RESUMO
El 2 de diciembre de 2019 se presentó la Agenda Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública en el Ministerio de Salud de Argentina. El establecimiento de prioridades en una Agenda Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública es un proceso sistemático, participativo y reflexivo, que permite guiar la investigación hacia problemas relevantes, prevalentes y emergentes de la población, orientar los recursos hacia los temas priorizados, fortalecer y/o crear grupos, centros y redes de investigación para la salud pública, mejorar las capacidades para el desarrollo de investigación de calidad e incrementar la evidencia local para la toma de decisiones a fin de mejorar la salud de la población y los sistemas sanitarios en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sustentable 2030. Como metodología para la elaboración de la Agenda se eligió el Método Delphi modificado por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). En la elaboración de esta herramienta participaron la Dirección de Investigación para la Salud (DIS) del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, a través de la Red Ministerial de Investigación en Salud (REMINSA), y la OPS. A lo largo de todo el proceso se consideró imprescindible lograr una amplia participación de actores de los niveles provinciales y nacionales, y de los sectores público y privado. La presencia de una Agenda Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública permitirá generar investigación científica nacional y regional, e implementar políticas y recomendaciones que impacten en la salud de las poblaciones
Assuntos
Agenda de Prioridades em Saúde , Agenda de Pesquisa em SaúdeRESUMO
Introducción: La detección precoz de un paciente con riesgo de deterioro, y la intervención temprana por un equipo de salud competente en el manejo de la vía aérea ha demostrado reducir la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. El NEWS (National Early Warning Score, Reino Unido) clasifica a los pacientes según su probabilidad de deterioro dentro de las siguientes doce horas; en baja (0-1), moderada (2-4) y alta posibilidad de deterioro (5-13), a partir de cuatro signos vitales: frecuencias cardíaca y respiratoria, temperatura y presión arterial sistólica sumados a la saturación de oxígeno y el estado de conciencia. Fue generada a partir de una gran base de datos de signos vitales obtenidos de manera electrónica en pacientes internados en Inglaterra. En las instituciones de nuestro país, los signos vitales son tomados manualmente y hay una percepción generalizada de que estos o "están mal tomados" o no se los ubica dentro del centro de la toma de decisiones. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue, a partir de signos vitales tal como se toman en nuestro medio, realizar una validación de la capacidad de discriminación de la escala NEWS de eventos severos durante la internación. Diseño, materiales y métodos: Ocho instituciones de la ciudad de Buenos Aires y del área metropolitana participaron recolectando de manera consecutiva los seis parámetros vitales que componen la escala NEWS en los pacientes internados, tal como se toman en las salas de internación, además de datos demográficos, presencia de comorbilidades, eventos de gravedad durante la internación como sepsis, trombo embolismo de pulmón, shock hipovolémico, distrés respiratorio, insuficiencia respiratoria, trastorno de la conciencia y muerte sin evento previo. Los datos se ingresaron a una base de datos virtual calculándose el puntaje de la escala NEWS. Se analiza en este primer trabajo las características de la población con medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión estándares según la distribución de los valores. Mediante regresión logística se analizó la capacidad del primer NEWS al ingreso de predecir un evento independientemente de la edad, el sexo y la presencia de comorbilidades. Resultados: Entre el 1 de enero de 2015 hasta el 31 de julio ingresaron en el estudio 1705 pacientes de nueve Instituciones del área metropolitana, 869 eran mujeres (51%), rango de edad 18 a 100. Un 10% de los pacientes presentó algún evento grave, y la mortalidad global fue de 3,5%. El 90% de los pacientes fue clasificado al ingreso como NEWS de bajo grado de deterioro (0-4), el 5% riesgo moderado (5-6) y el 5% de riesgo alto (mayor a 7). El valor de NEWS, al ingreso de la internación y tal como se toman los signos vitales en nuestro medio, predice el riesgo de presentar un evento severo durante la internación, independientemente de la edad, sexo y la presencia de comorbilidades. Discusión: En este estudio pudimos demostrar que los signos vitales, tomados de manera manual calculando la escala NEWS, es un excelente predictor de la ocurrencia de eventos durante la internación. En próximos análisis evaluaremos la capacidad de discriminación y la capacidad de predecir eventos entre 12 y 24 horas posteriores a la toma. (AU)
