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Co-invasion, characterized by the simultaneous introduction of hosts and parasites with the latter establishing themselves in native hosts, is a phenomenon of ecological concern. Rattus rattus, a notorious invasive species, has driven the extinction and displacement of numerous avian and mammalian species and serves as a key vector for diseases affecting both humans and wildlife. Among the parasites hosted by R. rattus are fleas, which exhibit obligate parasitic behaviour, a generalist nature and high prevalence, increasing the likelihood of flea invasion. Simultaneously, invasive species can serve as hosts for native parasites, leading to potential amplification or dilution of parasite populations in the environment. In Chile, R. rattus has been present since the 17th century because of the arrival of the Spanish colonizers through the ports and has spread throughout urban, rural and wild Chilean territories. This study aims to evaluate whether co-invasion of native fleas of invasive rats occurs on native rodents in Chile and to determine whether black rats have acquired flea native to Chile during their invasion. For this, we captured 1132 rodents from 26 localities (20° S-53° S). Rattus rattus was found coexisting with 11 native rodent species and two species of introduced rodents. Among the native rodents, Abrothrix olivacea and Oligoryzomys longicaudatus exhibited more extensive sympatry with R. rattus. We identified 14 flea species associated with R. rattus, of which only three were native to rats: Xenopsylla cheopis, Leptopsylla segnis and Nosopsyllus fasciatus. These three species presented a higher parasite load in black rats compared to native fleas. Leptopsylla segnis and N. fasciatus were also found associated with native rodent species that cohabit with R. rattus. The remaining species associated with R. rattus were fleas of native rodents, although they were less abundant compared to those associated with native rodents, except for Neotyphloceras pardinasi and Sphinctopsylla ares. Although there has been evidence of flea transmission from rats to native species, the prevalence and abundance were relatively low. Therefore, it cannot be definitively concluded that these fleas have established themselves in native rodent populations, and hence, they cannot be classified as invasive fleas. This study underscores R. rattus' adaptability to diverse environmental and geographical conditions in Chile, including its capacity to acquire fleas from native rodents. This aspect has critical implications for public health, potentially facilitating the spread of pathogens across various habitats where these rats are found.

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The selection of animals with greater feed efficiency has unknown parasitological and physiological parameters when confined in full sun or shade. Thus, we aimed to assess the effect of residual feed intake (RFI) and the confinement environment on the hematological, parasitological and physiological parameters in male Dorper sheep (n = 60; 30 with positive RFI and 30 with negative RFI) distributed in 2 confinement environments (full sun and shade), in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, with 15 animals for treatment. Animals kept in the shade showed an increase (P < 0.05) of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and albumin. Animals kept in full sun showed higherOocysts gamma glutamyltransferase, direct bilirubin, transaminase aspartate and respiratory rate (P<0.05). There was a higher incidence of Eimeria spp oocysts in RFI negative animals (P<0.05). Positive RFI animals increased respiratory rate (P<0.05). The RFI did not influence the blood parameters of Dorper sheep, however, it had an effect on respiratory rate and presence of Eimeria spp. oocysts. Thermal environment promoted changes in blood parameters and the physiological parameters of Dorper sheep.

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BACKGROUND: Birdshot retinochoroiditis (BRC) is a rare and chronic bilateral uveitis mostly found in Caucasians. As few data are available about the clinical course of BRC in Hispanic patients, we aimed to report the clinical findings and the evolution of BRC in Brazilian patients. METHODS: This retrospective cohort multicenter nationwide study was performed by analyzing the records of patients with BRC diagnoses from Brazilian ophthalmological centers from April 1995 to May 2020. RESULTS: Forty patients (80 eyes) with a diagnosis of BRC were evaluated. The mean age was 53 years, and there was no sex predominance. All tested patients (34/40) were positive for HLA-A29. The diagnosis of BRC was made following the Levinson et al. criteria, and all ancillary tests were performed to exclude differential diagnoses. Clinical signs and symptoms, such as complications and treatment, were described. CONCLUSIONS: BRC evolution in Brazilian patients seems to have some peculiarities that diverge from the published literature available about Caucasians, as AS inflammation is higher in this population.

