RESUMO
Gastrointestinal nematodes significantly affect the ovine industry, and Haemonchus contortus is considered the most pathogenic parasite in tropical regions. This situation is aggravated when the main strategy to control worms fails because of the genetic resistance that parasites acquire against anthelmintics. Aiming to anticipate the events involved in anthelmintic resistance, we induced monepantel resistance in H. contortus by in vivo subdosing of sheep hosts. Four successive passages of a monepantel-susceptible H. contortus isolate in Santa Ines or Ile de France sheep hosts resulted in three monepantel-resistant (efficacy varying from 0 to 58.5%) H. contortus isolates. Sheep hosts were treated from 0.075 mg/kg to the therapeutic dose of 2.5 mg/kg of monepantel in 19-26 rounds of selection for 112-133 weeks. Success in inducing H. contortus resistance to monepantel may have been affected by worm burden and by host-parasite interactions, including a possible effect of the breed of sheep hosts. We conclude that subdosing of sheep, although time-consuming, is an efficient in vivo strategy for the induction of monepantel resistance in H. contortus. The resistant parasites can be used in further studies to elucidate the genetic and biochemical events involved in the acquisition of anthelmintic resistance.
Assuntos
Aminoacetonitrila/análogos & derivados , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Resistência a Medicamentos , Hemoncose/veterinária , Haemonchus/efeitos dos fármacos , Aminoacetonitrila/administração & dosagem , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Hemoncose/parasitologia , Haemonchus/genética , Masculino , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is amongst the leading causes of death worldwide. As inflammatory markers, cytokines can predict outcomes, if interpreted together with clinical data and scoring systems such as CURB-65, CRB, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II). The aim of this study was to determine the impact of inflammatory biomarkers on the early mortality of hospitalized CAP patients. Twenty-seven CAP patients needing hospitalization were enrolled for the study and samples of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocystein were collected at the time of admission (day 1) as well as on the seventh day of the treatment. There was a significant reduction in the levels of IL-6 between the first and the second collections. Median IL-6 values decreased from 24 pg/mL (day 1) to 8 pg/mL (day 7) (P=0.016). The median levels of TNF-α were higher in patients: i) with acute kidney injury (AKI) (P=0.045), ii) requiring mechanical ventilation (P=0.040), iii) with short hospital stays (P=0.009), iv) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) (P=0.040), v) who died early (P=0.003), and vi) with worse CRB scores (P=0.013). In summary, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were associated with early mortality of CAP patients. Longer admission levels demonstrated greater likelihood of early death and overall mortality, necessity of mechanical ventilation, and AKI.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Humanos , Financiamento Governamental , Centros de Tratamento de Abuso de Substâncias/organização & administração , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/reabilitação , Bases de Dados Factuais , Garantia da Qualidade dos Cuidados de Saúde , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Centros de Tratamento de Abuso de Substâncias/normas , Centros de Tratamento de Abuso de Substâncias/tendências , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Ultrassonografia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is amongst the leading causes of death worldwide. As inflammatory markers, cytokines can predict outcomes, if interpreted together with clinical data and scoring systems such as CURB-65, CRB, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II). The aim of this study was to determine the impact of inflammatory biomarkers on the early mortality of hospitalized CAP patients. Twenty-seven CAP patients needing hospitalization were enrolled for the study and samples of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocystein were collected at the time of admission (day 1) as well as on the seventh day of the treatment. There was a significant reduction in the levels of IL-6 between the first and the second collections. Median IL-6 values decreased from 24 pg/mL (day 1) to 8 pg/mL (day 7) (P=0.016). The median levels of TNF-α were higher in patients: i) with acute kidney injury (AKI) (P=0.045), ii) requiring mechanical ventilation (P=0.040), iii) with short hospital stays (P=0.009), iv) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) (P=0.040), v) who died early (P=0.003), and vi) with worse CRB scores (P=0.013). In summary, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were associated with early mortality of CAP patients. Longer admission levels demonstrated greater likelihood of early death and overall mortality, necessity of mechanical ventilation, and AKI.