Background: Early warning scores at hospital settings have shown to reduce hospital mortality. The NEWS (National Early Warning Score, UK), classifies patients as per their risk to deteriorate in three categories, low risk (0-2), moderate risk (3-4) and high risk (5-13). The scale uses four vital signs, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature and systolic arterial pressure, plus oxygen saturation and conscious state. It was developed and validated using a large database of electronic captured vital signs in England. In Argentina, most of the vital signs are taken manually. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Admissão do Paciente , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Medição de Risco , Sinais Vitais , Hospitalização , Argentina , Hospitais Privados , Hospitais Municipais , Tempo de InternaçãoRESUMO
El cabello y especialmente el localizado en la cabeza provee importante información sobre posibles exposiciones ambientales y/o laborales a diferentes elementos. El pelo puede ser considerado como un producto excretor, y su estudio reflejaría el metabolismo de minerales en el cuerpo. Nuestro propósito en el presente estudio es conocer si datos existentes dan información poblacional sobre la presencia de elementos tóxicos o no a través del análisis del cabello humano. RESULTADOS: Fue analizada la información proveniente de 241 muestras de cabello, de los cuales 163 (67,6%) corresponden al sexo femenino y 78 (32,4%) al masculino. Fueron analizados 22 elementos esenciales y 17 elementos de tóxicos. Entre los elementos esenciales presentaron resultados elevados Calcio (Ca), Magnesio (Mg), Manganeso (Mn), Molibdeno (Mo), Vanadio (V), Estroncio (Sr) y Circonio (Zr); entre los elementos tóxicos tuvieron valores elevados Aluminio (Al), Arsénico (As), Bario (Ba), Bismuto (Bi), Cadmio (Cd), Níquel (Ni), Plomo (Pb), Mercurio (Mg), Plata (Ag), Estaño (Sn). CONCLUSIÓN. Nuestro estudio muestra a nivel poblacional, no individual, puntos de alerta por la carencia o exceso de algunos elementos analizados debiéndose continuar con estudios locales interdisciplinarios en los cuales exista información sobre enfermedades, hábitos alimentarios, hábitos tóxicos, actividad laboral y exposición ambiental a los diferentes elementos. (AU)
Hair, especially localized in the head, provides important information on possible environmental and/or labor exposures to different elements. Hair can be considered as an excretory product, and its study would reflect the metabolism of minerals in the body. Our purpose in this study was to determine whether existing population data provide information on the presence of toxic and non-toxic elements by analizing human hair. RESULTS: We analyzed information from 241 hair samples, of which 163 (67.6%) are from females and 78 (32.4%) are from males. There were analyzed 22 essential elements and 17 toxic elements. Among the essential elements that had elevated results there were: Calcium (CA), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), strontium (Sr) and zirconium (Zr); among the toxic elements, those with higher values were: Aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), barium (BA), bismuth (Bi), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), Mercury (Mg), silver (Ag), tin (Sn). CONCLUSION. Our study shows at population level, not individual, warning points due to the lack or excess of some elements analyzed. It is reccommended to continue the research with local interdisciplinary studies which include information on diseases, eating habits, toxic habits, work activity and environmental exposure to different elements. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Metais Pesados/análise , Metais Pesados/química , Cabelo/química , Minerais/análise , Minerais/química , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudo ObservacionalRESUMO
El objetivo del presente estudio es efectuar el análisis del impacto de la vigilancia en sus diferentes modalidades en el control de la infección por T. cruzi y la densidad vectorial (Triatoma infestans). Material y métodos: El trabajo fue desarrollado en el Departamento de Capayán, en la provincia de Catamarca, Argentina. Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 5 comunidades rurales y 3 comunidades peri-urbanas para desarrollar el estudio. Indicadores utilizados: a) infestación domiciliaria en los meses 24, 48 y 96; y b) Infección por T.cruzi de menores de 14 años. Resultados: Se observa persistencia de triatomineos durante el periodo de seguimiento y cuando se comparan los datos del estudio de base (2007) con los obtenidos en el año 2009 y 2012 existe significancia estadística (p <0.04) entre áreas. Se capturaron 1.89 insectos/intradomicilio en áreas con vigilancia activa versus 5.21 insectos/intradomicilio en áreas donde la misma no existió. Se demuestra la existencia de infecciones recientes en niños menores de 4 años e hijos de mujeres negativas para T. cruzi en áreas sin vigilancia activa (3 niños). Conclusión: En la presente investigación se demuestra el impacto de la vigilancia activa en sus diferentes modalidades por la no existencia de casos nuevos vectoriales en el período de seguimiento. (AU)
