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Resumen La hidrocefalia es un problema de salud frecuente en pediatría, en particular durante el primer mes de vida. La incidencia en América Latina es una de las más altas del mundo. En Colombia no existen datos representativos sobre la incidencia real de esta enfermedad. Recientes hallazgos relacionados con la dinámica del líquido cefalorraquídeo permitieron proponer nuevos modelos sobre la fisiopatología de la hidrocefalia que, junto con los hallazgos en la Resonancia Magnética, han llevado a tener una mejor comprensión de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este articulo es realizar una revisión de la información disponible en la literatura sobre los avances en la fisiopatología de la enfermedad y los hallazgos en neuroimágenes, además de realizar una breve revisión sobre el papel de estas en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de los pacientes. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con términos MeSH, en las bases de datos de PUBMED, OVID y SCOPUS con artículos publicados en los últimos 6 años, seleccionado un total de 30 artículos que abordaron el tema de forma integral. Los nuevos hallazgos descritos como lo son el sistema glinfático y el papel de las AQP4 y los avances en las neuroimágenes, sobre todo de la resonancia magnética, han ayudado a comprender mejor esta entidad, apoyando el desarrollo de un nuevo modelo de la dinámica del líquido cefalorraquídeo y a partir de él diferentes explicaciones sobre la fisiopatología. MÉD.UIS.2022;35(1): 17-29.

Abstract Hydrocephalus is a frequent health problem in pediatrics, particularly during the first month of life. The incidence in Latin America is one of the highest in the world. In Colombia there are no representative data. Recent findings related to the dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid allowed proposals of new models on the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus that, along with new findings on MRI, have led to a better understanding of the disease. The aim of this work is to review the information available in the literature about the progress in the pathophysiology of the disease and neuroimaging findings, in addition to conducting a brief review on the role of these in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients. A bibliographic review with MeSH terms was carried out in PUBMED, OVID and SCOPUS databases, with articles published in the last 6 years. 30 articles that dealt with the theme in a comprehensive way were included. New findings described as the glymphatic system and the role of AQP4, along with advances in neuroimaging, especially MRI, have helped to better understand hydrocephalus, supporting the development of a new model of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, and based on it, different explanations regarding its pathophysiology. MÉD.UIS.2022;35(1): 17-29.

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The aim of this study was to assess the impact of urban and industrial areas on an urban river through a comprehensive analysis of water and sediments. Six different sites along the San Luis River, Argentina, were characterized by measuring 12 physical-chemical parameters and nine heavy metals according to standard protocols. Metal pollution in sediment samples was evaluated with several indices. Cluster analysis was applied to standardized experimental data in order to study spatial variability. As, Cu, Cr, Mn, Pb, and Zn were the main contributors to sediment pollution, and the industrial zone studied showed moderate enrichment of Co, Cu, and Zn, probably due to anthropogenic activities. Cluster analysis allowed the grouping of the sites: sediment samples were classified into two clusters according to the metal content; water samples were arranged into three groups according to organic matter content. The results were compared with sediment and water quality guidelines. They indicated progressive deterioration of water and sediment quality compared with the background area, mainly in the sites following the industrial park and domestic discharge areas. Moreover, the results showed that the analysis of both water and sediment should be considered to achieve a watershed contamination profile.

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RESUMEN Son conocidos los efectos de los anticoagulantes como tratamiento o profilaxis de eventos trombóticos, esto permitió establecer una terapia individualizada según sus necesidades. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, no aleatorizado, en 138 pacientes hospitalizados mayores de edad en una institución de cuarto nivel de atención con tratamiento anticoagulante terapéutico y profiláctico, se abordó el tipo de fármaco indicado, periodicidad, efectos adversos, controles de laboratorio, interacciones farmacológicas y causalidad de las reacciones adversas. Se encontró que el anticoagulante con mayor frecuencia de uso fue enoxaparina (68%), el control más utilizado fue el tiempo de protrombina (60,39%), interacciones farmacológicas se identificaron en 47,1%, las más frecuentes con ácido acetil salicílico (29,7% del total de interacciones), las reacciones adversas más frecuentes fueron de índole hematológico (58,3%); y la evaluación de causalidad de reacciones adversas fue 4,2% probable. El estudio mostró que el anticoagulante más utilizado fue enoxaparina. Las interacciones farmacológicas de los anticoagulantes fueron muy frecuentes, especialmente con warfarina. Las reacciones adversas de mayor ocurrencia fueron las de tipo hemorrágico ; y la evaluación de causalidad fue de categoría posible para la mayoría de estas reacciones adversas.