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RESUMEN Introducción: en el período de recuperación de la anestesia general se deben metabolizar los medicamentos empleados y restablecer las alteraciones fisiológicas. La acupuntura es un método de tratamiento que ha sido estudiado en el período perioperatorio con diferentes fines; sin embargo, es menos conocido su efecto en la recuperación de la anestesia general. Objetivo: describir el efecto de la estimulación con Acupuntura en la recuperación de la anestesia general balanceada en pacientes intervenidas quirúrgicamente por nódulo de mama. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo, en 60 pacientes intervenidas quirúrgicamente de nódulo de mama con anestesia general endotraqueal balanceada, de enero de 2014 a enero de 2016, en el Hospital Provincial Docente José Ramón López Tabrane, de Matanzas. Se conformaron dos grupos: grupo I, al que al finalizar la cirugía se le colocaron agujas de acupuntura en los puntos R1, Du26 y P9; y grupo II, al que no se le realizó acupuntura. El efecto de la acupuntura en la recuperación anestésica se midió a través de la Escala de Aldrete. Resultados: la edad de mayor incidencia fue de 40 a 49 años. El estado físico de las pacientes, según la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiología, es I. Prevaleció un tiempo anestésico de 61 a 90 minutos. Más del 75 % de las féminas tuvieron un tiempo de recuperación anestésica entre 31 y 60 minutos. Se presentaron dos complicaciones leves atribuibles a la acupuntura. Conclusiones: la aplicación de la acupuntura acortó el tiempo de recuperación anestésica en las pacientes estudiadas (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: in the recovery period from general anesthesia the used drugs should be metabolized and the physiological alterations restored. Acupuncture is a treatment method that has been studied in the perioperative period with different aims; nevertheless its effect on the recovery from general anesthesia is less well known. Objective: to describe the acupuncture stimulation effect on the recovery from general balanced anesthesia in patients who underwent a breast nodule surgery. Materials and methods: a prospective, observational study was performed in 60 patients who underwent a surgery of breast nodule with balanced endotracheal general anesthesia, from January 2014 to January 2016, at the Provincial Teaching Hospital "Jose Ramon Lopez Tabrane" of Matanzas. Two groups were formed: group I included patients to whom acupuncture needles were placed in R1, Du 26 and P9 acupoints after surgery, and Group II patients to whom acupuncture was not performed. The acupuncture effect on anesthetic recovery was assessed using the Aldrete Scale. Two groups were formed: group I, whose members at the end of the surgery were placed acupuncture needles to in the points R1, Du26 and P9; and group II, whose members did not receive acupuncture. The effect of acupuncture on anesthetic recovery was measured through the Aldrete Scale. Results: the highest incidence age was 40 to 49 years. The physical condition of the patients, according to the American Society of Anesthesiology, was I. An anesthetic time of 61 to 90 minutes prevailed. More than 75% of the women had an anesthetic recovery time between 31 and 60 minutes. There were two minor complications attributable to acupuncture. Conclusions: acupuncture application shortened the anesthetic recovery time in the studied patients (AU).

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El objetivo de este estudio fue observar la situación de la resistencia parasitaria en granjas rurales de cabras ubicadas en el municipio de Petrolina, en la región del Valle de São Francisco, noreste de Brasil. Se seleccionaron un total de 420 cabras de ambos sexos y edades de más de siete meses de 10 granjas diferentes. Cada establecimiento estuvo conformado por seis grupos homogéneos de siete animales, según la administración de medicación: Grupo I-Ivermectina 0.08%; Grupo II-Albendazol al 10%; Grupo III-Levamisol 5%; Grupo IV-Moxidectina al 1%; Grupo V-Closantel 10%; y Grupo VI-Control (sin tratamiento). Las muestras se recogieron los días D0 (antes del tratamiento), D7, D14 y D21 después del tratamiento. Para evaluar la resistencia parasitaria se aplicó la prueba de reducción del recuento de huevos por gramo de heces (RCOF). Para identificar las larvas se realizó la técnica de cocultivo. Los grupos tratados con Moxidectina mostraron ineficaz en D7 y baja eficácia en D14, con una reducción media del 79,8% y 88,69%, pero alta eficacia en D21 (93,43%). El closantel mostró una eficacia baja 82,0% solamente en D14. Se demostró que el levamisol, el albendazol y la ivermectina eran ineficaces, con un promedio de menos del 80%. Todos los fármacos probados, a excepción de la moxidectina (D21), presentaron resultados inferiores al 90%...(AU)

