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The measurement of isometric muscle torque with hand-held dynamometry is a technique little studied in the pediatric setting for the evaluation of maximal isometric muscle strength. OBJECTIVE: to determine the reliability of hand-held dynamometry to obtain the maximal isometric torque of upper and lower limb muscle groups in Chilean children and adolescents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Crosssectional study. Seventy-two participants aged between 7 and 15 years were selected from a school in Talca. Maximal isometric torque was recorded in 15 muscle groups of upper and lower limbs through hand-held dynamometry. Intra- and inter-rater evaluation was used, applying the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to determine the reliability of the tests and Bland-Altman plots to evaluate concordance. RESULTS: The results demonstrated good to excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.850.98) and intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.87-0.98). Only two groups, hip extensors and abductors, showed good inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.85 and ICC = 0.88, respectively); and one group, the ankle dorsiflexors, showed good intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.87). 100% of the tests presented at least 95.8% inter- and intra-rater agreement on the Bland-Altman plots. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of isometric muscle torque using hand-held dynamometry is a reliable procedure for use in different growth periods.

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Background and Objectives: Patients at high altitudes with COVID-19 may experience a decrease in their partial oxygen saturation (PO2S) levels. The objective was to assess the association between PO2S and intensive care unit (ICU) stay in patients at high altitudes with COVID-19. Materials and Methods: Clinical records of 69 COVID-19 patients (36% women) admitted to the ICU were analyzed. Median values were considered for intra-group categories ("≤11 days" and ">11 days" in the ICU) and for PO2S height categories ("<90%" and "≥90%"). Logistic regression and linear regression models adjusted for confounding variables were used. Results: Patients with >11 days in the ICU had 84% lower odds of having a PO2S ≥ 90% (OR: 0.16 [CI: 0.02, 0.69], p = 0.005) compared to those with ≤11 days in the ICU. An increase in PO2S by 1% reduced ICU stay by 0.22 days (ß: -0.22 [CI: -0.33, -0.11], p < 0.001), potentially leading to a reduction of up to 1.44 days. Conclusions: PO2S is a crucial factor in estimating ICU stays for COVID-19 patients at high altitudes and serves as an accessible and cost-effective measure. It should be used in infected patients to complement the prognosis of post-pandemic ICU stay.

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ABSTRACT For the researchers, physical literacy (AFi) is the objective to be achieved in Physical Education, for seeking competent subjects, capable of adhering to physical activity throughout their lives, with continuous personal, social, affective, and physical development. Quantitative, descriptive-correlational research was carried out, with a non-experimental design and a non-probabilistic sample of 322 subjects, students from 12 to 18 years old from private, public, and subsidized schools in Talca, Chile. The aim was to relate the level of AFi, engagement and perceived emotionality. Data were collected by the Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI), Behavioral Engagement Questionnaire (BEQ) and Scale for Mood Assessment (EVEA). A positive relationship was identified with a higher level of physical literacy, higher levels of happiness (r=0.37) and emotional engagement (r=0.54), decreasing the indexes of hostility (r=-0.25) and the private establishments reach the highest levels of anxiety (X̅=3.2). It is concluded that the higher the level of AFi, the greater the commitment and the greater the regulation of emotional factors.

RESUMO A alfabetização física (AFi) é o objetivo para os pesquisadores na Educação Física, buscando sujeitos competentes e capazes de aderir à atividade física ao longo de suas vidas, com desenvolvimento contínuo pessoal, social, afetivo e físico. Esta pesquisa é de natureza quantitativa, descritiva-correlacional, com um desenho não experimental e uma amostra não probabilística de 322 sujeitos, estudantes de 12 a 18 anos de escolas particulares, municipais e subsidiadas na cidade de Talca, Chile. O objetivo foi relacionar o nível de AFi, comprometimento e emocionalidade percebida. Os dados foram coletados por meio do Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI), Behavioral Engagement Questionnaire (BEQ) e Escala de Avaliação do Estado de Ânimo (EVEA). Identificou-se uma relação positiva com um maior nível de alfabetização física, maior nível de alegria (r=0,37) e comprometimento emocional (r=0,54), diminuindo os índices de hostilidade (r=-0,25). As escolas particulares atingem os níveis mais altos de ansiedade (X̅=3,2). Conclui-se que um maior nível de AFi está associado a um maior comprometimento e maior regulação dos fatores emocionais.

