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Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) are detected pollutants in aquatic environments worldwide at concentrations ranging from ng L-1 to µg L-1. Currently, PhAC monitoring is poorly realized in Mexico. This study proposes a priority list of PhACs in Mexican aquatic environments, considering their occurrence and environmental and human health risks. Ecological risks were assessed as Risk Quotients (RQ) values using the PhAC concentrations detected in surface water, obtaining high risks (RQ > 1) against aquatic organisms, especially of naproxen, ibuprofen, diclofenac, acetaminophen, 17ß-estradiol, carbamazepine, ketoprofen, caffeine. In contrast, potential human health risks (RQH) were assessed on the Mexican population using the concentrations quantified in groundwater, demonstrating potential risks (RQH > 0.2) on the population, particularly of DCF and CBZ. Thus, a priority list of PhACs can be used as a reference for environmental monitoring in Mexican water supplies as well as PhACs monitoring in countries of the Caribbean region and Central America.
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Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , México , Humanos , Medição de Risco , Preparações Farmacêuticas/análise , Organismos Aquáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Água Subterrânea/análise , Água Subterrânea/química , AnimaisRESUMO
One of the activities most representative of the agricultural sector in Colombia is the production of biodegradable fique fiber. The efficiency of the defiberization process of the fique leaves is very low since a mere 4% of the total weight of the leaf (cabuya) is used and marketed. The remaining 96%, composed of fique juice and bagasse, is considered to be waste and discarded, impacting the environment. The aim of this work was to study fique bagasse as a source of cellulose nanoparticles (CNCs). CNCs were obtained by acid hydrolysis and added at 10% to films made from cassava thermoplastic starch (TPS) by the casting method. Structural changes in the CNCs, TPS, and their mixtures were characterized by FTIR-ATR and their morphology and particle size by SEM and TEM microscopy, respectively. Thermal properties were analyzed using DSC and TGA, along with their effect on mechanical properties. Changes in the FTIR spectra indicated that the chemical method adequately removed hemicellulose and lignin from the fiber surface of fique bagasse. The CNCs showed a diameter and length of 7.5 ± 3.9 and 52.7 ± 18.1 nm, respectively, and TPS 10% CNC obtained an increase in mechanical strength of 116%. The obtainment of CNCs from lignocellulosic materials can thus be viewed as a favorable option for the subsequent reinforcement of a polymeric matrix.
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Thermoplastic starch (TPS) has emerged as an essential alternative to produce environmentally friendly packaging; however, retrogradation is a disadvantage that affects its shelf life. This study analyzed the co-plasticizing effect of isosorbide on the mechanical, thermal, physicochemical, and microstructural properties and the retrogradation of films obtained by blown film extrusion from thermoplasticized starch with mixtures of glycerol and isosorbide in different ratios (3:0, 2:1, 1:2, and 0:3, respectively). The results showed that the higher concentration of isosorbide significantly increased the tensile strength; however, it reduced the elongation. Retrogradation modeled using the Avrami equation showed that the presence of isosorbide reduced the retrogradation rate (k) and modified the recrystallization mechanism (n). The relative crystallinity in the plasticized TPS films was reduced to 89%, and the adsorption significantly decreased. Isosorbide was very important in reducing the retrogradation of TPS. The best performance was obtained with the 2:1 ratio of glycerol/isosorbide due to the synergistic effect between the plasticizers. The results would allow tuning the properties of TPS films by combining glycerol/isosorbide in different ratios, which enables the design of materials tailored to potential application requirements.
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This work aims to evaluate the effect of the addition of a high-protein hydrolyzed (HPH) flour from the chemical silage of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) residues on the parameters of the extrusion system physicochemical transformations and the microstructure of the extrudate. During the extrusion process, the materials used for the study were the HPH flour obtained from trout by chemical silage, fishmeal, and cassava starch. The extrudate's microstructural changes were evaluated by determining the porosity, scanning electron microscopy, the chemical changes, the amino acid profile, residual formic and lactic acid content, the molecular mass profile, the grade of hydrolysis, and in vitro digestibility. The results showed pellets with high durability due to the cohesiveness of the hydrolyzed protein flour but at the same time with low hardness due to the high porosity achieved. The monitoring carried out to the changes in the protein, such as the degree of hydrolysis, water-soluble protein, and molecular mass profile, verify the binding effect of the high-protein hydrolyzed flour during the extrusion process. Finally, the high-resolution optical microscopy methodology presented a high correlation with the phenomena presented in the experiment.
