RESUMO
Charcoal rot, caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, is an economically important disease of soybean (Glycine max) worldwide. Objectives of the present research were to (i) study the genetic and pathogenic diversity in a collection of M. phaseolina isolates from Argentina and Paraguay and (ii) develop an improved in vitro phenotyping method to evaluate disease response of soybean genotypes to M. phaseolina isolates. Cluster analysis showed no clear association among simple sequence repeat profiles, year of collection, pathogenicity, and geographical origin of the isolates from Argentina and Paraguay. Subsequently, the response of four soybean genotypes against seven M. phaseolina isolates was evaluated in the field and the results were confirmed using the in vitro assay developed. This assay, which is based on root disease development on soybean seedlings, allowed the detection of a differential level of aggressiveness among the isolates on four soybean genotypes. The results suggest the existence of specific interactions among soybean genotypes and M. phaseolina isolates. In addition, cultivar Munasqa RR showed a superior response against M. phaseolina compared with DT 97-4290 (moderately resistant), thus becoming a novel source of resistance to charcoal rot.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos/patogenicidade , Resistência à Doença/genética , Glycine max/genética , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Argentina , Genótipo , Paraguai , Fenótipo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Glycine max/microbiologiaRESUMO
Citrus is an economically important fruit crop that is severely afflicted by citrus canker, a disease caused by Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (X. citri); thus, new sustainable strategies to manage this disease are needed. Although all Citrus spp. are susceptible to this pathogen, they are resistant to other Xanthomonas species, exhibiting non-host resistance (NHR), for example, to the brassica pathogen X. campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) and a gene-for-gene host defence response (HDR) to the canker-causing X. fuscans ssp. aurantifolii (Xfa) strain C. Here, we examine the plant factors associated with the NHR of C. limon to Xcc. We show that Xcc induced asymptomatic type I NHR, allowing the bacterium to survive in a stationary phase in the non-host tissue. In C. limon, this NHR shared some similarities with HDR; both defence responses interfered with biofilm formation, and were associated with callose deposition, induction of the salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway and the repression of abscisic acid (ABA) signalling. However, greater stomatal closure was seen during NHR than during HDR, together with different patterns of accumulation of reactive oxygen species and phenolic compounds and the expression of secondary metabolites. Overall, these differences, independent of Xcc type III effector proteins, could contribute to the higher protection elicited against canker development. We propose that Xcc may have the potential to steadily activate inducible defence responses. An understanding of these plant responses (and their triggers) may allow the development of a sustained and sustainable resistance to citrus canker.
Assuntos
Citrus/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Xanthomonas campestris/patogenicidade , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Citrus/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismoRESUMO
Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (X. citri) is the causal agent of Asiatic citrus canker, a disease that seriously affects most commercially important Citrus species worldwide. We have identified previously a natural variant, X. citri AT , that triggers a host-specific defence response in Citrus limon. However, the mechanisms involved in this canker disease resistance are unknown. In this work, the defence response induced by X. citri AT was assessed by transcriptomic, physiological and ultrastructural analyses, and the effects on bacterial biofilm formation were monitored in parallel. We show that X. citri AT triggers a hypersensitive response associated with the interference of biofilm development and arrest of bacterial growth in C. limon. This plant response involves an extensive transcriptional reprogramming, setting in motion cell wall reinforcement, the oxidative burst and the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and phenolic compounds. Ultrastructural analyses revealed subcellular changes involving the activation of autophagy-associated vacuolar processes. Our findings show the activation of SA-dependent defence in response to X. citri AT and suggest a coordinated regulation between the SA and flavonoid pathways, which is associated with autophagy mechanisms that control pathogen invasion in C. limon. Furthermore, this defence response protects C. limon plants from disease on subsequent challenges by pathogenic X. citri. This knowledge will allow the rational exploitation of the plant immune system as a biotechnological approach for the management of the disease.
