RESUMO
The superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD1) gene is the first responsible gene mapped in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (ALS1), and it codes for the enzyme SOD1, the function of which is to protect against damage mediated by free radicals deriving from oxygen. Its pathophysiological mechanism in ALS1 is related to ischemia. Several molecular studies of the SOD1 gene show that point mutations are the most frequent. The most common mutations in familial cases are p.A4V, p.I113Y, p.G37R, p.D90A and p.E100G, which account for more than 80% of cases, although intronic mutations have also been described as responsible for ALS1. Sporadic cases are explained by mutations in other genes such as SETX and C9orf72. ALS1 is a complex disease with genetic heterogeneity. On the other hand, familial and sporadic cases have a different etiology, which is explained by molecular heterogeneity and multiple pathogenic mechanisms that lead to ALS1; oxidative stress and ischemia are not the only cause. In Mexico, ALS molecular genetics studies are scarce. Clinical studies show an increase in cytokines such as adipsin in cerebrospinal fluid.
El gen SOD1 es el primer gen responsable mapeado en la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica tipo 1 (ELA1) y codifica para la enzima superóxido dismutasa tipo 1 (SOD1), cuya función es proteger del daño mediado de los radicales libres derivados del oxígeno; su mecanismo fisiopatológico en ELA1 se relaciona con isquemia. Diversos estudios moleculares del gen SOD1 muestran que las mutaciones puntuales son las más frecuentes. Las mutaciones más comunes en los casos familiares son p.A4V, p.I113Y, p.G37R, p.D90A y p.E100G, que explican más de 80 % de los casos, aunque también se han descrito mutaciones intrónicas como responsables de esclerosis lateral amiotrófica tipo 1. Los casos esporádicos se explican por mutaciones en otros genes como SETX y C9orf72. ELA1 es una enfermedad compleja con heterogeneidad genética. Por otra parte, los casos familiares y esporádicos tienen etiología distinta, lo cual se explica por la heterogeneidad molecular y múltiples mecanismos patogénicos que conducen a ELA1; el estrés oxidativo y la isquemia no son la única causa. En México son escasos los estudios de genética molecular de esclerosis lateral amiotrófica. Los estudios clínicos muestran incremento de citocinas como la adipsina en el líquido cefalorraquídeo.
Assuntos
Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/genética , Superóxido Dismutase-1/genética , Proteína C9orf72/genética , DNA Helicases/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Íntrons/genética , Isquemia/complicações , Enzimas Multifuncionais/genética , Fenótipo , Mutação Puntual , RNA Helicases/genética , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Superóxido Dismutase-1/fisiologiaRESUMO
The superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD1) gene is the first responsible gene mapped in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (ALS1), and it codes for the enzyme SOD1, the function of which is to protect against damage mediated by free radicals deriving from oxygen. Its pathophysiological mechanism in ALS1 is related to ischemia. Several molecular studies of the SOD1 gene show that point mutations are the most frequent. The most common mutations in familial cases are p.A4V, p.I113Y, p.G37R, p.D90A and p.E100G, which account for more than 80% of cases, although intronic mutations have also been described as responsible for ALS1. Sporadic cases are explained by mutations in other genes such as SETX and C9orf72. ALS1 is a complex disease with genetic heterogeneity. On the other hand, familial and sporadic cases have a different etiology, which is explained by molecular heterogeneity and multiple pathogenic mechanisms that lead to ALS1; oxidative stress and ischemia are not the only cause. In Mexico, ALS molecular genetics studies are scarce. Clinical studies show an increase in cytokines such as adipsin in cerebrospinal fluid.