The aim of this study was to observe the situation of parasite resistance in goat farms located in Petrolina municipality, São Francisco Valley region, Northeastern Brazil. Four-hundred and twenty goats of both sexes, older than seven months, and with the highest parasite load were selected from each of the 10 farms and were divided into six homogeneous groups of seven animals. Each group was treated with an anthelmintic drug: Group I-Ivermectin 0.08%; Group II-Albendazole 10%; Group III-Levamisole 5%; Group IV-Moxidectin 1%; Group V-Closantel 10%; and Group VI-Control (no treatment). The samples were collected on days D0 (before treatment), D7, D14 and D21 post-treatment. The Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) was applied to evaluate anthelmintic resistance. The groups treated with Moxidectin showed inefficacy in D7 and low efficacy in D14, with an average reduction of 79.8% and 88.69%, but high efficacy in D21 (93.43%). Closantel showed low efficacy with average of 84.72% only in D14. Levamisole, Albendazole and Ivermectin showed drug inefficacy, with averages lower than 80%. All the tested drugs except moxidectin (D21) showed less than 90% antiparasitic efficacy in the goat herds, indicating the presence of parasites with multidrug resistance.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a situação de resistência parasitária em propriedades rurais caprinas localizadas no município de Petrolina, região do Vale do São Francisco, Nordeste do Brasil. Um total de 420 caprinos de ambos os sexos e idades acima de sete meses foram selecionados em 10 diferentes propriedades. Cada estabelecimento foi constituído por seis grupos homogêneos de sete animais, conforme a administração dos medicamentos: Grupo I-Ivermectina 0,08%; Grupo II-Albendazole 10%; Grupo III-Levamisole 5%; Grupo IV-Moxidectina 1%; Grupo V-Closantel 10%; e Grupo VI-Controle (sem tratamento). As amostras foram coletadas nos dias D0 (prévio ao tratamento), D7, D14 e D21 pós-tratamento. Para avaliar a resistência parasitária, aplicou-se o teste de redução na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (RCOF). Para identificação das larvas foi realizada a técnica de coprocultura. Os grupos tratados com Moxidectina apresentaram ineficácia no D7 e baixa eficácia no D14, com redução média de 79,8% e 88,69%, mas alta eficácia no D21 (93,43%). Closantel mostrou baixa eficácia com média de 84,72% apenas no D14. Levamisol, Albendazol e Ivermectina mostraram-se ineficazes, com médias inferiores a 80%. Todos os medicamentos testados, com exceção da Moxidectina (D21) apresentaram resultados inferiores a 90%, indicando a presença de parasitas multirresistentes nos rebanhos estudados.(AU)

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El objetivo de este estudio fue observar la situación de la resistencia parasitaria en granjas rurales de cabras ubicadas en el municipio de Petrolina, en la región del Valle de São Francisco, noreste de Brasil. Se seleccionaron un total de 420 cabras de ambos sexos y edades de más de siete meses de 10 granjas diferentes. Cada establecimiento estuvo conformado por seis grupos homogéneos de siete animales, según la administración de medicación: Grupo I-Ivermectina 0.08%; Grupo II-Albendazol al 10%; Grupo III-Levamisol 5%; Grupo IV-Moxidectina al 1%; Grupo V-Closantel 10%; y Grupo VI-Control (sin tratamiento). Las muestras se recogieron los días D0 (antes del tratamiento), D7, D14 y D21 después del tratamiento. Para evaluar la resistencia parasitaria se aplicó la prueba de reducción del recuento de huevos por gramo de heces (RCOF). Para identificar las larvas se realizó la técnica de cocultivo. Los grupos tratados con Moxidectina mostraron ineficaz en D7 y baja eficácia en D14, con una reducción media del 79,8% y 88,69%, pero alta eficacia en D21 (93,43%). El closantel mostró una eficacia baja 82,0% solamente en D14. Se demostró que el levamisol, el albendazol y la ivermectina eran ineficaces, con un promedio de menos del 80%. Todos los fármacos probados, a excepción de la moxidectina (D21), presentaron resultados inferiores al 90%...

The aim of this study was to observe the situation of parasite resistance in goat farms located in Petrolina municipality, São Francisco Valley region, Northeastern Brazil. Four-hundred and twenty goats of both sexes, older than seven months, and with the highest parasite load were selected from each of the 10 farms and were divided into six homogeneous groups of seven animals. Each group was treated with an anthelmintic drug: Group I-Ivermectin 0.08%; Group II-Albendazole 10%; Group III-Levamisole 5%; Group IV-Moxidectin 1%; Group V-Closantel 10%; and Group VI-Control (no treatment). The samples were collected on days D0 (before treatment), D7, D14 and D21 post-treatment. The Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) was applied to evaluate anthelmintic resistance. The groups treated with Moxidectin showed inefficacy in D7 and low efficacy in D14, with an average reduction of 79.8% and 88.69%, but high efficacy in D21 (93.43%). Closantel showed low efficacy with average of 84.72% only in D14. Levamisole, Albendazole and Ivermectin showed drug inefficacy, with averages lower than 80%. All the tested drugs except moxidectin (D21) showed less than 90% antiparasitic efficacy in the goat herds, indicating the presence of parasites with multidrug resistance.

