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Aim: Stability measured by resonance frequency analysis (RFA) is an important factor to be considered in the success of dental implant treatments, which can be evaluated from the implant stability quotient (ISQ). The aim of the present case series was to map the RFA during healing of implants with nanostructured hydroxyapatite surface to describe the behavior of ISQ values related to individual factors. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three implants were placed in eight patients by conventional surgical protocol, and ISQ values were monitored from the day of implant placement until week 20. To obtain the ISQ values, an Osstell device was used and the placed implants were grouped in proportional amounts to describe the ISQ behavior considering the length (≤10 or >10 mm), the diameter (3.5 or 4.3 mm), the insertion torque (<40 N-cm or ≥40 N-cm), and the placement area (maxilla or mandible). Results: All the implants assessed decreased their values in the first 3 weeks after placement. Subsequently, the ISQ values increased by amounts similar to those obtained at the time of the placement and even more. Implants with length >10 mm, diameter 4.3 mm, and insertion torque ≥40 N-cm showed the highest ISQ values. Conclusions: A decrease in the ISQ values of dental implants with nanostructured hydroxyapatite surface was evidenced between weeks 2 and 3 considering length, diameter, insertion torque, and maxillary or mandibular placement site.

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Aim: The surface roughness of dental restorations can decrease resin durability, since it leads to its deterioration, color variation, and loss of gloss. Therefore, the aim was to assess the surface roughness of nanoparticle resin composites, subjected to two different polishing systems. Materials and Methods: This longitudinal in vitro experimental study consisted of 32 resin specimens made according to ISO 4049-2019 and divided equally into four groups: A1: Palfique LX5 / Sof-Lex, A2: Palfique LX5 / Super Snap, B1: Filtek Z350 XT / Sof-Lex, and B2: Filtek Z350 XT / Super Snap. The samples were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h. Surface roughness was measured with a digital roughness tester, both before and after the polishing procedure. The data were analyzed with the Student's t-test for related samples, and with the inter-subject ANOVA test with two factors; considering significance at P < 0.05. Results: The surface roughness of Palfique LX5 resin with the Sof-lex system was 0.330 (CI: 0.282-0.378 µm) and 0.170 (CI: 0.087-0.253 µm) before and after polishing, respectively. With the Super Snap system, values of 0.448 (CI: 0.346-0.549 µm) and 0.206 (CI: 0.130-0.282 µm) were obtained before and after polishing, respectively. For the Filtek Z350 XT resin, the surface roughness obtained with the Sof-lex system was 0.353 (CI: 0.278-0.427 µm) and 0.134 (CI: 0.095-0.172 µm) before and after polishing, respectively. With the Super Snap system, values of 0.334 (CI: 0.247-0.421 µm) and 0.171 (CI: 0.122-0.221 µm) were obtained before and after polishing, respectively. Surface roughness did not show significant differences in all groups assessed both before (P = 0.068) and after (P = 0.335) polishing. However, before and after the application of the polishing systems, all groups significantly decreased their surface roughness (P < 0.05). Further, when comparing this decrease among all groups, no significant differences were observed (P = 0.437). Conclusion: The surface roughness of the Filtek Z350 XT and Palfique LX5 nanoparticle resin composites showed no significant differences when using the Sof-lex and Super Snap polishing systems. However, both polishing systems significantly decreased the surface roughness of the nanoparticulated resins, with this decrease being similar in all groups.