Assuntos
Humanos , Superóxido Dismutase-1/genética , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/genética , Mutação Puntual , Idade de Início , Estresse Oxidativo , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/enzimologia , Isquemia/complicações , MéxicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Achondrogenesis is a skeletal dysplasia characterized primarily by short stature, severe micromelia, short and narrow chest, prematurity, polyhydramnios, fetal hydrops, and in utero or neonatal death. Based on the radiological and histopathological findings, there are three types of achondrogenesis: type 1A (Houston-Harris), type 1B (Fraccaro) and type 2 (Langer-Saldino). CLINICAL CASE: A premature female product was studied whose clinical, radiological and histopathological characteristics were compatible with achondrogenesis Type 1A. The family information allowed us to conclude that the 4 products of the 6 previous pregnancies were affected. Statistical analysis in at least 4 families previously described, including this family case showed significant differences between expected and observed number of members, being incongruent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance previously reported. CONCLUSIONS: therefore, it could be considered a new subtype of achondrogenesis type 1A due to the presence of a preferential germline mutation.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La acondrogénesis es una displasia esquelética que se caracteriza principalmente por talla baja, micromelia grave, tórax corto y estrecho, prematurez, polihidramnios, hidropesía fetal y muerte fetal in utero o neonatal. Según los hallazgos radiológicos e histopatológicos existen tres tipos de acondrogénesis: tipo 1A (Houston-Harris), tipo 1B (Fraccaro) y tipo 2 (Langer-Saldino). CASO CLÍNICO: Se sometió a estudio a un producto femenino prematuro cuyas características clínicas, radiológicas e histopatológicas fueron compatibles con acondrogénesis tipo 1A. La información familiar permitió concluir que los cuatro productos de los seis embarazos previos se encontraban afectados. El análisis estadístico en por lo menos cuatro familias previamente descritas, incluyendo este caso familiar, mostró diferencias significativas entre el número de miembros esperado y el observado, siendo incongruente con el modo de herencia autosómico recesivo previamente reportado. CONCLUSIONES: Podría considerarse un nuevo subtipo de acondrogénesis tipo 1A debida a la presencia de una mutación germinal preferencial.
Assuntos
Acondroplasia/genética , Acondroplasia/classificação , Feminino , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Linhagem , FenótipoRESUMO
The superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD1) gene is the first responsible gene mapped in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (ALS1), and it codes for the enzyme SOD1, the function of which is to protect against damage mediated by free radicals deriving from oxygen. Its pathophysiological mechanism in ALS1 is related to ischemia. Several molecular studies of the SOD1 gene show that point mutations are the most frequent. The most common mutations in familial cases are p.A4V, p.I113Y, p.G37R, p.D90A and p.E100G, which account for more than 80% of cases, although intronic mutations have also been described as responsible for ALS1. Sporadic cases are explained by mutations in other genes such as SETX and C9orf72. ALS1 is a complex disease with genetic heterogeneity. On the other hand, familial and sporadic cases have a different etiology, which is explained by molecular heterogeneity and multiple pathogenic mechanisms that lead to ALS1; oxidative stress and ischemia are not the only cause. In Mexico, ALS molecular genetics studies are scarce. Clinical studies show an increase in cytokines such as adipsin in cerebrospinal fluid.
Assuntos
Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/genética , Superóxido Dismutase-1/genética , Idade de Início , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/enzimologia , Humanos , Isquemia/complicações , México , Estresse Oxidativo , Mutação PuntualRESUMO
Background: Achondrogenesis is a skeletal dysplasia characterized primarily by short stature, severe micromelia, short and narrow chest, prematurity, polyhydramnios, fetal hydrops, and in utero or neonatal death. Based on the radiological and histopathological findings, there are three types of achondrogenesis: type 1A (Houston-Harris), type 1B (Fraccaro) and type 2 (Langer-Saldino). Clinical case: A premature female product was studied whose clinical, radiological and histopathological characteristics were compatible with achondrogenesis Type 1A. The family information allowed us to conclude that the 4 products of the 6 previous pregnancies were affected. Statistical analysis in at least 4 families previously described, including this family case showed significant differences between expected and observed number of members, being incongruent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance previously reported. Conclusions: therefore, it could be considered a new subtype of achondrogenesis type 1A due to the presence of a preferential germline mutation.
Introducción: La acondrogénesis es una displasia esquelética que se caracteriza principalmente por talla baja, micromelia grave, tórax corto y estrecho, prematurez, polihidramnios, hidropesía fetal y muerte fetal in utero o neonatal. Según los hallazgos radiológicos e histopatológicos existen tres tipos de acondrogénesis: tipo 1A (Houston-Harris), tipo 1B (Fraccaro) y tipo 2 (Langer-Saldino). Caso clínico: Se sometió a estudio a un producto femenino prematuro cuyas características clínicas, radiológicas e histopatológicas fueron compatibles con acondrogénesis tipo 1A. La información familiar permitió concluir que los cuatro productos de los seis embarazos previos se encontraban afectados. El análisis estadístico en por lo menos cuatro familias previamente descritas, incluyendo este caso familiar, mostró diferencias significativas entre el número de miembros esperado y el observado, siendo incongruente con el modo de herencia autosómico recesivo previamente reportado. Conclusiones: Podría considerarse un nuevo subtipo de acondrogénesis tipo 1A debida a la presencia de una mutación germinal preferencial.