Assuntos
Citrus/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Xanthomonas/patogenicidade , Autofagia/fisiologia , Biofilmes , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Imunidade Vegetal/fisiologia , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismoRESUMO
Citrus is an economically important fruit crop that is severely afflicted by Asiatic citrus bacterial canker (CBC), a disease caused by the phytopathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri). To gain insight into the molecular epidemiology of CBC, 42 Xanthomonas isolates were collected from a range of Citrus spp. across 17 different orchards in Tucumán, Argentina and subjected to molecular, biochemical, and pathogenicity tests. Analysis of genome-specific X. citri markers and DNA polymorphisms based on repetitive elements-based polymerase chain reaction showed that all 42 isolates belonged to X. citri. Interestingly, pathogenicity tests showed that one isolate, which shares >90% genetic similarity to the reference strain X. citri T, has host range specificity. This new variant of X. citri subsp. citri, named X. citri A(T), which is deficient in xanthan production, induces an atypical, noncankerous chlorotic phenotype in Citrus limon and C. paradisi and weak cankerous lesions in C. aurantifolia and C. clementina leaves. In C. limon, suppression of canker development is concomitant with an oxidative burst; xanthan is not implicated in the phenotype induced by this interaction, suggesting that other bacterial factors would be involved in triggering the defense response.
Assuntos
Citrus/imunologia , Citrus/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Xanthomonas/fisiologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Cloreto de Magnésio , Folhas de Planta , Polissacarídeos BacterianosRESUMO
Biotechnological uses of plant cell-tissue culture usually rely on constitutive transgene expression. However, such expression of transgenes may not always be desirable. In those cases, the use of an inducible promoter could be an alternative approach. To test this hypothesis, we developed two binary vectors harboring a stress-inducible promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana, driving the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene and the oat arginine decarboxylase. Transgenic hairy roots of Lotus corniculatus were obtained with osmotic- and cold-inducible beta-glucuronidase and arginine decarboxylase activities. The increase in the activity of the latter was accompanied by a significant rise in total free polyamines level. Through an organogenesis process, we obtained L. corniculatus transgenic plants avoiding deleterious phenotypes frequently associated with the constitutive over-expression of arginine decarboxylation and putrescine accumulation.
Assuntos
Lotus/genética , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Avena/enzimologia , Carboxiliases/biossíntese , Carboxiliases/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultura , Vetores Genéticos , Glucuronidase/genética , Glucuronidase/metabolismo , Cinética , Osmose , Fenótipo , Plasmídeos/metabolismo , Poliaminas/química , Poliaminas/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Putrescina/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , TransgenesRESUMO
La medición de viscosidad plasmática y de sangre entera, determinadas en un viscosímetro rotacional, fue utilizada para verificar la existencia de anormalidaes hemorreológicas en pacientes diabéticos e hipertensos. Dichas mediciones se realizaron a distintas velocidades de corte, con lo cual se trazaron los correspondientes reogramas. Con esos datos se calcularon las correspondientes viscosidades relativas. Los resultados obtenidos, comparados con valores de los mismos parámetros obtenidos en individuos normales, permitiernon detectar comportamientos anormales, característicos de esas patologías circulatorias. Las diferencias más significativas se obtuvieron a una velocidad de corte de 5,76 seg. Se concluye que, en los pacientes diabéticos, los factores plasmáticos tienen mayor influencia en la aparición de hiperviscosidad, mientras que en los pacientes hipertensos son más influyentes los factores globulares
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Viscosidade Sanguínea , Hemorreologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Diabetes Mellitus/sangue , Hemorreologia , Hipertensão/sangueRESUMO
La medición de viscosidad plasmática y de sangre entera, determinadas en un viscosímetro rotacional, fue utilizada para verificar la existencia de anormalidaes hemorreológicas en pacientes diabéticos e hipertensos. Dichas mediciones se realizaron a distintas velocidades de corte, con lo cual se trazaron los correspondientes reogramas. Con esos datos se calcularon las correspondientes viscosidades relativas. Los resultados obtenidos, comparados con valores de los mismos parámetros obtenidos en individuos normales, permitiernon detectar comportamientos anormales, característicos de esas patologías circulatorias. Las diferencias más significativas se obtuvieron a una velocidad de corte de 5,76 seg. Se concluye que, en los pacientes diabéticos, los factores plasmáticos tienen mayor influencia en la aparición de hiperviscosidad, mientras que en los pacientes hipertensos son más influyentes los factores globulares (AU)