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Resumen Antecedentes: En la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales el 47% de prematuros requieren ventilación mecánica (VM), cuyo uso prolongado se asocia con secuelas a largo plazo. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo para falla en la extubación en prematuros. Material y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles; se tomó como casos las extubaciones fallidas (EF) y como controles las extubaciones exitosas (EE). El fracaso de la extubación se definió como la reintubación dentro de las primeras 72 horas. Resultados: El 46% de prematuros ingresados requirió VM. Se presentaron 12 EF y 27 EE. La proporción de EF fue del 31%. La VM más de 7 días fue del 17% en los casos y del 11% en los controles (OR: 0.6; IC 95%: 0.09-4.32; p = 0.634). La principal causa de reintubación fue por apnea (50%). Conclusiones: Los parámetros establecidos para este estudio no se determinaron como factores de riesgo para extubación fallida. Debido a los números de casos en este estudio, no podemos identificar un buen valor de corte para los factores de riesgo y predictores. Se requieren más estudios a gran escala para confirmar nuestros hallazgos y determinar los valores de corte.

Abstract Background: In the neonatal intensive care unit, 47% of premature infants require mechanical ventilation (MV); its prolonged use is associated with long-term sequelae. Objective: To identify the risk factors for extubation failure in premature infants. Material and methods: Case-control study, taking failed extubations (FE) as cases and successful extubations (SE) as controls. Extubation failure was defined as reintubation within the first 72 hours. Results: 46% of hospitalized premature infants required MV; twelve FE and 27 SE were presented. The proportion of FE was 31%. MV over 7 days was 17% in cases and 11% in controls (OR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.09-4.32; p = 0.634). The main cause of reintubation was apnea (50%). Conclusions: The parameters established for this study were not determined as risk factors for failed extubation. Due to the case numbers in this study, we are unable to identify a good cut-off value for risk factors and predictors. More large-scale studies are required to confirm our findings and determine cut-off values.

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Resumen El quilotórax congénito es la causa más común de derrame pleural en neonatos. Se caracteriza por el acúmulo de quilo en el espacio pleural. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con diagnóstico clínico de síndrome de Down y quilotórax congénito. Se detalla el uso de octreótida, lo cual reduce el volumen y la duración del drenaje de manera más rápida que únicamente con el manejo convencional. Todavía hay poca experiencia con el uso de la terapia con octreótida para esta afección y se desconoce la duración óptima del tratamiento para la evaluación de la respuesta.

Abstract Congenital chylothorax is the most common cause of pleural effusion in neonates. It is characterized by the accumulation of chyle in the pleural space. The case of a patient with a clinical diagnosis of Down syndrome and congenital chylothorax is presented. The use of octreotide is detailed, which reduces the volume and duration of drainage more quickly than with conventional management alone. There is little experience with the use of octreotide therapy for this condition and the optimal duration of treatment for assessment of response is unknown.

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Fundamento: la asignatura Biología Molecular ha presentado insuficiencias en el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Holguín, las que requieren solución. Objetivo: valorar la efectividad de una metodología de aprendizaje profesional basada en proyectos en la asignatura Biología Molecular como forma de perfeccionar el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Holguín durante el curso 2021. Se emplearon los métodos teóricos: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético y el inductivo-deductivo; empíricos: el análisis documental y el registro de las calificaciones de las preguntas de la primera convocatoria del examen final de la asignatura. Se realizaron pruebas estadísticas a los resultados de la evaluación final. Se utilizó una metodología de aprendizaje basada en proyectos para la implementación de la Biología Molecular, aplicada a una parte del contenido del programa analítico de la asignatura, que utilizó guías didácticas para los estudiantes y orientaciones metodológicas a los profesores, con el soporte de videos complementarios a las conferencias y a contenidos de currículo oculto, relacionados con la vinculación básico-clínica con orientación profesionalizante. Resultados: las preguntas del examen final cuyo contenido fue tratado según la metodología de proyecto de aprendizaje mostraron significativamente mejores resultados que aquellas tratadas de forma convencional. Conclusiones: la metodología de aprendizaje basada en proyectos para la asignatura Biología Molecular se determinó factible para su aplicación y proporcionó la flexibilidad necesaria para el tránsito de la docencia presencial a la modalidad a distancia.