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Contamination caused by the accumulation of petrochemical-based plastics has reached worrying magnitudes and led to the development of biopolymers as an option to mitigate the problem. This work thus presents a bibliometric analysis of all that concerns the development of such bionanocomposite materials, using ScientoPy and SciMAT software to establish associations between the number of published documents, countries, institutions and most relevant topics. The bionanocomposites topic was found to throw up the biggest number of documents associated (2008) with the different types of raw materials and methods used to obtain nanoparticles and their combination with biopolymeric materials, the result known as a "bionancomposite*". Analysis of the documents related to the application for development of packaging materials from biological molecules, carbohydrate polymers, compounds, conjugates, gels, glucans, hydrogels, membranes, mucilage (source unspecified), mucoadhesives, paper, polymers, polysaccharide, saccharides etc, is also presented, emphasizing mechanical, thermal and barrier properties, which, due to the inclusion of nanoparticles mainly from natural sources of cellulose, show increases of up to 30%. The inclusion of nanoparticles, especially those derived from cellulose sources, generally seeks to increase the properties of bionanocomposite materials. Regarding an increase in mechanical properties, specifically tensile strength, inclusions at percentages not exceeding 10 wt% can register increases that exceed 30% were reported.
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Ácidos/química , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Biopolímeros/química , Embalagem de Alimentos , Lignina/química , Nanocompostos/química , Bibliometria , Materiais Biocompatíveis/síntese química , Análise por Conglomerados , Análise de DadosRESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar los factores asociados a hemoptisis en pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar admitidos al Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. Métodos. Estudio analítico de casos y controles. Se seleccionaron pacientes con baciloscopia positiva del programa de tuberculosis del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima - Perú. Los casos fueron pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar con hemoptisis; y los controles, tuberculosis pulmonar sin hemoptisis. Se estudiaron variables epidemiológicas, clínicas y laboratoriales. Se empleo el software SPSS 24. Se determinaron medidas de frecuencia, medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión, así como los odds ratio con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95%, se consideró estadísticamente significativo el valor de p<0,05. Resultados. La hemoptisis representó el 5,8% del total de pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar y baciloscopia positiva, el 80% se presentó en varones menores de 60 años. El 70% de casos tuvo antecedente de hábito alcohólico (OR: 2,5 IC: 1,2-5,5); el 24% exposición a quema de biomasa (OR: 4,9 IC: 1,7-14); el 66% presentó dolor torácico (OR: 3,3 IC: 1,6-6,7); las alteraciones tomográficas estuvieron presentes en el 88% de casos (OR: 24,5 IC: 9,2-64,8); no se encontró variaciones en el perfil de coagulación. La mortalidad por hemoptisis en pacientes hospitalizados con tuberculosis pulmonar con baciloscopía positiva fue del 20,22%. Conclusiones. El alcoholismo crónico y la evidencia tomográfica de bronquiectasia estuvieron asociados a hemoptisis en pacientes hospitalizados por tuberculosis pulmonar con baciloscopia positiva.
ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine the factors associated with hemoptysis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis admitted at Dos de Mayo National Hospital. Methods. Analytical study of cases and controls. Patients from the tuberculosis program at Dos de Mayo National Hospital, Lima- Peru, were selected. The cases were patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with hemoptysis, and controls pulmonary tuberculosis without hemoptysis. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory variables were studied. SPSS 24 software is used. Frequency, central trend and dispersion measurements were determined, as well as odds ratios with their respective confidence intervals at 95%, the value of p<0,05 was considered statistically significant. Results. Tuberculosis hemoptysis account for 5,8% of all patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 80% occurred in males under 60 years old. 70% of cases had a history of alcoholic habits (OR: 2,5 CI: 1,2-5,5); 24% exposure to biomass burning (OR: 4,9 CI: 1,7-14); 66% had chest pain (OR: 3,3 IC: 1,6-6,7); tomographic alterations were present in 88% of cases (OR: 24,5 IC: 9,2-64,8); however, no variations in the coagulation profile were found. Death from hemoptysis in hospitalized patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was 20,22%. Conclusions. Chronic alcoholism and tomographic evidence of bronchiectasis were associated with hemoptysis in patients hospitalized for pulmonary tuberculosis with positive smear microscopy.