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ABSTRACT Motivation is a fundamental element for the practice of physical activity and the feeling of satisfaction with life. However, little is known about the role of such psychological variables in the lifestyle of Chilean university students. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between life satisfaction and the regulations of motivation and to compare such variables by physical activity level and sedentary behaviour of university students. The sample comprised 95 Chilean university students (63.2% female), with a mean age of 20.92 ± 1.98 years. The instruments were the IPAQ, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire. Descriptive measures, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Student's t-tests were used to analyse the data. The results revealed positive and significant correlations between life satisfaction and intrinsic (r = 0,44), integrated (r = 0,38), and identified (r = 0,41) regulation. Students with high levels of physical activity scored higher for intrinsic, integrated, and identified regulation. Those who reported low sedentary behaviour showed higher identified regulation. Therefore, it is suggested that students' motivational regulation may differ on some dimensions as those with higher levels of physical activity show more adaptive motivational regulation. Identified regulation also seems to play an important role in decreasing sedentary behaviour.

RESUMO A motivação é elemento fundamental para a prática de atividade física e o sentimento de satisfação com a vida. Contudo, pouco se sabe sobre o papel de tais variáveis psicológicas no estilo de vida de estudantes universitários chilenos. Este estudo teve como objetivos analisar as relações entre a satisfação com a vida e as regulações da motivação, e comparar tais variáveis em função do nível de atividade física e do comportamento sedentário de estudantes universitários. A amostra foi composta por 95 estudantes universitários chilenos (63,2% do gênero feminino), com idade média de 20,92 ± 1,98 anos. Os instrumentos avaliados foram o IPAQ, a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida e o Questionário de Regulação do Comportamento do Exercício. Medidas descritivas, coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e testes t de Student foram utilizados para analisar os dados. Os resultados revelaram correlações positivas e significativas entre satisfação com a vida e regulação intrínseca (r = 0,44), integrada (r = 0,38) e identificada (r = 0,41). Os estudantes com alto nível de atividade física obtiveram maiores pontuações para regulação intrínseca, integrada e identificada. Os indivíduos que reportaram menor comportamento sedentário possuíam maior regulação identificada. Desse modo, sugere-se que a regulação motivacional dos estudantes pode ser diferente em algumas dimensões, sendo que os indivíduos com maior nível de atividade física semanal demonstram regulações motivacionais mais adaptativas. A regulação identificada também parece desempenhar um papel importante para a redução do comportamento sedentário.

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OBJECTIVES: To describe the level of physical activity of a male prison population measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), correlating years of sentence and age range. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Non-experimental cross-sectional and descriptive study. The data was collected through the short version IPAQ questionnaire. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, and an inferential analysis was carried out, with a P ≥ 0.05. RESULTS: The questionnaire was applied to a sample of 100 male prisoners from the city of Talca, Chile. They were grouped firstly into years of sentence and then by age range, obtaining a result from the evaluated population that shows moderate level of physical activity despite the context of confinement, in which walking is the activity that generates more MET's among the sample. There are no significant differences between the evaluated groups. DISCUSSION: The evaluated population shows a lower level of physical activity than a similar group in other countries, although they show better levels of physical activity when they are compared to the Chilean general public. Walking, which prisoners do every day in the modules and shared spaces in prison, is found to be a protective factor against chronic non-communicable diseases.

