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OBJECTIVE: To identify empirical patterns of multimorbidity and quantify their associations with socioeconomic, behavioral characteristics, and health outcomes in the megacity of São Paulo. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted through household interviews with residents aged 20 years or older in urban areas (n = 3,184). Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns among the co-existence of 22 health conditions. Age-adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The analysis of latent classes showed 4 patterns of multimorbidity, whereas 58.6% of individuals were classified in the low disease probability group, followed by participants presenting cardiovascular conditions (15.9%), respiratory conditions (12.8%), and rheumatic, musculoskeletal, and emotional conditions (12.8%). Older individuals, with lower schooling and lower household income, presented higher multimorbidity prevalence in cardiovascular, respiratory, rheumatic, musculoskeletal, and emotional conditions patterns compared with the low disease probability pattern. CONCLUSION: The results showed four distinct patterns of multimorbidity in the megacity population, and these patterns are clinically recognizable and theoretically plausible. The identification of trends between patterns would make it feasible to estimate the magnitude of the challenge for the organization of health care policies.

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The study of the association of social variables with the prevalence of impairments can provide subsidies for more adequate care and health policies for the most needy people by incorporating social aspects. This article aims to estimate the prevalence of diverse types of impairments, the degree of difficulty, limitations, and the need for help they cause and attest whether this prevalence differ by educational attainment in individuals aged 20 years or older. This is a populational cross-sectional study (2015 Health Survey of São Paulo-ISA Capital). Data from 3184 individuals were analyzed via educational attainment as exposure variable and outcome variables related to visual, hearing, intellectual, and mobility impairments. 19.9% of participants had visual, 7.8%, hearing, 2.7%, intellectual, and 7.4%, mobility impairments. Mobility and intellectual impairments limited participants' daily activities the most, 70.3% and 63.3%, respectively; who, thus, needed the most help: 48.9% and 48.5%, respectively. Lower schooling was associated with a higher prevalence of impairments, greater need for help due to visual and intellectual impairments, and greater limitations due to hearing and visual impairments.

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INTRODUCTION: The promotion of physical activity has been recognized as an important component in the management and prevention of multimorbidity, a condition that is increasing prevalent worldwide, including in Brazil. However, there is a scarcity of studies exploring the disparity in physical activity levels between individuals with and without multimorbidity. Therefore, the study aimed to estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity and physical activity among older adults, as well as analyze the relationship of a sufficient level of physical activity and multimorbidity, while considering sociodemographic characteristics of residents in São Paulo, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 1.019 participants aged 60 years or older (59.7% female; mean age 69.7±7.7) were collected from the Health Survey (ISA-Capital, 2015) conducted in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. We defined multimorbidity as the presence of two or more chronic conditions, and for physical activity, classified a sufficient level (≥150 min/week). Prevalence Ratios (PR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI) were estimated using univariate and multivariate Poisson regression to examine the relationship between multimorbidity and sufficient level of physical activity. RESULTS: 67.7% of the participants lived with multimorbidity, while 30.1% had achieved a sufficient level of physical activity. There was a higher prevalence of sufficient level of physical activity among older adults with two (PR = 1.38; 95%CI 1.02-1.88) and four (PR = 1.37; 95%CI 1.00-1.87) chronic conditions. Older adults with multimorbidity who were 70 years or older (PR = 1.77; 95%IC 1.13-2.77), female (PR = 1.65; 95%CI 1.16-2.36), without a partner (PR = 1.43; 95%IC 1.03-1.99), and had a per capita income of 1 to 2.5 (PR = 1.83; 95%IC 1.00-3.33) were more likely to achieve a sufficient level of physical activity compared to their peers without multimorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights sociodemographic disparities in the sufficient level of physical activity among multimorbidity, suggesting the importance of considering these factors when planning public policies aimed at promoting physical activity.