Assuntos
Interleucina-6/sangue , Pneumonia/mortalidade , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/complicações , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/mortalidade , Creatinina/sangue , Feminino , Homocisteína/sangue , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Interleucina-1/sangue , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia/complicações , Estudos Prospectivos , Respiração Artificial , Fatores Sexuais , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The inclusion of industrial byproducts such as citrus pulp in the composition of animal diets has been widely recommended due to sustainability aspects and their high level of carbohydrates. Limonene is found in citrus pulp and has been described elsewhere as a major compound of citrus essential oils with excellent anthelmintic activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the parasitological parameters of lambs artificially infected (Experiment 1) with Haemonchus contortus and naturally infected (Experiment 2) by gastrointestinal nematodes, fed diets with dehydrated citrus pulp or silage of moist orange pulp. Both experiments had three treatments (C: control, DP: diet+dehydrated citrus pulp, and MP: diet+silage of moist orange pulp). The diets were isoproteic (11% crude protein) and the concentrate was corrected every 14 days according to animal weight. Parasitological parameters were evaluated for both experiments each 14 days (body weight, body condition; fecal egg counts-FEC, egg hatch assay-EHA, coproculture, and packed cell volume-PCV). Analysis of variance (GLM of the SAS software) was performed with repeated measures in time, and the means were compared by the Tukey test. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to detect constituents of dry or moist citrus pulp. Dehydrated citrus pulp had 0.02% essential oil (major compounds were 85.9% limonene and 7.6% valencene). Moist orange pulp contained 1.5% essential oil (major compounds were 65.5% limonene and 31.2% alpha- and gamma-terpineol). In both experiments, the weight gain among the treatments was similar (p>0.05) demonstrating that both moist and dehydrated orange pulp can be used to replace corn kernels to feed infected lambs. The supplementation with orange pulp did not decrease natural or artificial infections of gastrointestinal nematodes according to the FEC results (p>0.05). However, PCV increased from animals fed dehydrated and moist pulp in natural infection (Experiment 2, p<0.05) in comparison with the control group. In addition, the consumption of the dehydrated citrus pulp from animals infected with H. contortus (Experiment 1) caused lower hatching rates after 42 days of consumption (p<0.05), suggesting a tendency to shed fewer eggs to the environment.
Assuntos
Citrus/química , Gastroenteropatias/veterinária , Nematoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Ração Animal , Animais , Peso Corporal , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fezes/parasitologia , Gastroenteropatias/tratamento farmacológico , Gastroenteropatias/parasitologia , Hemoncose/tratamento farmacológico , Hemoncose/parasitologia , Hemoncose/veterinária , Haemonchus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Nematoides/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Nematoides/parasitologia , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , SilagemAssuntos
Aterosclerose/terapia , Colesterol/sangue , Dislipidemias/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Aterosclerose/prevenção & controle , Biomarcadores/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Criança , Ésteres do Colesterol/sangue , Dislipidemias/sangue , Dislipidemias/prevenção & controle , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Feminino , Ácidos Fíbricos/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/sangue , Hipertrigliceridemia/sangue , Expectativa de Vida , Lipoproteínas/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Triglicerídeos/sangueAssuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aterosclerose/terapia , Colesterol/sangue , Dislipidemias/terapia , Aterosclerose/prevenção & controle , Biomarcadores/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Ésteres do Colesterol/sangue , Dislipidemias/sangue , Dislipidemias/prevenção & controle , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Ácidos Fíbricos/metabolismo , Hipercolesterolemia/sangue , Hipertrigliceridemia/sangue , Expectativa de Vida , Lipoproteínas/metabolismo , Fatores de Risco , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
The resistance to infestations by ectoparasites and infections by gastrointestinal nematodes was studied in 45 animals (males and females) of two genetic groups: purebred Nelore (NI, n=28) and Three-Cross (1/2 Angus+1/4 Canchim+1/4 Nelore - TC, n=17). The animals were monitored for 24 months, during which they were left to graze in tropical pastures without receiving treatment for parasites. Each month the animals were examined for infestations by external parasites, to count the numbers of cattle ticks Rhipicephalus microplus with diameter greater than 4.5mm present on the left side, horn flies (Haematobia irritans) present in the lumbar region and botfly larvae (Dermatobia hominis) present on the entire body. The H. irritans counts were performed with the aid of digital photographs. At the time of examination, fecal samples were collected to count the eggs