SUMMARY The effects of anticoagulants are known as treatment or prophylaxis of thrombotic events, allowing to establish an individualized therapy according to their needs. A descriptive cross-sectional, non-randomized study was carried out in 138 hospitalized patients of legal age in a fourth-level care institution with therapeutic and prophylactic anticoagulant treatment, addressing the type of drug indicated, periodicity, side effects, laboratory controls, pharmacological interactions and causality of adverse reactions. It was found that the anticoagulant with the highest frequency of use was enoxaparin (68%), the most used control was the prothrombin time (60.39%), pharmacological interactions were identified in 47.1%, being the most frequent with acetylsalicylic acid (29.7% of the total number of interactions), the most frequent adverse reactions were of a hematological nature (58.3%); and the causality assessment of adverse reactions was 4.2% probable. The study showed that the most used anticoagulant was enoxaparin. The pharmacological interactions of anticoagulants were very frequent, especially with warfarin. The most frequent adverse reactions were those of hemorrhagic type; and the causality assessment was of possible category for most of these adverse reactions.

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Introducción: las infecciones del tracto urinario son un problema frecuente en la población pediátrica. La infección del tracto urinario recurrente tiene mayor riesgo de cicatrices renales y daño glomerular. Objetivo: describir la frecuencia de hematuria, presencia de proteínas en orina, elevación en tensión arterial y hallazgos ecográficos en pacientes pediátricos desde 1 mes hasta 14 años de edad, con diagnóstico de infección del tracto urinario. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado entre octubre de 2014 y febrero de 2016, en pacientes que asistieron al servicio de urgencias pediátricas del Hospital de San José, con diagnóstico de infección del tracto urinario. Resultados: se diagnosticaron 125 pacientes con infección del tracto urinario, la mediana de edad fue de 2,75 años, más frecuente en mujeres (75,2 por ciento) y la mayoría recibió tratamiento intrahospitalario (58,4 por ciento). Se observó que en el grupo de infección del tracto urinario recurrente fue más frecuente el hallazgo de hematuria, que en la infección del tracto urinario primer episodio (21,9 vs. 11,8 por ciento), al igual que las malformaciones renales (32,0 vs. 14,5 %). En la tensión arterial no se observaron grandes diferencias entre los grupos, con una frecuencia de tensión arterial elevada en hospitalizados de 19,6 por ciento para primer episodio, y 18,2 por ciento en recurrentes. La presencia anormal de proteínas en orina fue de 35,4 por ciento en el grupo de infección del tracto urinario primer episodio. Conclusiones: son frecuentes la presencia de hematuria, malformaciones renales y elevación de la tensión arterial en pacientes con infección del tracto urinario. Se encuentra una frecuencia inusual de pacientes con elevación de la presión arterial y proteínas en orina, probablemente por falsos positivos. Se debe insistir en seguimiento ambulatorio del uroanálisis y la tensión arterial, para garantizar que esta se normalice o para detectar daños permanentes(AU)

Introduction: urinary tract infections are a frequent problem in the pediatric population. Recurrent urinary tract infection has a higher risk of kidney scars and glomerular damage. Objective: to describe frequency of hematuria, presence of proteins in urine, increase of blood pressure, and ultrasound findings in pediatric patients from 1 month to 14 years old with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Methods: cross-sectional descriptive study conducted from October 2014 to February 2016, in patients who attended the pediatric emergency´s service of the Hospital of San José with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Results: 125 patients with urinary tract infection were diagnosed, the median age was 2.75 years, it was more frequent in women (75.2 percent) and the majority of them received intrahospital treatment (58.4 percent). It was observed that in the recurrent urinary tract infection group the finding of hematuria was more frequent, than in the group of urinary tract infection as a first episode (21.9 vs. 11.8 percent), as well as the renal malformations (32,0 vs. 14.5percent). In blood pressure, there were no large differences among the groups, with a rate of high blood pressure frequency in hospitalized patients of 19.6 percent for first episode, and 18.2 percent in recurrent patients. The abnormal presence of proteins in urine was of 35.4 percent in the group of urinary tract infection first episode(AU) Conclusions: the presence of hematuria, renal malformations and increase of blood pressure in patients with urinary tract infection are frequent. There is an unusual frequency of patients with high blood pressure and proteins in the urine, probably due to false positives. It must be addressed the ambulatory monitoring of urinalysis and blood pressure to ensure that it normalizes or to detect permanent damage