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Abstract Background: Maximum oxygen consumption is an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness. Aim: The purpose was, first, to relate and compare the V̇O2max as the dependent variable with the estimated distance in the six-minute walk test (SMWT) as the independent variable in university students and, secondly, to relate the distance (dependent) with demographic and anthropometric variables (independents). Methodology: A correlational, descriptive, and quantitative study with a non-experimental design was conducted on 110 university students. In the study, basic anthropometry and vital signs were measured. A direct method of V̇O2max (Bruce test) on a treadmill was applied. Then, the distance covered in the SMWT was evaluated with two equations available in the scientific literature. Differences between men and women were measured in the tests, the correlation between the distances estimated with V̇O2max and anthropometric variables, and repeated ANOVA measurement tests between V̇O2max and estimated distance were analyzed with the SPSS v.22 program (p<0.05). Results: Significant correlations were found between V̇O2max and estimated distances (p<0.05) in the total sample, men and women, and in some cases, the distance correlated with gender, age, weight, height, and BMI (p<0.05). However, there were differences between V̇O2max and distances estimated in the SMWT (p<0.001). Conclusions: The V̇O2max measurement method is different from the distance prediction equations, although they have a significant relationship.

Resumen Antecedentes: El consumo máximo de oxígeno es un indicador de la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria. Objetivo: El objetivo fue relacionar y comparar el V̇O2máx. como variable dependiente con la distancia estimada en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos (PC6M) como variable independiente en estudiantes universitarios, a la vez relacionar la distancia (dependiente) con variables demográficas y antropométricas (independientes). Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal, y descriptivo-correlacional en el que participaron 110 estudiantes universitarios. Se midió antropometría básica y signos vitales, y se aplicó un método directo de V̇O2máx. (Test de Bruce) en cinta rodante, luego se estimó la distancia recorrida en PC6M con dos ecuaciones disponibles en la literatura. Diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en las pruebas aplicadas, correlación entre las distancias estimadas con el V̇O2máx. y variables antropométricas, y la prueba de ANOVA de medidas repetidas entre el V̇O2máx. y las distancias estimadas fueron utilizadas con el programa SPSS v.22 (p<0,05). Resultados: Se encontró correlaciones significativas entre el V̇O2máx. y distancias estimadas (p<0,05) en la muestra, en hombres y mujeres, y en algunos casos la distancia se correlacionó con el sexo, la edad, el peso, la estatura y el IMC (p<0,05). Sin embargo, hubo diferencias entre el V̇O2máx. y las distancias estimadas en la PC6M (p<0,001). Conclusiones: El método directo de V̇O2máx. es distinto de las ecuaciones de predicción de distancia, aunque tienen relación significativa.

Resumo Antecedentes: O consumo máximo de oxigênio é um indicador de aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Objetivo: O objetivo é relacionar e comparar a V̇O2 máx. como variável dependente com a distância estimada no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) como uma variável independente em estudantes universitários, ao mesmo tempo, relacionar a distância (dependente) com variáveis demográficas e antropométricas (independente). Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, não-experimental, transversal, descritivo-correlativo, no qual participaram 110 estudantes universitários. Antropometria básica e sinais vitais foram medidos, e um método direto de V̇O2 máx. (teste Bruce) foi aplicado na esteira, então a distância coberta em TC6M foi estimada com duas equações disponíveis na literatura. Diferenças entre homens e mulheres nos testes aplicados, correlação entre distâncias estimadas com V̇O2 máx. e variáveis antropométricas, e medidas repetidas teste ANOVA entre V̇O2 máx. e distâncias estimadas foram usadas com SPSS v.22 (p<0,05). Resultados: Foram encontradas correlações significativas entre V̇O2 máx. e distâncias estimadas (p<0,05) na amostra, em homens e mulheres, e em alguns casos a distância correlacionada com sexo, idade, peso, altura e IMC (p<0,05). Entretanto, houve diferenças entre V̇O2 máx. e distâncias estimadas em TC6M (p<0,001). Conclusões: O método direto de V̇O2 máx. é diferente das equações de previsão de distância, embora elas tenham relações significativas.