Background: the Molecular Biology subject has presented insufficiencies in the teaching-learning process Holguín Faculty of Medical Sciences, which require a solution. Objective: to assess the effectiveness of a project-based professional learning methodology in the Molecular Biology subject as a way to improve the teaching-learning process. Methods: a development investigation was carried out at the Holguín Faculty of Medical Sciences during the 2021 academic year. Theoretical methods were used: historical-logical, analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive; Empirical ones: the documentary analysis and the record of the qualifications of the questions of the first call of the final exam of the subject. Statistical tests were performed on the results of the final evaluation. A project-based learning methodology was used for the implementation of Molecular Biology, applied to a part of the content of the analytical program of the subject, which used didactic guides for students and methodological orientations for teachers, with the support of complementary videos to the lectures and hidden curriculum contents, related to the basic-clinical link with a professional orientation. Results: the final exam questions where its content was treated according to the learning project methodology showed significantly better results than those treated conventionally. Conclusions: the project-based learning methodology for the Molecular Biology subject was determined feasible for its application and provided the necessary flexibility for the transition from face-to-face teaching to distance learning.

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La fibrosis quística (FQ) es una enfermedad autosómi- ca recesiva, más frecuente en población blanca, con una incidencia de 1/3000 a 1/8000. Se debe a una mutación en un gen que codifica una proteína reguladora de la conductancia transmembrana: cystic fibrosis transmem- brane conductance regulator (CFTR) que se encuentra en el brazo largo del cromosoma 7 y en la actualidad se han descrito más de 2,000 mutaciones en este gen. La naturaleza de las mutaciones se correlaciona con la expresión clínica. En los recién nacidos y lactantes, los signos y síntomas gastrointestinales, pancreáticos y he- páticos representan la presentación más común; entre el 80 y el 90% de los lactantes con íleo meconial tienen fibrosis quística. Se presenta el caso de un recién naci- do aparentemente sano, que desde el primer día presen- tó vómitos repetidos y a partir del segundo día datos francos de obstrucción intestinal, se realizó laparotomía exploradora y se encontró obstrucción intestinal por meconio espeso, posteriormente se realizó abordaje por sospecha de fibrosis quística por la presencia de íleo meconial confirmándose el diagnóstico mediante la se- cuenciación del gen CFTR demostrando que el paciente presenta dos variantes patogénicas de fibrosis quística...(AU)

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INTRODUCTION: Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The infection is generally asymptomatic and the most severe cases occur in immunosuppressed patients. The main route of transmission is the ingestion of water or food contaminated with cysts of the parasite. The objective of this work was the standardization of the PCR for the detection of the T. gondii B1 gene in meat and water samples and cloning of the product for use as a control. METHODS: The optimal reaction conditions of the different components of the PCR were determined and the technique was used to detect DNA from meat and water samples. Bands were purified and cloned into a pGEM-T-Easy vector and used as a control in the PCR. RESULTS: Optimal PCR conditions were; 100 µM dNTP, 0.4 µM primers, and 0.5 U Taq polymerase. The product obtained from the PCR was cloned with a simple cloning strategy with efficient results. With the standardized PCR and using the cloned DNA as a control, T. gondii DNA was detected in 90% of the positives samples of meat and water and there was no amplification in the negative samples. CONCLUSIONS: The PCR assay standardized in this study was demonstrated to be an effective technique to detect T. gondii DNA in meat and water samples. The cloning of PCR product and its application as a control in molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis might improve the reproducibility of this method and avoid the use of patient samples or cultures, which present several limitations.