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Aim: The puppet theater, due to its artistic and educational characteristics, could allow children to develop oral health self-care in an attractive and fun way. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of puppet theater on oral health knowledge and oral hygiene in preschoolers from a Peruvian public school. Materials and Methods: An analytical, longitudinal, and quasi-experimental study was conducted in 132 preschoolers divided into three age-matched groups (3, 4, and 5 years old) from August to November 2019 in a Peruvian public school. At 4 weeks and 4 months after performing the puppet theater, a validated questionnaire of five closed questions was used to evaluate oral health knowledge, and the Greene-Vermillion index [only bacterial plaque index (BPI) part] was used to evaluate oral hygiene, considering good (0-0.6), fair (0.7-1.8), and poor (1.9-3.0). The theater sessions were held every week for the first month and every 2 weeks for the following 3 months. To analyze the levels in the BPI, the Wilcoxon and Friedman test was used to compare related measures, and to compare the knowledge for each question of the questionnaire, the McNemar and Cochran's Q tests were used, considering a P-value less than 0.05. Results: The BPI in relation to age (3, 4, and 5 years), before and after 4 months of performing the puppet theater, was 1.9 [confidence interval (CI): 1.7-2.0], 1.8 (CI: 1.6-1.9), and 1.8 (CI: 1.7-2.0), decreasing to 0.9 (CI: 0.8-1.0), 0.8 (CI: 0.7-0.9), and 0.9 (CI: 0.8-1.00), respectively. In relation to gender (men and women), it was 1.8 (CI: 1.7-2.0) and 1.8 (CI: 1.7-1.9), decreasing to 0.9 (CI: 0.8-1.0) and 0.8 (CI: 0.8-0.9), respectively. In relation to origin (urban or rural), it was 1.8 (CI: 1.7-1.9) and 1.8 (CI: 1.4-2.2), decreasing to 0.9 (CI: 0.8-0.9) and 0.8 (CI: 0.7-0.9), respectively. The level of BPI and oral health knowledge improved significantly (P < 0.001) over time in all preschoolers, except in those who came from the rural area (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The application of the puppet theater positively influenced the preschoolers in such a way that it significantly improved their oral health knowledge and oral hygiene at 4 weeks and 4 months, in both genders of 3, 4, and 5 years of age, and in those whose origin was the urban area. However, no significant improvements in oral health knowledge and oral hygiene were observed in those preschoolers whose origin was the rural area.

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Abstract Introduction: Dental caries is a disease caused by the interaction of several factors, including diet, since the development of the biological environment that promotes cariogenic bacterial metabolism often depends on it. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of caries in preschool children from Huaura, Peru, and to confirm if there is an association between their salivary pH and body mass index (BMI) and the level of knowledge about oral health of one of their parents. Materials and methods: A non-experimental, correlational, and cross-sectional study was conducted in 126 preschoolers equally distributed in 3 age groups (3, 4, and 5 years old). The association between the presence of caries and the variables considered was determined by means of the chi-square test of independence, with a confidence level of 95% and a type I error of 5%. In addition, a multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the probability of caries development in relation to each risk factor. Results: The prevalence of caries was 80.2% (95%CI:73.2-87.2); furthermore, salivary pH (p=0.012) and the level of parental knowledge (p<0.001) were significantly associated with caries occurrence. Regarding the multiple regression analysis, an OR=0.12 (95%CI:0.02-0.63) was obtained for pH and an OR=0.50 (95%CI:0.35-0.74) for the level of parental knowledge in relation to the probability of caries development. Conclusion: The level of parental knowledge about oral health and high salivary pH levels of preschoolers were protective factors against caries development in the study population. On the other hand, no association was found between BMI and the presence of caries in 5-year-old preschoolers.

Resumen Introducción. La caries dental es una condición causada por la interacción de múltiples factores, entre ellos la dieta, ya que, con frecuencia, de ella depende el desarrollo del medio biológico propicio para el metabolismo bacteriano cariogénico. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de caries en preescolares de Huaura, Perú, y confirmar si hay una asociación con el pH salival y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de los preescolares, y con el nivel de conocimiento en salud bucal de uno de sus padres. Materiales y métodos. Estudio no experimental, correlacional y transversal realizado en 126 preescolares distribuidos equitativamente en 3 grupos etarios (3, 4 y 5 años). La asociación entre presencia de caries y las variables consideradas se determinó mediante la prueba de independencia de chi cuadrado, con un nivel de confianza del 95% y error tipo I del 5%; además, se realizó un análisis de regresión logística múltiple para calcular la probabilidad de ocurrencia de caries en relación con cada factor de riesgo. Resultados. La prevalencia de caries fue de 80.2% (IC95%:73.2-87.2); además, el pH salival (p=0.012) y el nivel de conocimiento de los padres (p<0.001) se asociaron significativamente con la ocurrencia de caries. En cuanto al análisis de regresión múltiple, se obtuvo un 0R=0.12 (IC95%:0.02-0.63) para el pH y un 0R=0.50 (IC95%:0.35-0.74) para el nivel de conocimiento de los padres en relación con la probabilidad de presentar caries. Conclusión. El nivel de conocimiento sobre salud bucal de los padres y los niveles altos de pH salival de los preescolares fueron factores protectores frente al desarrollo de caries en la población de estudio. Por otra parte, no se encontró asociación entre IMC y presencia de caries en los preescolares de 5 años.

