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Kidney transplant for patients with lupus nephritis (LN) has satisfactory outcomes in studies with short-term or mid-term follow up. Nevertheless, information about long-term outcomes is scarce. We performed a retrospective matched-pair cohort study in 74 LN recipients compared with 148 non-LN controls matched by age, sex, immunosuppressive treatment, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matches, and transplant period in order to evaluate long-term outcomes of kidney transplant in LN recipients. Matched pairs were predominantly females (83%), median age at transplant surgery of 32 years (interquartile range 23-38 years), and 66% received a graft from a living related donor. Among LN recipients, 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-year graft survival was 81%, 79%, 57% and 51%, respectively, and it was similar to that observed in controls (89%, 78%, 64%, and 56%, respectively). Graft loss (27% vs. 21%, p = 0.24) and overall survival ( p = 0.15) were not different between LN recipients and controls. Also, there was no difference in episodes of immunological rejection, thrombosis, or infection. Only six LN recipients had biopsy-proven lupus recurrence and three of them had graft loss. In a cohort with a long follow up of kidney transplant recipients, LN recipients had similar long-term graft survival and overall outcomes compared with non-lupus recipients when predictors are matched between groups.

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Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de la vía de administración sobre efecto de distintas dosis del extracto etanólico de la semilla de Jatropha curcas L en la motilidad intestinal de ratones. Materiales y Métodos: Se utilizaron ratones albinos machos con un peso promedio de 23 g, a los que, por vía oral e intraperitoneal, y a dosis escalonadas y no tóxicas, se les administraron extracto etanólico de la semilla de Jatropha curcas L. Los grupos experimentales fueron: suero fisiológico 0,1 mL/10 g, atropina 1 mg/Kg, extracto etanólico de semilla de Jatropha curcas L. 500, 750 y 1000 mg/Kg, respectivamente, y neostigmina 0,4 mg/Kg. Para la validación estadística se usó ANOVA con post-hoc de Sidak. Resultados: Se encontró diferencias significativas al analizar los porcentajes de motilidad intestinal de todos los grupos, sin embargo, al realizar la comparación por parejas solo se halló diferencias entre los grupos que recibieron atropina y neoestigmina (p=0,038), J. curcas L. vía oral a dosis de 500 mg/Kg y 1000 mg/Kg (p=0,001 en ambos casos). Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p>0,05) en las comparaciones entre la administración por vía oral y por vía peritoneal del extracto de J. curcas L. a dosis de 500 mg/Kg y 1000 mg/Kg. Conclusión: Se encontró influencia de la vía de administración, sobre el efecto del extracto etanólico de Jatropha curcas L. en la la motilidad intestinal en ratones albinos.

Objectives. To determine the influence of administration route of Jatropha curcas L. seeds ethanolic extract (in different doses) on intestinal motility of albino mice. Methods. Male albino mice were used with an average weight of 23 g., which the ethanolic extract of Jatropha curcas L. seeds were administered in different administration routes (oral and intraperitoneal), using staggered and non-toxic doses. The experimental groups were 0,1 mL/10 g physiological saline, atropine 1mg/Kg, neostigmine 0.4 mg/kg and Jatropha curcas L seed ethanolic extract in doses of 500, 750 and 1000mg/kg. One-way ANOVA test with Sidak post-hoc test were used to do a statistical inferences. Results. Significant differences were found when all-groups intestinal charcoal transit distance (%) were analyzed. However, when paired comparisons were made, significant differences were found between neostigmine group (p=0,038); and oral administration of J curcas L extracts in doses of 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg (p=0.001 in both cases). Significant differences were found (p>0.05) in comparisons made between orally and intraperitoneal administration of J. curcas L. extract in doses of 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg. Conclusion. There is some influence caused by route of administration of Jathropa curcas L. seeds ethanolic extract on intestinal motility in albino mice.

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Due to their physicochemical properties, metallic nanoalloys have potential applications in biomedicine, electrocatalysis and electrochemical sensors, among many other fields. New alternative procedures have emerged in order to reduce production costs and the use of toxic substances. In this study we present a novel low-toxicity synthesis method for the fabrication of nanowire networks (NWNs) and Ag-Au hollow nanospheres. The synthesis process is performed at room temperature without any sophisticated equipment, such as special cameras or furnaces, etc. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the NWNs contain random alloys with a diameter of between 10-13 nm. The radius for the hollow nanospheres is approximately located between 70-130 nm. The absorption bands in the UV-vis spectrum associated with the surface plasmon in Ag-Au bimetallic nanoparticles are highlighted at 385 nm for the NWNs and 643 nm for the hollow nanospheres. The study was performed with low-toxicity substances, such as rongalite, ascorbic acid and sucrose, and showed high efficiency for the fabrication of these types of nanostructures, as well as good stability for long periods of time.