O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a situação de resistência parasitária em propriedades rurais caprinas localizadas no município de Petrolina, região do Vale do São Francisco, Nordeste do Brasil. Um total de 420 caprinos de ambos os sexos e idades acima de sete meses foram selecionados em 10 diferentes propriedades. Cada estabelecimento foi constituído por seis grupos homogêneos de sete animais, conforme a administração dos medicamentos: Grupo I-Ivermectina 0,08%; Grupo II-Albendazole 10%; Grupo III-Levamisole 5%; Grupo IV-Moxidectina 1%; Grupo V-Closantel 10%; e Grupo VI-Controle (sem tratamento). As amostras foram coletadas nos dias D0 (prévio ao tratamento), D7, D14 e D21 pós-tratamento. Para avaliar a resistência parasitária, aplicou-se o teste de redução na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (RCOF). Para identificação das larvas foi realizada a técnica de coprocultura. Os grupos tratados com Moxidectina apresentaram ineficácia no D7 e baixa eficácia no D14, com redução média de 79,8% e 88,69%, mas alta eficácia no D21 (93,43%). Closantel mostrou baixa eficácia com média de 84,72% apenas no D14. Levamisol, Albendazol e Ivermectina mostraram-se ineficazes, com médias inferiores a 80%. Todos os medicamentos testados, com exceção da Moxidectina (D21) apresentaram resultados inferiores a 90%, indicando a presença de parasitas multirresistentes nos rebanhos estudados.

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RESUMEN Se presentan resultados preliminares del proyecto de investigación "Usos de la estadística en artículos originales de la Revista Médica Electrónica de Matanzas", que corresponde al programa No. 2 (Organización, eficiencia y calidad de los servicios), código 152042.La información cuantitativa del proyecto se obtuvo por conducto de la aplicación de un diseño muestral sistemático con arranque aleatorio que proporcionó datos sobre nueve variables estadísticas medidas en 170 artículos originales de revistas médicas cubanas. Se calcularon las distribuciones porcentuales de cada variable. Predominó la aplicación de los estudios descriptivos y sus correspondientes medidas estadísticas. Se evidenció la poca aplicación de las estimaciones por intervalos, denotando una insuficiencia que debe ser eliminada. Los resultados proporcionan una aproximación al estado actual de la aplicación de la estadística en la redacción de artículos científicos originales (AU).

SUMMARY The authors present preliminary results of the research project "Uses of Statistics in original papers of Cuban medical journals", corresponding to the program Nr. 2 (Organization, efficacy and quality of the services), codex 152042. The quantitative information of the project was obtained applying a systematic sampling design with randomized onset that provided data on nine statistic variables measured in 170 original papers of Cuban medical journals. Percentage distributions of each variable were calculated. The application of descriptive studies and their correspondent statistical measures predominated. It was evidenced the scarce application of interval estimations, denoting an insufficiency that has to be eliminated. The outcomes provide an approximation to the current status of the statistics application in writing original scientific papers (AU).

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OBJECTIVE: To understand the importance of group strategy in the process of nursing care to high-risk pregnant women. METHODS: Qualitative and descriptive study conducted at Assis Chateaubriand Teaching Maternity Hospital in February-March 2017, through focus groups with 24 hospitalized pregnant women. Data was submitted to content analysis and the relevant ideas of the discourses were extracted, forming categories. RESULTS: Three thematic categories were constructed: Interactive groups as a space of bond and coexistence, Educational strategy as an approach to good delivery and birthcare practices, Impact of group experience in strengthening the connection between the health team and the pregnant woman. The group of pregnant women is a space of coexistence and bonding that stimulates them to share knowledge and experiences, re-signifying links. The groups promote sharing of experiences, learning and reflection on the possibilities and limitations of the health-disease process, reducing anxiety and contributing to empowerment in decision making. CONCLUSION: The considerations and suggestions of the pregnant women guided the nurses in the development of the groups, which became strategic spaces of care, acquisition of knowledge and establishment of trust relationships with the nurses, with a consequent impact on the quality of care.