The aim of this study is to perform the analysis of the impact of surveillance in its various forms in the control of infection by T. cruzi and vector density (Triatoma infestans). Material and Methods: The work was developed in the Department of Capayán, in the Province of Catamarca, Argentina. Eight rural communities were selected to develop the study. Indicators used: a) house infestation in 24 months, 48 and 96; b) T. cruzi infection in children under 14 years. Results: Persistence of triatomine It is observed during the monitoring period as the baseline study (2007) thus obtained in 2009 compared to 2012 there is statistical significance (p <0.04) between areas. 1.89 insect / intradomicile were captured in areas with active surveillance versus 5.21 insect/intradomicile in areas where it did not exist. The existence of recent infections in children under four years of negative women and children for T. cruzi in areas without active surveillance (3 children) is demonstrated. Conclusion: In this research, the impact of active surveillance in its various forms by Vector exists no new cases in the follow-up period shown. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Trypanosoma cruzi , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Controle de Vetores de Doenças , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Argentina , Saneamento de Residências , Programas Nacionais de SaúdeRESUMO
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evolución epidemiológica de cuatro enfermedades de importancia sanitaria para Argentina y observar el impacto que diferentes decisiones político / administrativos / técnicas han tenido en su desarrollo histórico epidemiológico. Analizamos la evolución histórica del Paludismo, Enfermedad de Chagas, Fiebre Hemorrágica Argentina (Virus Junín) y Dengue, asociándolos a los diferentes períodos administrativos de gobierno. La incidencia y prevalencia de estas enfermedades se dan fundamentalmente en jurisdicciones que tienen los PBI más bajos, índices generales de educación y desarrollo en los percentiles inferiores y, por lo tanto, las intervenciones dependen fundamentalmente del financiamiento y de la estructura federal. Argentina logró el control de las poblaciones del Aedes aegipty en 1965 y con ello, la suspensión de la ocurrencia de casos de Fiebre Amarilla. Hoy el vector está distribuido más allá de sus fronteras originales produciendo epidemias de Dengue y la retransmisión de Fiebre Amarilla. En Paludismo, de más de 100.000 casos anuales ocurridos durante toda la primera mitad del siglo pasado, se logró bajar la incidencia a poco más de 400 casos en pocos años. Hoy está siendo una amenaza en amplias zonas del Norte y el Litoral de Argentina. De controlar la transmisión vectorial de Chagas, que de unos pocos casos notificados en áreas determinadas en 1996, hoy el número de Chagas agudos vectoriales no deja de aumentar año a año. La excusa más extendida para justificar estos cambios es el calentamiento global, pero podemos afirmar con los datos de nuestro estudio, que mejorando el ambiente político, paso crítico, se pueden alcanzar muchos de los objetivos que han quedado postergados en el área de la salud pública de Argentina. Los argentinos podríamos tener una mejor salud de la que actualmente tenemos si hubiera existido continuidad y estabilidad de las acciones que se desarrollaron en los últimos 60 años. (AU)
The political decision and their influence on health programs development. The objective of this work is to analyze the epidemiological evolution of four diseases in the course of different governmental administrations. We analyzed the historical evolution of the Paludismo, Chagas' disease, Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever (Junín Virus) and Dengue. The incidence and prevalence of these diseases occur fundamentally in jurisdictions that have the lowest GDP, education indices and human development are in the lower percentiles and therefore the interventions depend fundamentally on the financing and federal structures. In the analysis of the Argentina diseases profit the control of the Aedes aegipty vector of Yellow Fever and Dengue was controlled in 1965 and the suspension of the occurrence of Yellow Fever was achieved, today, the vector is distributed beyond its original borders producing epidemics of Dengue and the broadcasting of the Yellow Fever. In Paludismo of more than 100,000 cases occurred during the first half of the last century we were able to lower it to a little more of 400 cases in a short period of time, and today is being a threat in wide zones of the Northwest and the Northeast of Argentina. From almost controlling the Chagas vector transmission in 1996, when only a few cases were reported; today, the amount of acute cases rises to nearly more than 60 cases reported per year. The extended excuse of these occurrence is the global warming and we can affirm without being mistaken, with the data of our study, that improving the political atmosphere, will help to achieve many of the objectives that have been delayed in the area of public health in Argentina. We, Argentineans, could have a better health than we have at the moment if it had existed continuity and stability in the actions that were developed in the last 60 years. (AU)
Assuntos