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Diversos surtos de Salmonella ocasionados pelo consumo de tomate contaminados com este micro -organismo têm sido relatados ultimamente, o que torna primordial a investigação sobre a presença desse patógeno nesse alimento. Métodos que permitam a avaliação rápida da presença de Salmonella em alimentos são de suma importância. O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar o método tradicional da Food and Drug Administration - Bacteriologycal Analytical Manual (FDA-BAM) com um método rápido da mini Vitek Immuno Diagnostic System Assay (Mini­Vidas-SLM)-bioMérieux, para detecção de Salmonella Brazil inoculada artificialmente na superfície de tomates. Foram analisadas 215 amostras de tomates inoculadas artificialmente com Salmonella Brazil com níveis de inóculos variando de 0,4 a 940 UFC/tomate. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os métodos estudados apresentaram uma ótima concordância entre si, para todas as faixas de inóculo analisadas.

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Diversos surtos de Salmonella ocasionados pelo consumo de tomate contaminados com este micro -organismo têm sido relatados ultimamente, o que toma primordial a investigação sobre a presença desse patógeno nesse alimento. Métodos que permitam a avaliação rápida da presença de Salmonella em alimentos são de suma importância. O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar o método tradicional da Food and Drug Administration - Bacteriologycal Analytical Manual (FDA-BAM) com um método rápido da mini Vitek Immuno Diagnostic System Assay (Mini- Vidas-SLM)-bioMérieux, para detecção de Salmonella Brazil inoculada artificialmente na superfície de tomates. Foram analisadas 215 amostras de tomates inoculadas artificialmente com Salmonella Brazil com níveis de inóculos variando de 0,4 a 940 UFC/tomate. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os métodos estudados apresentaram uma ótima concordância entre si, para todas as faixas de inóculo analisadas.(AU)

Several outbreaks caused by Salmonella due to consumption of tomato containing this microorganism has been reported lately, which makes essential the evaluation of this pathogen in this food. Methods for the rapid assessment of the presence of Salmonella in food, are of paramount importance. The aim of this study was to compare the traditional method of "Food and Drug Administration- Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA-BAM)" with a rapid method of mini Vitek Immuno Assay Diagnostic System (Mini- Vidas-SLM)-bioMérieux to detect Salmonella Brazil artificially inoculated on the surface of tomatoes. Two hundred fifteen (215) tomatoes samples artificially inoculated with Salmonella Brazil with inocula levels ranging from 0.4 to 940 CFU/tomato were analyzed. The results indicated that the studied methods showed an optimum agreement with each other, for ali inoculum levels analyzed.(AU)

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El incidentaloma adrenal es una masa encontrada de forma incidental durante un estudio de imagen, con múltiples implicaciones clínicas según su etiología; por esto es importante discutir su abordaje diagnóstico y el manejo médico correspondiente. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 64 años de edad, hospitalizado por cuadro clínico de síncope, hipertensión no controlada e hiperglucemia, a quien además se le había detectado previamente una masa suprarrenal en estudio ambulatorio de imagen. Durante su estancia se realizaron estudios imaginológicos y laboratorios para determinar la etiología de esta masa, su relación con el cuadro clínico actual y su tratamiento. Se concluye que el incidentaloma adrenal es una entidad frecuente cuyo reto diagnóstico consiste en establecer si se trata de una entidad maligna o benigna y si es funcionante o no, con el fin de determinar si requiere manejo quirúrgico o solo observación.

Introduction: Adrenal incidentaloma is a mass found incidentally during an imaging study with multiple clinical implications according etiology. For this reason, it is important to discuss the diagnostic approach and appropriate medical management. Case: 64 year old male patient, hospitalized for clinical symptoms of syncope, uncontrolled hypertension and hyperglycemia; in addition, a suprarenal mass was previously detected in an outpatient image study. During his stay, imaging and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the etiology of this mass, relative to the current clinical condition and treatment. Conclusion: The adrenal incidentaloma is a frequent diagnosis. Its challenge is to determine whether it is malignant or a benign entity and whether it is functioning or not, in order to determine if it requires surgical treatment or if it only requires observation.