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Resumo OBJETIVO Compreender a importância do grupo no processo de cuidado de enfermagem as gestantes de risco. MÉTODOS Estudo qualitativo, descritivo realizado na Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand, de fevereiro a março/2017, através de grupos focais com 24 gestantes internadas. Dados submetidos à análise de conteúdo e as ideias relevantes dos discursos foram extraídas, formando categorias. RESULTADOS Construíram três categorias: Grupos interativos como espaço de vínculo e convivência, Estratégia educativa como abordagem das boas práticas do parto/nascimento, Repercussão da experiência do grupo no fortalecimento do vínculo entre equipe de saúde e gestante. Os grupos promovem partilha de experiência, aprendizado e reflexão sobre as possibilidades e limitações do processo saúde-doença, reduzindo a ansiedade e contribuindo para o empoderamento na tomada de decisões. CONCLUSÃO As considerações das gestantes nortearam a equipe no desenvolvimento do grupo e efetivá-lo como espaço estratégico de cuidados, ampliação do conhecimento e relação de confiança, impactando na qualidade da assistência.

Resumen OBJETIVO Comprender la importancia del grupo en el proceso de cuidado de enfermería las gestantes de riesgo. MÉTODO Estudio cualitativo y descriptivo realizado en la Maternidad Escuela Asis Chateaubriand, de febrero a marzo/2017, a través de grupos focales con 24 gestantes internadas. Los datos sometidos al análisis de contenido y las ideas relevantes de los discursos fueron extraídas, formando categorías. RESULTADOS Se construyeron tres categorías temáticas: Grupos interactivos como espacio de vínculo y convivencia, Estrategia educativa como abordaje de las buenas prácticas del parto/nacimiento, Repercusión de la experiencia del grupo en el fortalecimiento del vínculo entre equipo de salud y gestante. El grupo de gestantes es un espacio de convivencia y vínculo que las estimulan a compartir conocimientos y experiencias, resignificando vínculos. Se comprendió que los grupos promueven compartir experiencia, aprendizaje y reflexión sobre las posibilidades y limitaciones del proceso salud-enfermedad, reduciendo la ansiedad y contribuyendo al empoderamiento en la toma de decisiones. CONCLUSIÓN Las consideraciones y sugerencias de las gestantes contribuyeron a orientar a la enfermera en el desarrollo del grupo y realizarlo como espacio estratégico de cuidados y ampliación del conocimiento y relación de confianza con el enfermero, impactando en la calidad de la asistencia.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To understand the importance of group strategy in the process of nursing care to high-risk pregnant women. METHODS Qualitative and descriptive study conducted at Assis Chateaubriand Teaching Maternity Hospital in February-March 2017, through focus groups with 24 hospitalized pregnant women. Data was submitted to content analysis and the relevant ideas of the discourses were extracted, forming categories. RESULTS Three thematic categories were constructed: Interactive groups as a space of bond and coexistence, Educational strategy as an approach to good delivery and birthcare practices, Impact of group experience in strengthening the connection between the health team and the pregnant woman. The group of pregnant women is a space of coexistence and bonding that stimulates them to share knowledge and experiences, re-signifying links. The groups promote sharing of experiences, learning and reflection on the possibilities and limitations of the health-disease process, reducing anxiety and contributing to empowerment in decision making. CONCLUSION The considerations and suggestions of the pregnant women guided the nurses in the development of the groups, which became strategic spaces of care, acquisition of knowledge and establishment of trust relationships with the nurses, with a consequent impact on the quality of care.

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Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic agent transmitted mainly by small ruminants. In Brazil the disease has been classified as a notifiable disease since 2013, when human cases were reported. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with the presence of anti- Coxiella burnetii antibodies in goats and sheep in a semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. Sera of 412 goats and 403 sheep from municipality of Petrolina, Pernambuco, were examined by the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) against antigens of C. burnetii. Information about management variables (independent variables) that could be associated with the presence of the microorganism (dependent variables) were obtained from the supervisor of each farm. It was determined that 2.2% (9/412) of the goats and 2.1% (9/403) of the sheep had antibodies reactive to C. burnetii. The presence of anti-C. burnetii antibodies was associated with the dry area of the Sequeiro (a region in the northern part of the municipality of Petrolina) (P = 0.025), male sheep (P = 0.020), and intensive goat breeding (P = 0.005). This study therefore showed the presence of anti-C. burnetii antibodies in goat and sheep, confirming for the first time that this agent is likely circulating among goat herds in the Caatinga Biome, semi-arid of Brazil.

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