RESUMO
We have previously designed a conditionally replicative oncolytic adenovirus (CRAd) named Ad-F512 that can target both the stromal and the malignant melanoma cell compartments. The replication capacity of this CRAd is driven by a 0.5-Kb SPARC promoter fragment (named F512). To improve CRAd's efficacy, we cloned into F512 motives responsive to hypoxia (hypoxia-responsive element (HRE)) and inflammation (nuclear factor kappa B) to obtain a chimeric promoter named κBF512HRE. Using luciferase as a reporter gene, we observed 10-15-fold increased activity under hypoxia and 10-80-fold induction upon tumor necrosis factor-α addition. We next constructed a CRAd (Ad-κBF512HRE) where E1A activity was under κBF512HRE regulation. Treatment of nude mice harboring established tumors made of a mix of SB2 melanoma cells and WI-38 fibroblasts with Ad-κBF512HRE led to the complete elimination of tumors in 100% of mice (8/8). Moreover, Ad-5/3-κBF512HRE, a viral variant pseudotyped with a chimeric 5/3 fiber, exerted a strong lytic effect on CAR-negative melanoma cells and was highly effective in vivo on established tumors made of melanoma cells and WI-38 fibroblasts, leading to the complete elimination of 4/5 tumors. These results indicate that this improved stroma-targeted oncolytic adenovirus can override the resistance of melanoma tumors and might become of significant importance for melanoma therapeutics.
Assuntos
Adenoviridae/genética , Melanoma/terapia , Terapia Viral Oncolítica/métodos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/terapia , Células Estromais/virologia , Microambiente Tumoral/fisiologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Fibroblastos/citologia , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Melanoma/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Células Estromais/patologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
The clinical efficacy of conditionally replicative oncolytic adenoviruses (CRAd) is still limited by the inefficient infection of the tumor mass. Since tumor growth is essentially the result of a continuous cross-talk between malignant and tumor-associated stromal cells, targeting both cell compartments may profoundly influence viral efficacy. Therefore, we developed SPARC promoter-based CRAds since the SPARC gene is expressed both in malignant cells and in tumor-associated stromal cells. These CRAds, expressing or not the Herpes Simplex thymidine kinase gene (Ad-F512 and Ad(I)-F512-TK, respectively) exerted a lytic effect on a panel of human melanoma cells expressing SPARC; but they were completely attenuated in normal cells of different origins, including fresh melanocytes, regardless of whether cells expressed or not SPARC. Interestingly, both CRAds displayed cytotoxic activity on SPARC positive-transformed human microendothelial HMEC-1 cells and WI-38 fetal fibroblasts. Both CRAds were therapeutically effective on SPARC positive-human melanoma tumors growing in nude mice but exhibited restricted efficacy in the presence of co-administered HMEC-1 or WI-38 cells. Conversely, co-administration of HMEC-1 cells enhanced the oncolytic efficacy of Ad(I)-F512-TK on SPARC-negative MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells in vivo. Moreover, conditioned media produced by stromal cells pre-infected with the CRAds enhanced the in vitro viral oncolytic activity on pancreatic cancer cells, but not on melanoma cells. The whole data indicate that stromal cells might play an important role on the outcome of the oncolytic efficacy of conditionally replicative adenoviruses.
Assuntos
Adenoviridae/fisiologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Terapia Viral Oncolítica , Células Estromais/patologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Efeito Citopatogênico Viral , Humanos , Camundongos , Transplante de Neoplasias , Neoplasias/terapia , Osteonectina/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Replicação ViralRESUMO
The successful use of transcriptional targeting for cancer therapy depends on the activity of a given promoter inside the malignant cell. Because solid human tumors evolve as a "cross-talk" between the different cell types within the tumor, we hypothesized that targeting the entire tumor mass might have better therapeutic effect. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular protein overexpressed in different human cancers malignant melanomas both in the malignant cells compartment as in the stromal one (fibroblasts and endothelial cells). We have shown that expression of the herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (TK) gene driven by the SPARC promoter in combination with ganciclovir inhibited human melanoma cell growth in monolayer as well as in multicellular spheroids. This inhibitory effect was observed both in homotypic spheroids composed of melanoma cells alone as well as in spheroids made of melanoma cells and stromal cells. Expression of the TK gene was also efficient to inhibit the in vivo tumor growth of established melanomas when TK was expressed either by the malignant cells themselves or by coadministered endothelial cells. Our data suggest that the use of therapeutic genes driven by SPARC promoter could be a valuable strategy for cancer therapy aiming to target all the cellular components of the tumor mass.