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Resumen OBJETIVO: describir un caso clínico de tumor de células de la granulosa de tipo adulto, en forma bilateral, con diagnóstico inicial erróneo de carcinoma de vejiga urinaria. CASO CLÍNICO: paciente de 43 años de edad, con antecedente de hiperplasia endometrial sin atipia. El padecimiento se inició en marzo de 2015, con dolor en la fosa renal izquierda. En la exploración física se documentó distensión abdominal, dolor ocasional y pérdida de peso (3 kg) en cuatro meses; masa abdominal, sólida, dolorosa, tacto vaginal con abultamiento y desplazamiento de la pared lateral izquierda de la vagina. La tomografía axial computada evidenció tres masas en el hueco pélvico. En la laparotomía se resecaron ambos tumores ováricos. Se inició tratamiento con quimioterapia coadyuvante, con cisplatino-etopósido (CDDP/VP-16). CONCLUSIÓN: la manifestación bilateral del tumor de células de la granulosa del adulto aparece en sólo 3% de los casos. Luego de practicar estudios radiológicos y de inmunohistoquímica se estableció el diagnóstico correcto. La quimioterapia coadyuvante con cisplatino-etopósido, ha demostrado resultados satisfactorios. Actualmente no existen datos de actividad tumoral y la paciente permanece en seguimiento.

Abstract OBJETIVO: Describes a clinical case of adult granulosa cell tumor, bilaterally, with initial misdiagnosis of urinary bladder carcinoma. CLINICAL CASE: 43 year old female with antecedent of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia. Starts condition in March 2015 with pain in renal fossa. At the time of consultation presented abdominal distention, occasional pain, weight loss (3 kg) in 4 months. On physical exploration an abdominal mass was found, it was solid and painful. Vaginal touch with presence of a lump and displacement of the left side wall of the vagina. In the computerized axial tomography 3 masses were seen in pelvic hollow. The patient underwent a laparotomy and both tumors were resected. Adjuvant chemotherapy was initiated. CONCLUSION: The bilateral presentation of this type occurs only in 3% of these tumors. After radiological and immunohistochemistry studies a correct diagnosis was established. Adjuvant chemotherapy based in cisplatin/etoposide has shown satisfactory results. Currently these are no data of tumor activity. Continuous surveillance is been performed.

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A cross sectional survey was performed to identify gastrointestinal helminths and protozoans in naturally infected horses from the biosphere reserve known as "La Sierra Madre de Chiapas", Mexico (El Triunfo and La Sepultura). During a three-year survey, fecal samples from 90 horses and parasites from 2 necropsied animals were collected. Five families from the Nematoda class: Ascaridae, Kathlanidae, Oxyuridae, Strongylidae and Trichostrongylidae were found, whereas, only one family from the class Cestoda, was observed: Anoplocephalidae. One family from the class Insecta, was observed: Gasterophiilidae. The number of species of parasites ranged from 13 to 18 with an average of 15 per animal. Adult parasites were recovered from the large intestine luminal contents at necropsy. Species recovered included: Strongylus vulgaris, S. equinus, S. edentatus, Oxyuris equi, Parascaris equorum, Coronocyclus coronatum, C. labiatus, C. labratus, Cyathostomum tetracanthum, Cylicocyclus insigne, C. leptostomus, Cylicodontophorus bicoronatus, Cylicostephanus asymetricus, C. bidentatus, C. minutus, C. longibursatus, Petrovinema poculatum, Poteriostomum imparidentatum, Cylicostephanus goldi, Tridentoinfundibulum gobi, Triodontophorus serratus and T. tenuicollis. One species of Diptera were recovered from stomach and identified: Gasterophilus intestinalis. Furthermore, different species of protozoa were recovered from fresh horse-dung and identified in four classes: Sporozoa, Litostomatea, Ciliasida and Suctoria. Nine families: Cryptosporidiidae, Eimeriidae, Balantidiidae, Buetschliidae, Blepharocorythidae, Cycloposthiidae, Spirodiniididae, Ditoxidae, Acinetidae; and 31 ciliates species were recorded: Allantosoma dicorniger, A. intestinalis, Alloiozona trizona, Blepharosphaera intestinalis, Blepharoprosthium pireum, Blepharoconus benbrooki, Bundleia postciliata, Didesmis ovalis, D. quadrata, Sulcoarcus pellucidulus, Blepharocorys angusta, B. cardionucleata, B. curvigula, B. juvata, B. uncinata, B. valvata, Cycloposthium bipalmatum, C. edentatum, C. scutigerum, Charonina equi, Ditoxum funinucleum, Spirodinium equi, Tetratoxum unifasciculatum, Triadinium caudatum, T. galea, T. minimum and Tripalmaria dogieli. Other ciliate observed and recorded was Ochoterenaia appendiculata. This study describes the biodiversity and distribution of common and new helminths and protozoas found in the gastrointestinal tract from horses in the biosphere reserve "Sierra Madre de Chiapas" in Mexico.