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Abstract The study of the association of social variables with the prevalence of impairments can provide subsidies for more adequate care and health policies for the most needy people by incorporating social aspects. This article aims to estimate the prevalence of diverse types of impairments, the degree of difficulty, limitations, and the need for help they cause and attest whether this prevalence differ by educational attainment in individuals aged 20 years or older. This is a populational cross-sectional study (2015 Health Survey of São Paulo-ISA Capital). Data from 3184 individuals were analyzed via educational attainment as exposure variable and outcome variables related to visual, hearing, intellectual, and mobility impairments. 19.9% of participants had visual, 7.8%, hearing, 2.7%, intellectual, and 7.4%, mobility impairments. Mobility and intellectual impairments limited participants' daily activities the most, 70.3% and 63.3%, respectively; who, thus, needed the most help: 48.9% and 48.5%, respectively. Lower schooling was associated with a higher prevalence of impairments, greater need for help due to visual and intellectual impairments, and greater limitations due to hearing and visual impairments.

Resumo O estudo da associação de variáveis ​​sociais com a prevalência de deficiências pode fornecer subsídios para uma atenção e políticas de saúde mais adequadas às pessoas mais carentes ao incorporar aspectos sociais. O objetivo deste artigo é estimar a prevalência de diversos tipos de deficiências, o grau de dificuldade, as limitações e a necessidade de ajuda e verificar se essa prevalência difere por escolaridade em indivíduos com 20 anos ou mais. Trata-se de um estudo transversal populacional (Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo 2015 - ISA-Capital). Os dados de 3.184 indivíduos foram analisados ​​com a escolaridade como variável de exposição relacionada às deficiências visuais, auditivas, intelectuais e de mobilidade. Dezenove vírgula nove por cento dos participantes apresentavam deficiência visual, 7,8% auditiva, 2,7% intelectual e 7,4% de mobilidade. Mobilidade e deficiência intelectual foram as que mais limitaram as atividades diárias, 70,3% e 63,3%, respectivamente, sendo, portanto, as que mais necessitaram de ajuda: 48,9% e 48,5%, respectivamente. Menor nível de escolaridade mostrou associação com maior prevalência de deficiências, maior necessidade de ajuda por deficiência visual e intelectual e maiores limitações por deficiência auditiva e visual.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify empirical patterns of multimorbidity and quantify their associations with socioeconomic, behavioral characteristics, and health outcomes in the megacity of São Paulo. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted through household interviews with residents aged 20 years or older in urban areas (n = 3,184). Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns among the co-existence of 22 health conditions. Age-adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULTS The analysis of latent classes showed 4 patterns of multimorbidity, whereas 58.6% of individuals were classified in the low disease probability group, followed by participants presenting cardiovascular conditions (15.9%), respiratory conditions (12.8%), and rheumatic, musculoskeletal, and emotional conditions (12.8%). Older individuals, with lower schooling and lower household income, presented higher multimorbidity prevalence in cardiovascular, respiratory, rheumatic, musculoskeletal, and emotional conditions patterns compared with the low disease probability pattern. CONCLUSION The results showed four distinct patterns of multimorbidity in the megacity population, and these patterns are clinically recognizable and theoretically plausible. The identification of trends between patterns would make it feasible to estimate the magnitude of the challenge for the organization of health care policies.

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Resumo O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de multimorbidade no município de São Paulo e verificar os fatores associados à utilização de serviços de saúde. Estudo transversal de base populacional a partir do Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo (ISA-Capital 2015), em que foi realizada análise descritiva e foram elaborados modelos de regressão logística utilizando como desfecho a multimorbidade e variáveis independentes sociodemográficas, de condições de vida e utilização de serviços de saúde. Participaram 3.184 indivíduos com 20 anos ou mais, idade média de 43,8 anos. A prevalência de multimorbidade foi de 50,7% entre as mulheres, 62,5% entre os que relataram algum problema de saúde e 55,1% entre os que utilizaram serviços de saúde nas duas últimas semanas. Foi identificada maior prevalência nos indivíduos que usaram serviço de saúde por problema de saúde mental (66,1%) e que informaram maiores despesas com saúde no último mês (55,4%). A multimorbidade foi mais frequente com o envelhecimento, na população com nível econômico mais elevado, com pior autoavaliação de saúde, que utilizou serviços de saúde há seis meses ou menos, que relatou problema de saúde, que tinha plano de saúde e fazia uso da polifarmácia.

