RESUMO
The mechanisms that negatively regulate inflammation upon a pathogenic stimulus are crucial for the maintenance of tissue integrity and organ function. T regulatory cells are one of the main drivers in controlling inflammation. The ability of T regulatory cells to adapt to different inflammatory cues and suppress inflammation is one of the relevant features of T regulatory cells. During this process, T regulatory cells express different transcription factors associated with their counterparts, Th helper cells, including Tbx21, GATA-3, Bcl6, and Rorc. The acquisition of this transcription factor helps the T regulatory cells to suppress and migrate to the different inflamed tissues. Additionally, the T regulatory cells have different mechanisms that preserve stability while acquiring a particular T regulatory cell subtype. This review focuses on describing T regulatory cell subtypes and the mechanisms that maintain their identity in health and diseases.
Assuntos
Plasticidade Celular , Linfócitos T Reguladores , Humanos , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Animais , Plasticidade Celular/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Positive end-expiratory pressure increases mean airway pressure (Paw) in patients with mechanical ventilation. We undertook this study to compare mean airway pressure (Paw) generated with static PEEP (sPEEP) vs. dynamic PEEP (dPEEP) at the same level of total PEEP (tPEEP) in the same patient with pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation (PC). METHODS: We conducted a prospective clinical trial at the Intensive Care Unit of a university-affiliated hospital. Consecutive patients in PC with SaO2>90%; FiO2<50%; sPEEP of 4 cm H2O and inspiration-expiration ratio (I:E ratio) 1:2 were included in the study. After a basal period of time of 15 min, Paw was registered (phase one of the study protocol). In phase 2 with the ventilator settings constant, only the I:E ratio was switched to 2:1 to generate dPEEP, and after 15 min Paw and total PEEP (tPEEP) were registered (tPEEP=sPEEP+dPEEP). In phase 3, the I:E ratio was switched back to 1:2 substituting the dPEEP generated in the second phase of the study by sPEEP to maintain the same level of tPEEP of phase 2. After 15 min, Paw was again registered. Friedman and Wilcoxon's test were used, p value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Thirty eight patients were admitted to the study protocol, tPEEP was 4, 8 and 8 cm H2O and median of the Paw 8.7, 13.8, and 11.4 cm H2O, respectively, with a p value<0.05 in the first, second and third phases of the study. CONCLUSIONS: During pressure control ventilation, mean airway pressure is affected by the level of total PEEP and its composition. Paw is higher when dynamic PEEP participates in the composition of total PEEP.
Assuntos
Respiração com Pressão Positiva , Mecânica Respiratória/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pressão , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Introducción: la presión positiva al final de la espiración (PEEP) incrementa la presión media de la vía aérea (Paw) en pacientes con ventilación mecánica. Con el objetivo de comparar la presión media de la vía aérea que se obtiene en un mismo paciente con ventilación mecánica controlada por presión al aplicar presión positiva al final de la espiración estática (PEEPe) y al aplicar presión positiva al final de la espiración dinámica (PEEPd), se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, experimental, comparativo y de grupos relacionados. Material y métodos: se incluyeron pacientes con ventilación mecánica controlada por presión con SaO2 > 90 % y FiO2 < 50%, con PEEPe de 4 cm de H2O y relación inspiraciónespiración de 1:2. Después de 15 minutos se midió la presión media de la vía aérea (fase 1). Posteriormente se modificó la relación inspiración-espiración a 2:1 por 15 minutos, con el fin de generar PEEPd (fase 2). Una vez registrada la presión media de la vía aérea, en la fase 3 se regresó de nuevo a la relación inspiración-espiración 1:2, sustituyendo la PEEPd obtenida en la fase 2 por PEEPe para mantener la misma presión positiva al final de la espiración total (PEEPt) de la fase 2 (PEEPt = PEEPe + PEEPd). Concluidos los 15 minutos de estabilización, se registró de nuevo la presión media de la vía aérea y la PEEPt. Se utilizaron las pruebas de Friedman y Wilcoxon, considerando una p < 0.05 como estadísticamente significativa. Resultados: se estudiaron 38 pacientes. La PEEPt fue de 4, 8 y 8 cm de H2O, y las medianas de la presión media de la vía aérea fueron de 8.7, 13.8 y 11.4 cm de H2O en las fases 1, 2 y 3 respectivamente (p < 0.05). Conclusiones: en un mismo paciente con ventilación mecánica controlada por presión y con los mismos niveles de PEEPt, la presión media de la vía aérea es mayor al utilizar PEEPd que PEEPe.
BACKGROUND: Positive end-expiratory pressure increases mean airway pressure (Paw) in patients with mechanical ventilation. We undertook this study to compare mean airway pressure (Paw) generated with static PEEP (sPEEP) vs. dynamic PEEP (dPEEP) at the same level of total PEEP (tPEEP) in the same patient with pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation (PC). METHODS: We conducted a prospective clinical trial at the Intensive Care Unit of a university-affiliated hospital. Consecutive patients in PC with SaO2>90%; FiO2<50%; sPEEP of 4 cm H2O and inspiration-expiration ratio (I:E ratio) 1:2 were included in the study. After a basal period of time of 15 min, Paw was registered (phase one of the study protocol). In phase 2 with the ventilator settings constant, only the I:E ratio was switched to 2:1 to generate dPEEP, and after 15 min Paw and total PEEP (tPEEP) were registered (tPEEP=sPEEP+dPEEP). In phase 3, the I:E ratio was switched back to 1:2 substituting the dPEEP generated in the second phase of the study by sPEEP to maintain the same level of tPEEP of phase 2. After 15 min, Paw was again registered. Friedman and Wilcoxon's test were used, p value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Thirty eight patients were admitted to the study protocol, tPEEP was 4, 8 and 8 cm H2O and median of the Paw 8.7, 13.8, and 11.4 cm H2O, respectively, with a p value<0.05 in the first, second and third phases of the study. CONCLUSIONS: During pressure control ventilation, mean airway pressure is affected by the level of total PEEP and its composition. Paw is higher when dynamic PEEP participates in the composition of total PEEP.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mecânica Respiratória/fisiologia , Respiração com Pressão Positiva , Pressão , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of alpha dihidroergocriptine in patients with fibrocystic mastopathy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with diagnosis of fibrocystic breast disease were included in a prospective longitudinal blind double, controlled with placebo study. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: of treatment group A: Alpha dihidroergocriptine tablets of 10 mg, group B: Placebo, during 6 months. After to basal evaluation, the patients were revised in a monthly way evaluating the following symptoms and signs: mastalgia, mammary tension, presence of nodules, nipple secretion, and the presence of adverse events. RESULTS: 39 patients with alpha dihidroergocriptine and 38 with placebo. Mastodinia, a satisfactory response was observed in 100% of alpha dihidroergocriptine group vs 61.11% of placebo group (p = 0.0002). Mastalgia responded in 100% of alpha dihidroergocriptine group vs 64.86% of placebo group (p = 0.0003). Galactorrea responded 100% of alpha dihidroergocriptine group vs 93.33% of the placebo. The nodules in the group alpha dihidroergocriptine disappeared in 23.1% and in 21.1% of the placebo group. Ultrasound evaluation of the nodules did not show significant differences between both groups. Prolactin levels showed a decrease in the group treated with alpha dihidroergocriptine with an important difference between both groups at the end of the 6 months study period. There were not differences in the presence of adverse events between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Alpha dihidroergocriptine is effective in the treatment of fribrocystic breast disease with minimum adverse events when compared with similar drugs.