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O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão crítica dos critérios diagnósticos e modelos de determinação da anorexia e bulimia, a partir de publicações veiculadas no International Journal of Eating Disorders. Questiona, particularmente, a noção de determinação interna destes transtornos, enfatizando a questão da fobia de peso (fat phobia) como um exemplo deste modo de interpretação. A recuperação do modelo biocomportamental de anorexia induzida por atividade física (activicty anorexia), e do conjunto de experimentos que o embasam, pretende incitar a consideração de explicações alternativas aos transtornos alimentares, sem a necessidade de apelo para variáveis cognitivas ou emocionais como determinantes destes transtornos.(AU)

This paper presents a critical review of diagnostic criteria and determination models of anorexia and bulimia, used in the International Journal of Eating Disorders. It is particularly questioning the notion of internal determination of these disorders, emphasizing this mode of interpretation with an analysis of the weight phobia (fat phobia). The recovery of this biobehavioral model of anorexia induced by physical activity, and the set of experiments that underlie it, aims to bring the consideration of alternative explanations for eating disorders without the need to appeal to emotional or cognitive variables as determinants of these disorders.(AU)

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O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão crítica dos critérios diagnósticos e modelos de determinação da anorexia e bulimia, a partir de publicações veiculadas no International Journal of Eating Disorders. Questiona, particularmente, a noção de determinação interna destes transtornos, enfatizando a questão da fobia de peso (fat phobia) como um exemplo deste modo de interpretação. A recuperação do modelo biocomportamental de anorexia induzida por atividade física (activicty anorexia), e do conjunto de experimentos que o embasam, pretende incitar a consideração de explicações alternativas aos transtornos alimentares, sem a necessidade de apelo para variáveis cognitivas ou emocionais como determinantes destes transtornos...

This paper presents a critical review of diagnostic criteria and determination models of anorexia and bulimia, used in the International Journal of Eating Disorders. It is particularly questioning the notion of internal determination of these disorders, emphasizing this mode of interpretation with an analysis of the weight phobia (fat phobia). The recovery of this biobehavioral model of anorexia induced by physical activity, and the set of experiments that underlie it, aims to bring the consideration of alternative explanations for eating disorders without the need to appeal to emotional or cognitive variables as determinants of these disorders...

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Se efectuaron pruebas de toxicidad con dos efluentes de ALCO Ltda. (el efluente Cospique que descarga desechos industriales y el efluente Casimiro donde se vierten aguas de enfriamiento), para analizar su efecto en los peces estuarinos G. affinis en un tiempo de 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas de exposición, con sistemas estáticos y sin recambio. En los análisis estadísticos se realizan regresiones por mínimos cuadrados ordinarios para determinar el tiempo letal medio y las curvas de toxicidad, se hallan los valores de la CL (I) 50 con sus límites de confianza bajo el método PROBIT. Con el efluente Cospique los porcentajes (%) y tiempo de exposición que se encontraron CL (I) 50 fueron de 15,91; 15,18; 15,18 y 15,12; para 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas de exposición respectivamente. Por tanto, el efluente Cospique es de mayor letalidad, demostrando el efecto inmediato de los mismos. Para el caso de los efluentes de ALCO Ltda. se encontró que a mayor concentración hay mayor mortalidad y menor tiempo letal medio. Los efluentes industriales estudiados son considerados inestables por la formación de complejos químicos resultado de sus compuestos.

Toxicity tests were carried out with two effluents of ALCO Ltda. (effluent Cospique wich discharges industrial waste and effluent Casimiro into which the cooling water is discharged) in order to analyze their effect on the G. affinis fish during an exposure period of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours with static systems and without replacement. Regressions by ordinary minimum quadratic were carried out in the statistical analyses to determine the median lethal time and the toxicity curves. The values for LC (I) 50 and their confidence limits were found using the PROBIT method. With the Cospique effluent the percentages (%) and the exposure time found LC (I) 50 were of 15,91; 15,18; 15,18 and 15,12 for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively. As a consequence, the Cospique effluent is of a higher lethality, demonstrating their immediate effects. In the case of ALCO Ltda. it was found that to higher concentrations was highest the mortality and lesser the median lethal time. The industrial effluents studied are considered unstable because of the formation of chemical complexes resulting from their compounds.