Assuntos
Genes Transgênicos Suicidas , Melanoma Experimental/patologia , Osteonectina/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Células Estromais/patologia , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Células Endoteliais/enzimologia , Células Endoteliais/patologia , Feminino , Fibroblastos/enzimologia , Fibroblastos/patologia , Ganciclovir/farmacologia , Vetores Genéticos , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Transplante de Neoplasias , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/biossíntese , Simplexvirus/genética , Esferoides Celulares/patologia , Transcrição Gênica , Transplante HeterólogoRESUMO
Preclinical studies demonstrated that certain cytokines are potentially useful for the induction of antitumor immune responses. However, their administration in clinical settings was only marginally useful and evoked serious toxicity. In this study, we demonstrate that the combination of autologous inactivated tumor cells expressing IL-12 and IL-10 induced tumor remission in 50-70% of mice harboring large established colon or mammary tumors and spontaneous lung metastases, with the consequent establishment of an antitumor immune memory. Mice treatment with tumor cells expressing IL-12 was only marginally effective, while expression of IL-10 was not effective at all. Administration of the combined immunotherapy stimulated the recruitment of a strong inflammatory infiltrate that correlated with local, increased expression levels of the chemokines MIP-2, MCP-1, IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10, and TCA-3 and the overexpression of IFN-gamma, but not IL-4. The combined immunotherapy was also therapeutically effective on established lung metastases from both colon and mammary tumors. The antitumor effect of the combined immunotherapy was mainly dependent on CD8+ cells although CD4+ T cells also played a role. The production of IFN-gamma and IL-4 by spleen cells and the development of tumor-specific IgG1 and IgG2a Abs indicate that each cytokine stimulated its own Th pathway and that both arms were actively engaged in the antitumor effect. This study provides the first evidence of a synergistic antitumor effect of IL-12 and IL-10 suggesting that a Th1 and a Th2 cytokine can be effectively combined as a novel rational approach for cancer immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo/terapia , Imunoterapia , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-12/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/terapia , Animais , Quimiocinas/biossíntese , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Masculino , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/imunologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th2/imunologia , TransfecçãoRESUMO
Células tumorales transducidas con vectores retrovirales portanto el gen de la timidina kinasa del virus herpes simplex-1 (HSV-tk), son capaces de transformar la droga antiherpética ganciclovir (GCV) en un metabolito tóxico para células en división. Esta terapia suicida aumenta su eficiencia debido a un efecto "bystander" que induce la muerte de células no transducidas, vecinas a células modificadas. El mecanismo del mencionado efecto no se conoce totalmente, pero existe evidencia que asigna un rol preponderante al sistema inmune, para lograr una completa erradicación tumoral. En este trabajo estudiamos la efectividad del sistema en tres líneas celulares: un melanoma humano y uno murino, y un glioma de rata. Los tumores fueron estabelecidos por inyección de células tumorales s.c. en ratones nude y C57BI/6, e intracerebralmente por esterotaxis en ratas Sprague Dawley, respectivamente. Animales tratados fueron co-inyectados con células productoras de retrovirus expresando HSV-tk y posterior administración i.p. de GCV. En experimentos in vivo a corto plazo, se observó inhibición total o parcial del crecimiento tumoral en todos los modelos. En experimentos de supervivencia a largo plazo con células C6, el 50 por ciento de los animales sobrevivió más de 75 dias (p < 0 0001) y fue capaz de rechazar un desafio con células parentales C6 inyectadas en el hemisferio contralateral. El análisis histológico e inmunohistoquímico mostró la presencia de un infiltrado inflamatorio compuesto por linfocitos T, macrófagos y polimorfonucleares. Estos resultados demuestran que el uso de genes suicidas puede ser una herramienta de enorme importancia en el tratamiento de tumores de cerebro y de metástasis cerebrales.
Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Ratos , Antimetabólitos/farmacologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/terapia , Ganciclovir/farmacologia , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Terapia Genética/métodos , Glioma/terapia , Melanoma Experimental/terapia , Timidina Quinase/genética , Encéfalo/patologia , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Vetores Genéticos , Herpesvirus Humano 1/genéticaRESUMO
Células tumorales transducidas con vectores retrovirales portanto el gen de la timidina kinasa del virus herpes simplex-1 (HSV-tk), son capaces de transformar la droga antiherpética ganciclovir (GCV) en un metabolito tóxico para células en división. Esta terapia suicida aumenta su eficiencia debido a un efecto "bystander" que induce la muerte de células no transducidas, vecinas a células modificadas. El mecanismo del mencionado efecto no se conoce totalmente, pero existe evidencia que asigna un rol preponderante al sistema inmune, para lograr una completa erradicación tumoral. En este trabajo estudiamos la efectividad del sistema en tres líneas celulares: un melanoma humano y uno murino, y un glioma de rata. Los tumores fueron estabelecidos por inyección de células tumorales s.c. en ratones nude y C57BI/6, e intracerebralmente por esterotaxis en ratas Sprague Dawley, respectivamente. Animales tratados fueron co-inyectados con células productoras de retrovirus expresando HSV-tk y posterior administración i.p. de GCV. En experimentos in vivo a corto plazo, se observó inhibición total o parcial del crecimiento tumoral en todos los modelos. En experimentos de supervivencia a largo plazo con células C6, el 50 por ciento de los animales sobrevivió más de 75 dias (p < 0 0001) y fue capaz de rechazar un desafio con células parentales C6 inyectadas en el hemisferio contralateral. El análisis histológico e inmunohistoquímico mostró la presencia de un infiltrado inflamatorio compuesto por linfocitos T, macrófagos y polimorfonucleares. Estos resultados demuestran que el uso de genes suicidas puede ser una herramienta de enorme importancia en el tratamiento de tumores de cerebro y de metástasis cerebrales. (AU)