Febre Amarela/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Dengue/epidemiologia , Febre Hemorrágica Americana/epidemiologia , Malária/epidemiologia , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Argentina , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/tendênciasRESUMO
Vaccination coverage and seroprevalence of poliovirus antibodies were assessed in Argentinean children (aged 8-12 and 19-21 months) living in Cordoba City pre-/post-implementation of a DTwP-IPV-Hib vaccination programme, and compared to those of controls from neighbouring populations receiving a full oral poliovirus vaccine schedule. Vaccination coverage was higher in control areas pre-intervention; this increased post-intervention in Cordoba (>90%) but not in control areas. Poliovirus types 1 and 2 seroprotection rates were >97% in all groups pre-/post-intervention. Type 3 seroprotection rates were generally lower, but increased post-intervention in Cordoba becoming significantly higher than control rates. Anti-type 1 and 3 antibody titres increased twofold and sevenfold, respectively, post-intervention, whereas anti-type 2 antibody titres decreased ~40% in the 8-12 months group. All titres increased in the 19-21 months post-intervention group. The introduction of a three-dose primary DTwP-IPV-Hib schedule maintained protection against poliovirus types 1 and 2, and increased protection against type 3, while vaccine coverage in the study area increased.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Vacina contra Difteria, Tétano e Coqueluche/imunologia , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/imunologia , Programas de Imunização , Poliomielite/prevenção & controle , Vacina Antipólio de Vírus Inativado/imunologia , Poliovirus/imunologia , Argentina/epidemiologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Vacina contra Difteria, Tétano e Coqueluche/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/imunologia , Humanos , Programas de Imunização/estatística & dados numéricos , Lactente , Masculino , Poliomielite/imunologia , Poliomielite/virologia , Vacina Antipólio de Vírus Inativado/uso terapêutico , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , População Urbana , Vacinas Combinadas/imunologia , Vacinas Combinadas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The long-term effects on domiciliary reinfestation by Triatoma infestans of smoothing the plaster of indoor walls prior to insecticide application (in Amamá village) relative to only insecticide application (in Trinidad-Mercedes villages) were evaluated in rural northwestern Argentina from 1992 to 1997. All domestic and peridomestic areas of each house were sprayed with 2.5% suspension concentrate deltamethrin at 25 mg/m(2) in October 1992, and infestations were assessed by various methods every 6 months. Domiciliary infestation decreased from 72-88% in 1992 to 6-17% in late 1995, to increase moderately thereafter without returning to baseline rates. Peridomestic sites were the first in becoming reinfested, and reached more abundant T. infestans populations than domiciliary areas. Domiciliary infestation rates and bug abundances were not significantly different between communities during surveillance. Domiciliary infestation rates in well-plastered houses were very low (5-9%) and approximately stable until 1996, but in houses with regular or bad plaster they consistently increased from 5 to 19-21% in both communities. Logistic multiple regression analysis showed that the likelihood of domestic infestation assessed through householders' collections was significantly and positively associated with the occurrence of an infested peridomestic site in the respective house, the occurrence of high-density domestic infestations before interventions, and well-plastered walls in 1996. Combining insecticide spraying and partial improvement of walls controlled domestic infestations and transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi effectively, but was not sufficient to eliminate T. infestans from the study area or increase the effectiveness of careful chemical control.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , Habitação , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Piretrinas/uso terapêutico , Triatoma , Animais , Argentina , Ectoparasitoses/epidemiologia , Ectoparasitoses/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Inseticidas , Nitrilas , Vigilância da População , PrevalênciaRESUMO