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BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) practice reduces the adverse effects of COVID-19. PA counseling promotes healthy lifestyles and prevents cardiometabolic diseases. AIM: To assess the trend in cases of PA counseling and the cardiometabolic disease between 2012 and 2019 (before COVID-19) in a southern Chilean region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Records of Maule Region Health Service for 731.163 men, and 829.097 women aged < 10 to ≥ 65 years were analyzed. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) during the study period and the annual percentage change (APC) during intermediate periods, were calculated. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in PA counseling in women in the study period (AAPC: −13.6%). In the 2012-2017 period a significant decrease in counseling for total, men and women were observed (APC: −18.1, −16.5 and −19.1%, respectively). Obesity increased significantly in total, men and women in the 2012-2019 period (AAPC: 10.1, 8.5 and 10.7%, respectively). The same trend was observed for hypertension (AAPC: 8.1, 8.5 and 7.6% respectively) and elevated blood glucose (AAPC: 10, 11.5 and 9.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In the study period PA counseling decreased along with an increase in obesity, hypertension and high blood glucose. Increasing PA counseling is a mainstay in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases and probably to prevent contagion and complement the treatment of COVID-19.

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COVID-19 causes cardiovascular and lung problems that can be aggravated by confinement, but the practice of physical activity (PA) could lessen these effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) with vaccination and PCR tests in apparently healthy Chilean adults. An observational and cross-sectional study was performed, in which 557 people from south-central Chile participated, who answered an online questionnaire on the control of COVID-19, demographic data, lifestyles, and diagnosis of non-communicable diseases. V˙O2max was estimated with an abbreviated method. With respect to the unvaccinated, those who received the first (OR:0.52 [CI:0.29;0.95], p = 0.019) and second vaccine (OR:0.33 [CI:0.18;0.59], p = 0.0001) were less likely to have an increased V˙O2max. The first vaccine was inversely associated with V˙O2max (mL/kg/min) (ß:−1.68 [CI:−3.06; −0.3], p = 0.017), adjusted for BMI (ß:−1.37 [CI:−2.71; −0.03], p = 0.044) and by demographic variables (ß:−1.82 [CI:−3.18; −0.46], p = 0.009); similarly occur for the second vaccine (ß: between −2.54 and −3.44, p < 0.001) on models with and without adjustment. Having taken a PCR test was not significantly associated with V˙O2max (mL/kg/min). It is concluded that vaccination significantly decreased V˙O2max, although it did not indicate cause and effect. There is little evidence of this interaction, although the results suggest an association, since V˙ O2max could prevent and attenuate the contagion symptoms and effects.

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BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) practice reduces the adverse effects of COVID-19. PA counseling promotes healthy lifestyles and prevents cardiometabolic diseases. AIM: To assess the trend in cases of PA counseling and the cardiometabolic disease between 2012 and 2019 (before COVID-19) in a southern Chilean region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Records of Maule Region Health Service for 731.163 men, and 829.097 women aged < 10 to ≥ 65 years were analyzed. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) during the study period and the annual percentage change (APC) during intermediate periods, were calculated. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in PA counseling in women in the study period (AAPC: -13.6%). In the 2012-2017 period a significant decrease in counseling for total, men and women were observed (APC: -18.1, -16.5 and -19.1%, respectively). Obesity increased significantly in total, men and women in the 2012-2019 period (AAPC: 10.1, 8.5 and 10.7%, respectively). The same trend was observed for hypertension (AAPC: 8.1, 8.5 and 7.6% respectively) and elevated blood glucose (AAPC: 10, 11.5 and 9.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In the study period PA counseling decreased along with an increase in obesity, hypertension and high blood glucose. Increasing PA counseling is a mainstay in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases and probably to prevent contagion and complement the treatment of COVID-19.

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