Abstract The scope of this paper was to estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity in the city of São Paulo and to verify the factors associated with the utilization of the health services. It involved a population based cross-sectional study based on data from the Health Survey in the city of São Paulo, in which descriptive analysis was conducted, and logistic regression models were developed using multimorbidity and sociodemographic independent variables, living conditions and use of health services as the outcome. A total of 3,184 individuals aged 20 years or older participated, with a mean age of 43.8 years. The prevalence of multimorbidity was 50.7% among women, 62.5% among those who reported some health problem and 55.1% among those who had recourse to health services in the last 2 weeks. A higher prevalence was identified among those who used the health service due to a mental health problem (66.1%), and in those who reported higher health expenditures in the preceding month (55.4%). Multimorbidity was more frequently associated with aging, in the population with a higher economic status, with worse self-rated health, who frequented health services for 6 months or less, who reported a health problem, or who had a health plan and opted for polypharmacy.

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The great socioeconomic inequality that prevails in Brazil and the existence of a national health system with universal coverage places the need to monitor the evolution and social inequities regarding access to these services. This study aims to analyze the changes in the prevalence of health care use and the extent of social inequality in the demand, use and, access, resolution of health problems, satisfaction, and health care use of Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) according to education levels in the population living in the urban area of the Municipality of São Paulo, in 2003 and 2015. We analyzed data from two population-based household health surveys (Health Survey in São Paulo City - ISA-Capital) from 2003 and 2015. Dependent variables related to health care use in the two weeks preceding the survey and due to diseases included demand, access, satisfaction, problem resolution, and the public or private nature of the service. Prevalence was estimated using level of education and prevalence ratios (PR) by the Poisson regression. In the period, the demand for health care, access, resolution, and use of public health care increased from 2003 to 2015. Inequities in public health care use changed from 2003 to 2015 according to level of education. We found no social inequities in health care use in the municipality of São Paulo regarding demand, access, satisfaction, and resolution according to levels of education. Results show progress in the use and resolution of health care services, as well as the strong concentration of the use of SUS by the population with lower education. Results indicate the progress that SUS has made, but also show persistent challenges in the use and access to services.

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The scope of this study is to identify determining factors of disparities in social conditions in the health of non-institutionalized elderly people in the city of São Paulo, from the standpoint of self-declaration of skin color. It is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 1,017 elderly participants in the "2015 Health Survey of the Municipality of São Paulo". The analysis used crude and adjusted Poisson regression models, reporting the prevalence ratio and 95% confidence intervals as a measure of association between the variables. In the adjusted analysis, brown and black skin color was positively associated with worse schooling, negative self-assessment of health status, health insurance and access to public health services. On the one hand, black skin color was no longer associated with the lowest income, however, it was associated with arterial hypertension. On the other hand, brown skin color was associated with low income, but not with arterial hypertension. Elderly black and brown people had worse health conditions, less access to private health services and socioeconomic resources. These results are compatible with the hypothesis of structural racism in São Paulo's society and may inform social health policies aimed at promoting health and social justice.