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TPS/MA/PLA is a blend of thermoplastic starch (TPS) and polylactic acid (PLA) compatibilized by maleic anhydride (MA) that can be a substitute for petro-based plastics in certain applications. At the end of its life, this material must be properly disposed in treatment systems such as composting or anaerobic digestion. The biodegradability of TPS/MA/PLA, PLA, TPS and the non-compatible mixture (TPS/PLA) was evaluated in a slurry thermophilic anaerobic digestion system (STAD) according to ISO 13975-2012 standard. The anaerobic inoculum was prepared from cow manure and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. After 31â¯days of incubation, the pure PLA exhibited a 12-day lag phase and 40.41% of biodegradability. TPS, TPS/PLA and TPS/MA/PLA did not exhibit lag phase and reached 92.11%, 65.48% and 64.82% of biodegradation respectively. The slow degradation rate of PLA is attributed to its high glass transition temperature and crystallinity. In TPS/MA/PLA and TPS/PLA, about 50% of PLA and 13% to 10% of the TPS remains undegraded and MA did not affect the biodegradation of TPS/MA/PLA compared to TPS/PLA. Results suggest that, in very short retention times STAD systems, PLA based materials could not exhibit enough biodegradability.
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Biodegradação Ambiental , Anidridos Maleicos/química , Poliésteres/química , Amido/química , Anaerobiose/genética , Temperatura AltaRESUMO
Introducción: En las últimas dos décadas se han multiplicado las escuelas de Medicina Humana a nivel mundial y, específicamente, en Latinoamérica. Este aumento conlleva a una mayor población estudiantil que utilizará los centros hospitalarios como sus sedes de prácticas. Objetivo: Identificar el grado de satisfacción acerca de las prácticas hospitalarias en estudiantes de Medicina Humana de la universidad privada del Perú San Martín de Porres, Chiclayo, en 2016. Métodos: Estudio no experimental, observacional, descriptivo y transversal. La población estuvo constituida por estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina Humana de cuarto, quinto y sexto años de estudios. El instrumento fue la "Escala de satisfacción de prácticas clínicas hospitalarias", constituido por 19 enunciados y estructurado en 3 dimensiones. Resultados: Se encuestó a 146 estudiantes, de los cuales el 53,4 por ciento correspondió al sexo femenino. La edad promedio fue de 23 ± 2,1 años. Se encontró que 76 estudiantes (50 por ciento) estaban "satisfechos" y "muy satisfechos" con el planeamiento, la ejecución y la evaluación de las prácticas hospitalarias. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes de Medicina Humana de la universidad privada del Perú San Martín de Porres, en 2016 se encontraron satisfechos con las prácticas hospitalarias(AU)
Introduction: In the last two decades, the schools of Human Medicine have multiplied worldwide and, specifically, in Latin America. This increase leads to a larger student population that will use the hospital centers as their practice headquarters. Objective: To identify the degree of satisfaction about hospital practices in students of Human Medicine from the Peruvian private university of San Martín de Porres, Chiclayo, in 2016. Methods: Non-experimental, observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The population was made up of students of the School of Human Medicine and belongin to the fourth, fifth and sixth academic years. The instrument was the Hospital Clinical Practice Satisfaction Scale, consisting of 19 statements and structured in 3 dimensions. Results: 146 students were surveyed, of which 53.4 percent corresponded to the female sex. The average age was 23±2.1 years. It was found that 76 students (50 prcent) were "satisfied" and "very satisfied" with the planning, execution and evaluation of hospital practices. Conclusions: The students of Human Medicine of the Peruvian private university of Peru San Martín de Porres, in 2016, were satisfied with the hospital practices(AU)
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Humanos , Instituições Acadêmicas , Faculdades de Medicina , Estudantes de Medicina , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
Photocatalytic degradation of p-Cresol was evaluated using the mixed oxide Bi2O3/TiO2 (containing 2 and 20% wt. Bi2O3 referred as TB2 and TB20) and was compared with bare TiO2 under simulated solar radiation. Materials were prepared by the classic sol-gel method. All solids exhibited the anatase phase by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The synthesized materials presented lower crystallite size and Eg value, and also higher surface area as Bi2O3 amount was increased. Bi content was quantified showing near to 70% of theoretical values in TB2 and TB20. Bi2O3 incorporation also was demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Characterization of mixed oxides suggests a homogeneous distribution of Bi2O3 on TiO2 surface. Photocatalytic tests were carried out using a catalyst loading of 1 g L-1 under simulated solar light and visible light. The incorporation of Bi2O3 in TiO2 improved the photocatalytic properties of the synthesized materials obtaining better results with TB20 than the unmodified TiO2 under both radiation sources.