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Chaetomium sp. is a mold, member of the phylum Ascomycota. Clinical disease in humans is rare, particularly in children, for which only five cases have been reported. We report a 7-months-old female patient with a diagnosis of visceral heterotaxy syndrome who was admitted to a private center in Mexico. After two episodes of focal myoclonic seizure, a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a right porencephalic cyst and a right frontal abscess with ventriculitis. Seventy-two hours after temporal abscesses drainage procedure, the culture showed a rapidly growing pale white fungal colony. Sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and D1/D2 led to the identification of Chaetomium strumarium. Although Chaetomium sp. is a rare fungal infection in humans, clinicians should consider it as a plausible etiologic agent that can form brain abscess.

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Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) is a new and emerging method of introducing complementary feeding in solid consistency, without the use of a spoon and entirely guided by the baby. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the BLW approach in relation to compliance with basic components and sources of information in Chilean families. Using a cross-sectional design, we assessed early nutrition, including breastfeeding and foods offered, maternal/child characteristics and sources of information on BLW among a non-probabilistic sample of mothers of children <24 months who reported practicing BLW (n = 261, median age = 28 years) in Chile. We found that 57.5% of mothers reported their child ate the same food as the family, 44.1% shared ≥3 meals with the family, 84.7% offered ≥3 foods at each meal and 75.6% reported only occasionally offering food with a spoon. The majority reported obtaining information on BLW from social media (82%). Moreover, 56% had offered cookies, 32% added salt and 9% sugar in the first 2 years. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months related to higher odds of consuming family foods (OR = 2.45, 95% CI 1.24-4.84), while having received information from professional sources and social media related to lower odds (OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.22-0.88 and OR = 0.31, 95% CI 0.15-0.66, respectively). Those who had appropriate weight gain had lower odds of consuming ≥3 foods in meals (OR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.13-0.96). Among mothers who reported practicing BLW with their children, we observed a wide variety of feeding habits, sources of information and low compliance with the studied components. Eating the same food as the family was the most prevalent component and social media was the main source of information on BLW.

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Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y severidad de caries de infancia temprana severa y factores de riesgo asociados en una poblaciónn de niños de 6-36 meses de edad, que asisten a guarderías estatales del área metropolitana de la ciudad de Guatemala. Materiales y métodos: Diseño analítico transversal. Se examinaron clínicamente 110 niños de 13 a 36 meses de edad para determinar el estado de caries según los criterios del Sistema Internacional de Detección y Valoración de Caries (Kappa 0.69). Además, se determinaron las características sociodemográficas, hábitos de alimentación e higiene dental a través de una entrevista a las madres de los participantes y se realizó análisis descriptivo de estas variables. Para determinar la relación entre variables se aplicaron las pruebas estadísticas U de Man Whitney y Tau-b de Kendall. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de caries de infancia temprana severa de 81.8%. En promedio cada individuo presentó 6.74 lesiones cariosas (IC 95% 5.62 - 7.92). El número promedio de lesiones no cavitadas fue 6.06 y de lesiones cavitadas fue 2.51. Se encontró que la edad y el porcentaje de superficies dentarias con presencia de placa están significativamente asociados con las caries de infancia temprana severa. Conclusiones: La alta prevalencia de caries (81.8%) y el carácter reversible de 2/3 de las lesiones encontradas demanda intervenciones preventivas de salud dental en esta población.