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Objetivo: Identificar mutaciones puntuales relacionadas con resistencia a drogas en VIH-1 de pacientes peruanos.Materiales y métodos: Se seleccionaron 11 muestras de VIH provenientes de sangre total de sujetos con tratamientoantirretroviral (ARV). Posteriormente se realizó la optimización de la amplificación de 337 pb del gen de la transcriptasareversa (tr) y 377 pb de todo el gen de la proteasa (prt). Los productos de PCR fueron secuenciados directamentepara el análisis de mutaciones de resistencia. Las secuencias finales fueron analizadas en programas de análisis demutaciones de la HIV Drug Resistance Database de la Universidad de Stanford. Resultados: La optimización de laconcentración de ADN (2,5 ng / μL) así como la concentración de magnesio (4 mM) fueron factores críticos para la amplificaciónde la tr y la prt respectivamente. De otro lado, el análisis de secuencia reveló la presencia de las mutacionesT215Y y la M184V en tr, implicadas en conferir resistencia a zidovudina (AZT) y estavudina (D4T) así como a lamivudina(3TC) y emtricitabina (FTC) respectivamente. En prt se observaron las mutaciones D30N y N88D implicadas enconferir resistencia a nelfinavir (NFV). Es importante señalar que sólo tres muestras de VIH-1 presentaron mutacionesde resistencia, las demás mostraron mutaciones compensatorias. Conclusiones: Se demuestra la existencia de mutacionesde resistencia a ARV a nivel de tr y prt de VIH-1 en sujetos peruanos que reciben terapia TARGA. Se requierende mayores estudios para establecer un perfil de resistencia a ARV en la población peruana.

Objective: Identify point mutations related to HIV-1 drug resistance in Peruvian patients. Materials and methods: A total of 11 HIV-1 positive samples were selected, all were obtained from the whole blood of subjects undergoing anti-retro viral (ARV) treatment. 337 gene base pairs (bp) from reverse transcriptase (rt) and 377 bp from the whole protease gene (prt) were optimized. PCR products were sequenced directly for the analysis of resistance mutations. Final sequences were analyzed in the University of Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database programs. Results: Optimization of DNA concentration (2,5 ng / µL), as well as magnesium concentration (4mM) were critical factors for rt and prt amplification, respectively. On the other hand, the sequence analysis showed the presence of T215Y and M184V mutations in rt , implicated in zidovudine (AZT), stavudine (D4T), lamivudina (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC) resistance, respectively. In prt, mutations D30N and N88D were observed. These mutations have been implicated in nelfinavir (NFV) resistance. It must be highlighted that only three HIV-1 positive samples showed resistance mutations. The remaining samples showed compensatory mutations. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the existence of ARV resistance mutations at the HIV-1 rt and prt levels in Peruvian patients undergoing HAART therapy. Further studies are required to establish an ARV resistance pattern in the Peruvian population.

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Betahistine has been used to treat several vestibular disorders of both central and peripheral origin. The objective of this work was to study the action of betahistine in the vestibular endorgans. Experiments were done in wild larval axolotl (Ambystoma tigrinum). Multiunit extracellular recordings were obtained from the semicircular canal nerve using a suction electrode. Betahistine (10 microM to 10 mM; n = 32) inhibited the basal spike discharge of the vestibular afferent neurons with an IC50 of 600 microM. To define the site of action of betahistine, its interactions with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine (3 microM) and with the cholinergic antagonists atropine (10 microM; n = 3) and d-tubocurarine (10 microM; n = 3) were studied. The action of betahistine when co-administered with these drugs was the same as that in control experiments, indicating that its effects did not include nitric oxide production or the activation of cholinergic receptors. In contrast, 0.01-1 mM betahistine reduced the excitatory action of kainic acid (10 microM; n = 6) and quiscualic acid (1 microM; n = 13). These results indicate that the action of betahistine on the spike discharge of afferent neurons seems to be due to a post-synaptic inhibitory action on the primary afferent neuron response to the hair cell neurotransmitter.

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The new nortriterpene methylene quinones amazoquinone (1) and (7S, 8S)-7-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-tingenone (2), and the new norphenolic triterpenes 7,8-dihydro-6-oxo-tingenol (3), 23-nor-6-oxo-tingenol (4), and 23-oxo-iso-tingenone (5) were isolated from Maytenus amazonica. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1, 2, 3, and 5 showed low antitumor activity against four cancer cell lines.

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A case report of a woman 31 years old, with 19 weeks gestation, who presented with acute abdomen signs and symptoms: we performed a laparotomy finding uterine rupture and placenta percreta. It's a rare pathology, and we found few cases reported in literature. None in Mexico.

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The result obtained from different studies of the chronopharmacokinetics of some controlled-release tablets of theophylline are variable, since some authors report differences while others do not. At our laboratory we have developed a formulation of a controlled-release theophylline tablet using acrylic resins and we studied the chronopharmacokinetics of theophylline from this dosage form. Seven Caucasian healthy male volunteers participated in the study approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB). Each volunteer received a controlled release tablet of 300 mg theophylline and an i.v. dose equivalent to 131.46 mg theophylline once at 8.00 a.m. and once at 8.00 p.m. Theophylline plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated: maximum concentration, time to reach maximum concentration, mean residence time, absorption constant, area under the curve of plasma concentration versus time, distribution volume (Vd beta), and total clearance. No statistically significant differences were found between diurnal and nocturnal data. This implied that, with this formulation, there is a lower risk of toxic plasma concentrations or concentrations under the therapeutic level than with formulations that exhibit circadian rhythm.

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