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar fatores determinantes das disparidades das condições sociais na saúde de idosos não institucionalizados na cidade de São Paulo, sob a perspectiva da autodeclaração da cor da pele. Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de 1.017 idosos participantes do "Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo 2015". A análise utilizou modelos de regressão de Poisson brutas e ajustadas, relatando a razão de prevalências e seus intervalos de 95% de confiança como medida de associação entre as variáveis. Na análise ajustada, a cor da pele parda e preta associou-se, positivamente, com a pior escolaridade, a autoavaliação do estado de saúde negativa, o plano de saúde e o acesso ao serviço de saúde público. De um lado, a cor da pele preta perdeu a associação com a pior renda, no entanto, associou-se com a hipertensão arterial. De outro lado, a cor da pele parda não se associou com a hipertensão arterial, mas com a renda baixa. Idosos pretos e pardos tiveram menos acesso a recursos socioeconômicos, às piores condições de saúde e, também, a serviços de saúde privados. Esses resultados são compatíveis com a hipótese de racismo estrutural na sociedade paulistana e podem instruir políticas sociais na saúde dirigidas à promoção de saúde e justiça social.

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Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é identificar fatores determinantes das disparidades das condições sociais na saúde de idosos não institucionalizados na cidade de São Paulo, sob a perspectiva da autodeclaração da cor da pele. Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de 1.017 idosos participantes do "Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo 2015". A análise utilizou modelos de regressão de Poisson brutas e ajustadas, relatando a razão de prevalências e seus intervalos de 95% de confiança como medida de associação entre as variáveis. Na análise ajustada, a cor da pele parda e preta associou-se, positivamente, com a pior escolaridade, a autoavaliação do estado de saúde negativa, o plano de saúde e o acesso ao serviço de saúde público. De um lado, a cor da pele preta perdeu a associação com a pior renda, no entanto, associou-se com a hipertensão arterial. De outro lado, a cor da pele parda não se associou com a hipertensão arterial, mas com a renda baixa. Idosos pretos e pardos tiveram menos acesso a recursos socioeconômicos, às piores condições de saúde e, também, a serviços de saúde privados. Esses resultados são compatíveis com a hipótese de racismo estrutural na sociedade paulistana e podem instruir políticas sociais na saúde dirigidas à promoção de saúde e justiça social.

Abstract The scope of this study is to identify determining factors of disparities in social conditions in the health of non-institutionalized elderly people in the city of São Paulo, from the standpoint of self-declaration of skin color. It is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 1,017 elderly participants in the "2015 Health Survey of the Municipality of São Paulo". The analysis used crude and adjusted Poisson regression models, reporting the prevalence ratio and 95% confidence intervals as a measure of association between the variables. In the adjusted analysis, brown and black skin color was positively associated with worse schooling, negative self-assessment of health status, health insurance and access to public health services. On the one hand, black skin color was no longer associated with the lowest income, however, it was associated with arterial hypertension. On the other hand, brown skin color was associated with low income, but not with arterial hypertension. Elderly black and brown people had worse health conditions, less access to private health services and socioeconomic resources. These results are compatible with the hypothesis of structural racism in São Paulo's society and may inform social health policies aimed at promoting health and social justice.

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OBJECTIVE: This study monitors trends in access to cancer screening, focusing on mammography, Papanicolaou (Pap smear), and Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), assessing the magnitude of inequality in the city of São Paulo from 2003 to 2015 according to education level. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional population-based study conducted with data from the 2003, 2008, and 2015 editions of the Health Survey of the City of São Paulo (ISA-Capital). Outcome variables were the proportion of mammography, Papanicolaou (Pap smear), and Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) tests according to the protocols. Inequality was measured by education level according to years of study. For static analysis, Poisson regression was used to estimate proportion ratios. RESULTS: The proportion of Pap smears remained stationary at a high level (>89%) throughout the study period, while access to mammography and PSA tests significantly increased in the 2003‒2015 period. The present results indicate inequalities in access to cancer screening due to education, and being more expressive for mammography and PSA tests. However, this inequality significantly decreased over the period analyzed comparing the most educated individuals with those with the lowest educational level. In addition, an increase in the proportion of tests performed in the Brazilian Unified Health System was identified, especially for mammography and PSA tests, in the period 2003‒2015. CONCLUSIONS: The inequalities observed in the access to preventive exams were influenced by the level of education. The offer of exams was expanded, more significantly for mammography and PSA, especially among the less educated group.

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