per gram (EPG) and to perform coprocultures, and peripheral blood samples were drawn to determine the packed cell volume (PCV) and to count the eosinophils. For statistical analysis, the count data were transformed into log10 (n+1), where n is the number of parasites. For PCV, significant effects (P<0.05) were found for collection month (CO), genetic group (GG) and gender (SX), with means and respective standard errors of 41.5 ± 0.65% for the NI animals, 39.3 ± 0.83% for the TC, 41.5 ± 0.72% for the females and 39.3 ± 0.77% for the males. Regarding the eosinophil counts, only the effect of sex was significant (P<0.01), with means and respective standard errors of 926.0 ± 46.2/µL, for males and 1088.0 ± 43.8/µL of blood, for females. The NI animals presented lower mean counts for all the external parasites compared to the TC animals (P<0.01). For ticks, the transformed means followed by standard errors for the NI and TC animals were 0.06 ± 0.01 and 0.34 ± 0.02, while for horn flies these were 0.92 ± 0.05 and 1.36 ± 0.06 and for botfly larvae they were 0.05 ± 0.03 and 0.45 ± 0.05, respectively. The average EPG values were only influenced by CO (P<0.01). The coprocultures revealed the presence of the following endoparasites: Haemonchus spp., Cooperia spp., Oesophagostomum spp. and Trichostrongylus spp., the last in smaller proportion. There were no significant differences between the genetic groups for the endoparasite loads, except for Cooperia spp., which were present in greater number (P<0.05) in the NI group. The results obtained in this experiment confirm previous findings of greater susceptibility of the Nelore breed to Cooperia spp. and high resistance to ectoparasites.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Gastroenteropatias/veterinária , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/genética , Ectoparasitoses/epidemiologia , Ectoparasitoses/genética , Feminino , Gastroenteropatias/epidemiologia , Gastroenteropatias/genética , Gastroenteropatias/parasitologia , Masculino , Infecções por Nematoides/epidemiologia , Infecções por Nematoides/genética , Estações do Ano , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
A low concentration of nitric oxide associated with a high concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) can explain the lack of ischemic cardioprotection observed in the presence of hypercholesterolemia. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of hypercholesterolemia on ischemic pre- and postconditioning and its correlation with plasma concentrations of ADMA. Male Wistar rats (6-8 weeks old) fed a 2% cholesterol diet (n = 21) for 8 weeks were compared to controls (n = 25) and were subjected to experimental myocardial infarction and reperfusion, with ischemic pre- and postconditioning. Total cholesterol and ADMA were measured in plasma before the experimental infarct and the infarct area was quantified. Weight, total cholesterol and plasma ADMA (means ± SE; 1.20 ± 0.06, 1.27 ± 0.08 and 1.20 ± 0.08 vs 0.97 ± 0.04, 0.93 ± 0.05 and 0.97 ± 0.04â µM) were higher in animals on the hypercholesterolemic diet than in controls, respectively. Cardioprotection did not reduce infarct size in the hypercholesterolemic animals (pre: 13.55% and post: 8% compared to 7.95% observed in the group subjected only to ischemia and reperfusion), whereas infarct size was reduced in the animals on a normocholesterolemic diet (pre: 8.25% and post: 6.10% compared to 12.31%). Hypercholesterolemia elevated ADMA and eliminated the cardioprotective effects of ischemic pre- and postconditioning in rats.
Assuntos
Arginina/análogos & derivados , Hipercolesterolemia/sangue , Infarto do Miocárdio/etiologia , Animais , Arginina/sangue , Colesterol/sangue , Colesterol na Dieta , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hipercolesterolemia/complicações , Hipercolesterolemia/patologia , Precondicionamento Isquêmico Miocárdico , Masculino , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/patologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
A low concentration of nitric oxide associated with a high concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) can explain the lack of ischemic cardioprotection observed in the presence of hypercholesterolemia. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of hypercholesterolemia on ischemic pre- and postconditioning and its correlation with plasma concentrations of ADMA. Male Wistar rats (6-8 weeks old) fed a 2% cholesterol diet (n = 21) for 8 weeks were compared to controls (n = 25) and were subjected to experimental myocardial infarction and reperfusion, with ischemic pre- and postconditioning. Total cholesterol and ADMA were measured in plasma before the experimental infarct and the infarct area was quantified. Weight, total cholesterol and plasma ADMA (means ± SE; 1.20 ± 0.06, 1.27 ± 0.08 and 1.20 ± 0.08 vs 0.97 ± 0.04, 0.93 ± 0.05 and 0.97 ± 0.04 µM) were higher in animals on the hypercholesterolemic diet than in controls, respectively. Cardioprotection did not reduce infarct size in the hypercholesterolemic animals (pre: 13.55% and post: 8% compared to 7.95% observed in the group subjected only to ischemia and reperfusion), whereas infarct size was reduced in the animals on a normocholesterolemic diet (pre: 8.25% and post: 6.10% compared to 12.31%). Hypercholesterolemia elevated ADMA and eliminated the cardioprotective effects of ischemic pre- and postconditioning in rats.