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Introducción: En la medicina militar, la aplicación de las sustancias antibacterianas en las infecciones tópicas, es importante en el tratamiento de las tropas. Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto antibacteriano sinérgico de rifamicina en propóleo sobre bacterias grampositivas. Métodos: Estudio experimental in vitro y comparativo. Se efectuó el análisis fitoquímico preliminar del propóleo de Apis mellífera. Se utilizaron 96 placas de agar Muller Hinton (Britania®) (48 placas para cada especie bacteriana) repartidas en 6 grupos (n = 8). grupo I (agua destilada), grupo II (alcohol etílico al 96 por ciento), grupo III (rifamicina al 0,5 por ciento), grupo IV (rifamicina al 1 por ciento), grupo V (propóleo al 20 por ciento) y grupo VI (rifamicina al 1 por ciento en propóleo al 40 por ciento); se empleó la metodología de Kirby - Bauer; las cepas usadas fueron Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615 y las mediciones de las zonas de inhibición se efectuaron a las 24 horas. Resultados: Se detectaron compuestos fenólicos, taninos, flavonoides, alcaloides y triterpenoides en propóleo. Se comprobó el efecto antibacteriano del grupo V con 18,627 ± 0,1008 mm (92,59 por ciento) y 19,247 ± 0,0762 mm (96,74 por ciento), y el efecto antibacteriano sinérgico del grupo VI con 19,316 ± 0,1202 mm (96,02 por ciento) y 19,613 ± 0,0820 mm (98,58 por ciento), comparados con rifamicina al 1 por ciento (100 por ciento) sobre S. aureus ATCC 25923 y S. pyogenes ATCC 19615. Conclusiones: La combinación de rifamicina al 1 por ciento unida al propóleo al 40 por ciento presenta una mayor actividad antibacteriana in vitro sobre bacterias grampositivas debido a su efecto sinérgico(AU)

Introduction: In military medicine, the application of antibacterial substances in topical infections are important in the treatment of troops. Objectives: To evaluate the synergistic antibacterial effect of rifamycin in propolis on gram-positive bacteria. Methods: In vitro and comparative experimental study. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Apis mellifera propolis was carried out. 96 Muller Hinton agar plates (Britania®) (48 plates for each bacterial species) divided into 6 groups (n = 8) were used group I (distilled water), group II (96 percent ethyl alcohol), group III (rifamycin 0,5 percent), group IV (rifamycin 1 percent), group V (propolis 20 percent) and group VI (rifamycin 1 percent in 40 percent propolis); Kirby-Bauer methodology was used; the strains used were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615 and the measurements of the zones of inhibition were carried out at 24 hours. Results: Phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and triterpenoids were detected in propolis. The antibacterial effect of group V was verified with 18,627 ± 0,1008 mm (92,59 percent) and 19,247 ± 0,0762 mm (96,74 percent), and the synergistic antibacterial effect of group VI with 19,316 ± 0,1202 mm (96,02 percent) and 19,613 ± 0,0820 mm (98,58 percent), compared with rifamycin 1 percent (100 percent) on S. aureus ATCC 25923 y S. pyogenes ATCC 19615. Conclusions: The combination of rifamycin 1 percent together with propolis 40 percent has a greater antibacterial activity in vitro on gram-positive bacteria due to its synergistic effect(AU)

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AIM: The use of bleaching agents, despite being a conservative treatment, can cause a decrease in the surface microhardness of dental resins, affecting their aesthetics and performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of polishing on the surface microhardness of nanohybrid composite resins that were subjected to bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional, in vitro experimental study consisted of 30 composite resin samples made according to ISO 4049-2019 and divided equally into two groups (A and B) which were subjected to 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching. Group A was subjected to polishing procedure, whereas group B was the control group. The samples were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h. The Vickers microhardness was determined with a load of 100 g-f for 10 s. The data were analyzed with Student's t-test for independent samples at a confidence level of 95%. RESULTS: The surface microhardness of the group that was subjected to polishing (A) obtained a mean of 78.07 ± 7.96 HV, whereas for the group that was not subjected to polishing (B) the mean was 65.67 ± 5.22 HV. The difference between groups (A and B) was statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Nanohybrid composite resins previously subjected to 35% hydrogen peroxide gel significantly increased their surface microhardness when subjected to polishing when compared with unpolished nanohybrid composite resins.

