DC (29.1%). The FRO throw was more effective in PA (10.6%), whereas the SP throw was more effective in the middle diagonal (DM) (12.5%). The lateral positions execute throws, preferably FRO, but in defense the central positions are protagonists. Throws are most effective when they are directed in PA and DC.

Campos Campos, K. I., Castelli Correia de Campos, L. F., Pereira Morato, M., Fernández Muñoz, M., Tosim, A., Alarcón Segura, K., e Luarte Rocha, C. (2022). Eficácia do arremesso de atletas de goalball na Liga Nacional do Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-16. O Goalball é um esporte coletivo paraolímpico com características de oposição, mas sem invasão dos atletas que, apesar de exigir grande condição física nas ações ofensivas e defensivas, também é identificado como um esporte tático, onde a administração da técnica nas diversas situações de jogo determina o sucesso na competição. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a eficácia do ataque da Liga Nacional de Goalball do Chile, segundo o tipo de arremesso e trajetória. Foram filmadas quatro partidas de goalball da fase final de um torneio nacional. Para isso, foi utilizada uma câmera digital posicionada atrás de um arco localizado em altura e, para a análise das correspondências, os diagramas propostos por Morato et al. (2016) e Morato (2012). Os dados foram transcritos de forma computacional a uma planilha para, posteriormente, serem analisados descritivamente. O arremesso frontal (FRO) foi o mais utilizado (88,9%), com taxa de eficácia de 6,2%. Trajetórias mais longas foram feitas em diagonais curtas (DC) e paralelas (PA) (31,3% e 23,2%, respectivamente). O arremesso FRO foi direcionado em DC (34,5%) e PA (22,4%), enquanto, por outro lado, os arremessos giratórios (GIR) foram direcionados preferencialmente em PA (30,4%) e DC (29,1%). O arremesso FRO foi mais eficaz no PA (10,6%), enquanto o arremesso GIR foi mais eficaz nas diagonais médias (DM) (12,5%). Posições laterais executam arremessos, preferencialmente FRO; mas na defesa, as posições centrais são protagonistas. Os arremessos são mais eficazes quando dirigidos em PA e DC.

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Introduction: Introduction: studying the percentage of body fat (%BF) in children and adolescents is very relevant, since a high level of body fat in childhood and adolescence represents overweight and obesity. Objective: to identify the anthropometric indicators related to %BF and to validate regression equations to predict %BF in children and adolescents using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method. Methods: a descriptive study (cross-sectional) was designed in 1126 schoolchildren (588 males and 538 females) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range ranged from 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height, two skinfolds (tricipital and subscapular and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), triponderal mass index (TMI), waist height index (WHtR) were calculated. Body fat percentage (%BF) was assessed by DXA scanning. Results: the relationships between Σ (Tricipital + Subscapular), TMI and WHtR with %BF (DXA) ranged from R2 = 52 % to 54 % in men, and from R2 = 41 % to 49 % in women. The equations generated for men were: %BF = 9.775 + [(0.415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35.084 * WHtR) - (0.828 * age), R2 = 70 %, and %BF = 20.720 + [(0.492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.354 * TMI) - (0.923 * age), R2 = 68 %], and for women: %BF = 8.608 + [(0.291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38.893 * WHtR) - (0.176 * age), R2 = 60 %, and %BF = 16.087 + [(0.306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.818 * TMI) - (0.300 * age), R2 = 59 %. Conclusion: this study showed that the sum of tricipital and subscapular skinfolds, IP and WHtR are adequate predictors of %BF. These indicators allowed the development of two regression equations acceptable in terms of precision and accuracy to predict %BF in children and adolescents of both sexes.