The Reduviid bugs Triatoma garciabesi Carcavallo et al. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), previously known as T. sordida Ståhl in the semi-arid chaco region, and T. guasayana Wygodzinsky & Abalos, vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), were found to occupy wide but different ranges of ecotopes in the peridomestic environment. At Amamá and nearby rural villages in north-western Argentina, a combined total of 1233 specimens were collected from 325/2314 (14%) sites surveyed at 6-monthly intervals from November 1994 to November 1996. Triatoma garciabesi and T. guasayana displayed a significantly different distribution among peridomestic ecotopes. Triatoma garciabesi predominated over T. guasayana in the prevalence of infested sites, the number of colonies and the number of bugs collected. For T. garciabesi, the predominant ecotopes most likely to yield T. garciabesi repeatedly were the rugged bark of Prosopis alba or P. nigra (Fabaceae) trees, where chickens roosted, and chicken coops. For T. guasayana the main ecotopes were goat or sheep corrals, piled materials and orchard fences. Triatoma garciabesi and T. guasayana were collected concurrently from the same site on 9/2314 (0.4%) occasions, and on different dates at the same site on 12 (0.5%) occasions. The observed low frequency of mixed populations (< 1%) was not significantly different from that expected from a hypothesis of independence. Triatoma garciabesi clearly outnumbered T. guasayana in four of the nine mixed populations, none of which persisted as such. Neither T. garciabesi nor T. guasayana colonized human habitations, even in the absence of T. infestans (formerly the predominant domestic vector of T. cruzi in this area), a situation that apparently has not changed in the last 50 years in northern Argentina.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Insetos Vetores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Triatoma/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Trypanosoma cruzi/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Feminino , Insetos Vetores/classificação , Inseticidas/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Nitrilas , Prevalência , Piretrinas/administração & dosagem , População Rural , Triatoma/classificaçãoRESUMO
We designed a set of procedures for first-line local health services to detect and treat the congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi at a province-wide scale, and field-tested the programme in the province of Tucumán, northwestern Argentina, from 1992 to 1994. The programme consists of routine screening of pregnant women for seroreactivity to T. cruzi, serological and parasitological follow-up of the newborn at least twice during the first year of age, treatment of the infected infants, and evaluation of the outcome. 927 (5.5%) of 16 842 pregnant women were seroreactive to T. cruzi by indirect haemagglutination assay and ELISA. Twenty-one (6.7%) of 315 newborns to seroreactive mothers were diagnosed as infected with T. cruzi parasites microhaematocrit concentration before 30 days of age. Five newborns who initially tested negative had a T. cruzi infection detected by microhaematocrit and/or serological techniques at 3 or 6 months of age. Thus, congenital infection was diagnosed in 26 (7.1%) infants born to seroreactive women and residing in houses free of triatomine bugs. Four of 6 infants born to seroreactive mothers died during the first year of age and had some evidence of T. cruzi infection; one of the deaths was attributed to T. cruzi based on clinical evidence. After specific treatment with nifurtimox or benznidazole, 30 of 32 infants remained parasitologically and serologically negative. This study shows the feasibility of controlling the incidence of congenitally acquired T. cruzi infections at a province-wide scale by means of a specific screening programme at first-line health services level.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Adulto , Animais , Argentina , Doença de Chagas/congênito , Doença de Chagas/diagnóstico , Doença de Chagas/tratamento farmacológico , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Testes de Hemaglutinação , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nifurtimox/uso terapêutico , Nitroimidazóis/uso terapêutico , Gravidez , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Tripanossomicidas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Two prototypes of sensing devices for detecting peridomestic populations of Triatoma infestans Klug were tested in paired trials with bamboo canes in Amamá and nearby rural villages under triatomine surveillance. In infested peridomestic structures housing domestic animals, 1-2 pairs of numbered devices were placed per test site, left for 3-9 nights, and inspected for evidence of infestation. Prototype A was a black plastic cylinder 19 cm high and 10 cm diameter, with a screw cap on the top, 2 openings in the bottom, and a removable central structure made of resistant plastic coated with leather. Prototype B had square leather pieces rolled into cylinders instead of the central structure. Prototype A was significantly more sensitive than the bamboo cane with pleated paper inside in 13 test sites in which 20 pairs were tried. In a smaller series involving 7 pairs, prototype B also detected infestations more frequently than the cane. Triatomine feces were the signs most frequently recorded by both prototypes, whereas the bamboo canes recorded no feces. Ten T. infestans and 1 Triatoma guasayana Wygodzinsky & Avalos were collected from the prototypes placed on the ground or walls, not beneath the thatched roofs of the animal shelters, whereas only 3 T. infestans were collected from the canes. This study describes an effective sensing device for detecting T. infestans populations in outdoor animal shelters and provides quantitative field data on its performance.