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AIM: The COVID-19 pandemic has generated much concern worldwide. Due to its high transmissibility, many young university students have had to carry out their academic activities in mandatory social isolation, which could generate excessive anxiety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anxiety levels in Peruvian dentistry students developed during COVID-19 mandatory social isolation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analytical, observational, and transversal study was carried out in 403 dentistry students in the last two years from three Peruvian universities from May to July 2020. The Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale was used to detect anxiety symptoms and their respective diagnoses. A logit model was used to evaluate the association of the variables: age group (X1), gender (X2), type of university (X3), and marital status (X4), with the anxiety levels of the students, considering a p-value less than 0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of anxiety resulted in 56.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 51.9-61.7) of 403 dentistry students. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the type of university was the only variable that demonstrated to have a significant influence on the development of anxiety with an odds ratio (OR = 1.98; CI: 1.29-3.02); whereas the other variables such as age group (OR = 0.77; CI: 0.49-1.20), gender (OR = 1.15; CI: 0.72-1.84), and marital status (OR = 0.75; CI: 0.35-1.60) were not considered factors that influenced the development of anxiety. CONCLUSION: More than a half of the Peruvian dentistry students from three universities showed mild-to-severe anxiety levels. Students from a private university have a 98% higher chance of developing anxiety in comparison to students from public universities. Other variables such as gender, age group, or marital status were not considered influencing factors to develop anxiety.

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RESUMEN Introducción: El té verde (Camellia sinensis) y el propóleo presentan flavonoides, que inhiben el crecimiento, metabolismo y la coagregación del Streptococcus mutans, principal agente causal de la caries dental. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro del extracto etanólico del té verde (Camellia sinensis) al 10 por ciento y 20 por ciento comparado con extracto etanólico de propóleo al 10 por ciento y 20 por ciento, frente al crecimiento de cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Métodos: Estudio experimental in vitro, longitudinal, prospectivo y comparativo. El universo estuvo constituido por 90 discos de difusión y la muestra por 15 discos embebidos en té verde (Camellia sinensis) o propóleo a diferentes concentraciones, clorhexidina acuosa al 0,12 por ciento y agua destilada. El tamaño de muestra se calculó por fórmula de comparación de medias, después de realizar un estudio piloto. Se colocaron los discos de difusión embebidos en las sustancias sobre agar Mueller Hinton, sembrado con Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), haciendo medición del ancho de los halos inhibitorios a las 24 y 48 h. Se aplicaron pruebas de comparación no paramétricas de Kruskal Wallis y la prueba rangos de Wilcoxon. Resultados: El máximo ancho de halo inhibitorio logrado por clorhexidina acuosa al 0,12 por ciento, extracto etanólico de té verde (Camellia sinensis) al 20 por ciento y extracto etanólico de propóleo al 20 por ciento fue a las 24 h con valores de 10,64 mm ± 0,924 mm, 6,82 mm ± 0,982 mm y 8,36 mm ± 1,286 mm, respectivamente. El extracto etanólico de té verde (Camellia sinensis) al 20 por ciento, presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto al extracto etanólico de propóleo al 20 por ciento, tanto a las 24 h (p= 0,013), como a las 48 h (p= 0,011). Conclusiones: Frente al crecimiento de cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), el extracto etanólico de propóleo al 20 por ciento presenta mayor actividad antibacteriana respecto al extracto etanólico de té verde (Camellia sinensis) al 10 por ciento y 20 por ciento, actividad que disminuye con el paso del tiempo(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Green tea (Camellia sinensis) and propolis contain flavonoids which inhibit the growth, metabolism and co-aggregation of Streptococcus mutans, the main causative agent of dental caries. Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial activity in vitro of 10 percent and 20 percent green tea (Camellia sinensis) ethanolic extract versus 10 percent and 20 percent propolis ethanolic extract against the growth of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) strains. Methods: An in vitro experimental prospective longitudinal comparative study was conducted. The study universe was 90 diffusion disks and the sample was 15 disks soaked up in green tea (Camellia sinensis) or propolis at various concentrations, 0.12 percent aqueous chlorhexidine and distilled water. Sample size was estimated by the comparison of means formula after conducting a pilot study. The diffusion disks soaked up in the substances were placed on Mueller Hinton agar planted with Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and the width of the inhibition haloes was measured at 24 h and 48 h. Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis comparison tests and the Wilcoxon rank test were performed. Results: The maximum width of the inhibition halo achieved by 0.12 percent aqueous chlorhexidine, 20 percent green tea (Camellia sinensis) ethanolic extract, and 20 percent propolis ethanolic extract at 24 h was 10.64 mm ± 0.924 mm, 6.82 mm ± 0.982 mm and 8.36 mm ± 1.286 mm, respectively. The 20 percent green tea (Camellia sinensis) ethanolic extract showed statistically significant differences with respect to the 20 percent propolis ethanolic extract, both at 24 h (p= 0.013) and at 48 h (p= 0.011). Conclusions: The 20 percent propolis ethanolic extract displays greater antibacterial activity against the growth of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) strains than the 10 percent and 20 percent green tea (Camellia sinensis) ethanolic extract. This activity decreases with the passing of time(AU)

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