Introducción: Introducción: estudiar el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) en niños y adolescentes es muy relevante, puesto que un elevado nivel de grasa corporal en la infancia y la adolescencia representa sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: identificar los indicadores antropométricos que se relacionan con el %GC y validar ecuaciones de regresión para predecir el %GC de niños y adolescentes a partir del uso de la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) como método de referencia. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 1126 escolares (588 hombres y 538 mujeres) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila desde los 6,0 hasta los 17,9 años. Se evaluaron el peso, la estatura, dos pliegues cutáneos (tricipital y subescapular) y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice ponderal (IP) y el índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Se evaluó el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) por medio del escaneo DXA. Resultados: las relaciones entre Σ (Tricipital + Subescapular), IP e ICE con el %GC (DXA) fueron de R2 = 52-54 % en hombres y R2 = 41-49 % en mujeres. Las ecuaciones generadas para los hombres fueron: %GC = 9,775 + [(0,415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35,084 * ICE) - (0,828 * edad), R2 = 70 %, y %GC = 20,720 + [(0,492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,354 * IP) - (0,923 * edad), R2 = 68 %; y para mujeres: %GC = 8,608 + [(0,291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38,893 * ICE) - (0,176 * edad), R2 = 60 %, y %GC = 16,087 + [(0,306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,818 * IP) - (0,300 * edad), R2 = 59 %. Conclusión: este estudio demostró que la sumatoria de los pliegues cutáneos tricipital y subescapular, el IP y el ICE son adecuados predictores del %GC. Estos indicadores permitieron desarrollar dos ecuaciones de regresión aceptables en términos de precisión y exactitud para predecir el %GC en niños y adolescentes de ambos sexos.

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Background: The assessment of bone health throughout the life cycle is essential to determine fracture risk. The objectives of the work were (a) compare bone mineral density and content with international references from the United States, (b) determine maximum bone mass, (c) propose references for bone health measurements from ages 5 to 80 years old. Methods: Research was carried out on 5,416 subjects. Weight and height were measured. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. The total body was scanned using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Information was extracted from the bone health measures (bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC)) for both sexes, according to pediatric and adult software. Results and Discussion: Differences were identified between the mean values of Chilean and American men for BMD (~0.03 to 0.11 g/cm2) and BMC (~0.15 to 0.46 g). Chilean females showed average values for BMD similar to the US references (~-0.01 to 0.02 g/cm2). At the same time, they were relatively higher for BMC (~0.07 to 0.33 g). The cubic polynomial regression model reflected a relationship between BMD and BMC with chronological age in both sexes. For males, R2 was higher (R2 = 0.72 and 0.75) than for females (R2 = 0.59 and 0.66). The estimate of maximum bone mass (MBM) for males emerged at 30 years old (1.45 ± 0.18 g/cm2 of BMD and 3.57 ± 0.60 g of BMC) and for females at age 28 (1.22 ± 0.13 g/cm2 of BMD and 2.57 ± 0.44 g of BMC). The LMS technique was used to generate smoothed percentiles for BMD and BMC by age and sex. Results showed that maximum bone mass occurred in females at age 28 and in males at 30. Reference values obtained from this research may be used to evaluate bone health, diagnose bone fragility and osteoporosis in individuals and regional population groups.

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OBJECTIVE: To verify whether triponderal mass index (TMI) has a greater accuracy than body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as predictors of obesity in young people and older adults in a region of Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in 1176 adults (565 men and 611 women) from the Maule region (Chile). Their ages ranged from 20 to 80 years. The percentage of fat mass (%FM) was evaluated by means of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. TMI, BMI and WHtR were calculated. RESULTS: The %FM predictions for BMI were 0.47% for men and 0.50% for women; for TMI, it was 0.50% for men and 0.51% for women; for WC, it was 0.28% for men and 0.21% for women; and finally, for WHtR, it was 0.28% in men and 0.21% in women. The area under the curve (AUC) for BMI was 0.85 in men and 0.85 in women; for TMI, it was 0.87 in men and 0.86 in women; for WHtR, it was 0.76 in men and 0.72 in women; and for WC, the AUC was 0.72 in men and 0.71 in women. CONCLUSION: It was shown that TMI is the indicator that presented the greatest association with %FM and estimates body fat levels with greater precision than BMI, WC and WHtR. The results suggest its use and application as an indicator that discriminates obesity in young, middle-aged and elderly adults.

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