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência e a gravidade de cáries precoce na infância e fatores de risco associados em uma população de crianças de 6 a 36 meses que frequentam creches estaduais na região metropolitana da Cidade da Guatemala.Material e métodos: Projeto analítico transversal 110 crianças de 13 a 36 meses de idade foram examinadas clinicamente para determinar o status de cárie de acordo com os critérios do Sistema Internacional de Detecção e Avaliação de Cárie (Kappa 0,69). Além disso, as características sociodemográficas, hábitos alimentares e higiene dental foram determinadas por meio de entrevista com as mães dos participantes e análise descritiva dessas variáveis. Para determinar a relação entre as variáveis, foram aplicados os testes estatísticos U de Man Whitney e Tau-b de Kendall. Resultados: A prevalência de cárie na primeira infância foi de 81,8%. Em média, cada indivíduo apresentou 6,74 lesões de cárie (IC95 % 5,62 - 7,92). O número médio de lesões não cavitadas foi de 6,06 e as cavitadas foram de 2,51. Verificou-se que a idade e a porcentagem de superfícies dentárias com presença de placa estão significativamente associadas à cárie precoce. Conclusões: A alta prevalência de cárie encontrada (81,8 %) e do tipo reversível foi de 2/3 das lesões encontradas demandam intervenções preventivas de saúde bucal nessa população

Objective: To determine the prevalence and severity of early childhood caries and the associated risk factors, in a population of 6 to 36 months old children that attend governmental daycares in the metropolitan area of Guatemala City. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical design 110 children from 13 to 36 months of age were clinically examined to determine caries status according to the criteria of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (Kappa 0.69). In addition, sociodemographic characteristics, eating and dental hygiene habits were established through a survey done to the mothers of the participants. To determine the relationship between variables, the statistical tests U of Man Whitney and Tau-b of Kendall were applied. Results: There was an 81.8% of prevalence found of severe early childhood caries. In average, each subject showed 6.74 carious lesions (IC 95% 5.62 ­ 7.92). The average number of non-cavitated lesions was 6.06 and 2.51 for cavitated lesions. It was found that age (τb = .224, p = .001) and the percentage of dental surface with plaque (τb = 0.352 p = .002) are significantly associated with severe early childhood caries. Conclusion: The high prevalence from found caries (81.8%) and the reversible type of 2/3 from the found lesions, show a need of preventive interventions of dental health in this population

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BACKGROUND: Soft tissue or skin infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been reported frequently and are mostly associated with trauma or cosmetic interventions like plastic surgery. However, infection with NTM as a result of a dental procedure have rarely been described and the lack of clinical suspicion and a clear clinical manifestation makes diagnosis challenging. CASE PRESENTATION: We report on three patients with a facial cutaneous sinus tract of dental origin, due to an infection with respectively Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. abscessus and M. peregrinum. The infection source was the dental unit waterlines (DUWLs), which were colonized with NTM. CONCLUSIONS: Water of the DUWL can pose a health risk. This report emphasizes the need for quality control and certification of water flowing through DUWLs, including the absence of NTM. Our report also shows the need for a rapid recognition of NTM infections and accurate laboratory diagnosis in order to avoid long-term ineffective antibiotic treatment.

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INTRODUCTION: Although the use of ultrasound for the insertion of central catheters has proven to be cost-effective in adults, it is not known if this is the case in the neonatal population. This study compared the cost-effectiveness of ultrasound-guided umbilical venous catheterisation with conventional catheterisation in a neonatal intensive care unit of a Public University Hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted on newborns that required an umbilical venous catheter before completing their first 24hours of extra-uterine life. Two retrospective cohorts were formed, including one with ultrasound-guided catheterisation and the other with conventional catheterisation. The effectiveness was measured using 2 variables: placement of ideal position and insertion without complications. The cost of human and material resources (consumable and non-consumable), the cost-effectiveness ratio, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio were estimated, as well as carrying out a sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: Catheter obstruction was more frequent in guided catheterisation than in conventional catheterisation (7.7% vs. 0%, p=.04) and catheter dysfunction was higher in the latter (79% vs. 3.8%, p<.0001). The cost-effectiveness ratio of the guided catheterisation was €153.9, and €484.6 for the conventional one. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was €45.5. The sensitivity analysis showed a €2.6 increase in the cost-effectiveness ratio of the guided catheterisation and €47 in the conventional one. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ultrasound to guide umbilical catheterisation is more efficient than conventional catheterisation since, despite using more economic resources, it offers greater effectiveness.

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