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Este artículo presenta un análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica de la Corporación de Estudios para Latinoamérica (CIEPLAN), el centro de estudios más importante durante la dictadura y transición democrática en Chile. El análisis se realiza sobre un conjunto de registros bibliográficos (n = 145), referencias (n = 4.055) e información biográfica de los autores, durante 1979-1989. Se analizan tres dimensiones: producción científica y áreas temáticas; colaboración y coautoría; y referencias o consumo de información. Se utiliza estadística descriptiva, modelamiento temático no supervisado y Análisis de Redes Sociales (SNA, por sus siglas en inglés). Los resultados muestran una tendencia constante en la producción científica y temas centrados en tópicos clásicos de la economía asociados con temas de desigualdad y política. Además, los análisis de colaboración y referencias muestran la existencia de una comunidad compuesta por reconocidos académicos y miembros de la élite política chilena centrales en la producción intelectual y en la red de referencias. Estos hallazgos permiten denominar a CIEPLAN como una de las principales comunidades epistémicas durante la recuperación y transición democrática chilena, en específico, durante los primeros gobiernos democráticos dónde varios miembros fueron reclutados para asumir importantes cargos en el ejecutivo. Hasta hoy, estos actores siguen influenciando el proceso de formulación de políticas públicas en Chile.

This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of the Corporación de Estudios para Latinoamérica (CIEPLAN in Spanish) scientific production. This was the most important think tank during the dictatorship and democratisation in Chile. The analysis is carried out based on bibliographic entries (n = 145), references (n = 4,055), and biographical information of the authors from 1979 to 1989. Three dimensions are analysed: scientific production and topics, collaboration and co-authorship, and references or information consumption. We use descriptive statistics, unsupervised topic modelling, and Social Network Analysis (SNA). The results reveal a constant trend in the scientific production and classic topics of the economy associated with inequality and political issues. Moreover, the collaboration and citation analyses show the existence of a community composed of recognised academics and members of the Chilean political elite who were central in the intellectual production and the references' network. These findings allow us to name CIEPLAN as one of the central epistemic communities during Chile's democratic recovery and transition, specifically during the first democratic governments, where a number of members were recruited to assume important positions in the executive. To this day, these actors continue influencing the policy-making process in Chile.

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Resumen (analítico) Chile es un caso emblemático en la instalación de una política de protección a la infancia con orientación neoliberal. Actualmente, esta política es ejecutada casi completamente por organizaciones privadas, financiadas conforme al logro de indicadores de desempeño estandarizados. Algunas investigaciones plantean que estos indica-dores gobiernan la racionalidad de los trabajadores y trabajadoras; empero, estudios internacionales señalan que este tipo de gobernanza no solo es racional, sino también afectiva. A partir de un análisis textuala-fectivo de 14 entrevistas individuales y dos talleres grupales realizados a cinco trabajadoras y un trabajador de distintos organismos colaboradores del Servicio Nacional de Menores, se reporta que este modelo de gestión consume y maquiniza los cuerpos de estas y estos profesionales. No obstante, el afecto es el que hace posible la resistencia.

Abstract (analytical) Chile is an emblematic case in the implementation of a neoliberal child welfare policy. This policy is now almost entirely undertaken by private organizations, financed based on their achievement of standardized performance indicators. Scientific literature suggests that these indicators govern workers' rationality. However, international studies indicate that the effect of indicators is not just rational but also affective. From a textual-affective analysis of 14 interviews and 2 workshops conducted with 5 female workers and 1 male worker from different partner organizations within the Chilean National Service for Minors, participants reported that this management model consumes and mechanizes the work carried out by these professionals. However, it is affectivity that makes resistance possible.

Resumo (analítico) O Chile é um caso emblemático na instalação de uma política neoliberal de proteção à criança. Esta, é hoje quase inteiramente executado por organizações privadas, financiadas de acordo com a obtenção de indicadores de desempenho padronizados. Pesquisas sugerem que estes indicadores governam a racionalidade dos trabalhadores; enquanto estudos internacionais indicam que este governo não é apenas racional, mas também afetivo. A partir de uma análise textual-afetiva de 14 entrevistas e duas oficinas realizadas a cinco trabalhadoras e um trabalhador de diferentes Organizações Colaboradoras do Serviço Nacional de Menores, é relatado que este modelo de gestão consome e mecaniza os órgãos destes profissionais. No entanto, é o afeto que torna possível a resistência.

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Several X-linked genes are involved in neuronal differentiation and may contribute to the generation of sex dimorphisms in the brain. Previous results showed that XX hypothalamic neurons grow faster, have longer axons, and exhibit higher expression of the neuritogenic gene neurogenin 3 (Ngn3) than XY before perinatal masculinization. Here we evaluated the participation of candidate X-linked genes in the development of these sex differences, focusing mainly on Kdm6a, a gene encoding for an H3K27 demethylase with functions controlling gene expression genome-wide. We established hypothalamic neuronal cultures from wild-type or transgenic Four Core Genotypes mice, a model that allows evaluating the effect of sex chromosomes independently of gonadal type. X-linked genes Kdm6a, Eif2s3x and Ddx3x showed higher expression in XX compared to XY neurons, regardless of gonadal sex. Moreover, Kdm6a expression pattern with higher mRNA levels in XX than XY did not change with age at E14, P0, and P60 in hypothalamus or under 17ß-estradiol treatment in culture. Kdm6a pharmacological blockade by GSK-J4 reduced axonal length only in female neurons and decreased the expression of neuritogenic genes Neurod1, Neurod2 and Cdk5r1 in both sexes equally, while a sex-specific effect was observed in Ngn3. Finally, Kdm6a downregulation using siRNA reduced axonal length and Ngn3 expression only in female neurons, abolishing the sex differences observed in control conditions. Altogether, these results point to Kdm6a as a key mediator of the higher axogenesis and Ngn3 expression observed in XX neurons before the critical period of brain masculinization.

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Hypothalamic neurons show sex differences in neuritogenesis, female neurons have longer axons and higher levels of the neuritogenic factor neurogenin 3 (Ngn3) than male neurons in vitro. Moreover, the effect of 17-ß-estradiol (E2) on axonal growth and Ngn3 expression is only found in male-derived neurons. To investigate whether sex chromosomes regulate these early sex differences in neuritogenesis by regulating the E2 effect on Ngn3, we evaluated the growth and differentiation of hypothalamic neurons derived from the "four core genotypes" mouse model, in which the factors of "gonadal sex" and "sex chromosome complement" are dissociated. We showed that sex differences in neurite outgrowth are determined by sex chromosome complement (XX > XY). Moreover, E2 increased the mRNA expression of Ngn3 and axonal length only in XY neurons. ERα/ß expressions are regulated by sex chromosome complement; however, E2-effect on Ngn3 expression in XY neurons was only fully reproduced by PPT, a specific ligand of ERα, and prevented by MPP, a specific antagonist of ERα. Together our data indicate that sex chromosomes regulate early development of hypothalamic neurons by orchestrating not only sex differences in neuritogenesis, but also regulating the effect of E2 on Ngn3 expression through activation of ERα in hypothalamic neurons.

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Introducción: Para 2025 todos los programas de especialidades odontológicas chilenas deberán estar acreditados para permitir a los egresados inscribir su título y desempeñarse laboralmente. En tal sentido, los docentes fueron evaluados con respecto a su nivel de producción académica. Esto significó un esfuerzo relevante para cumplir con los criterios de acreditación actuales. Objetivo: Identificar la percepción de los docentes de los programas de especialización de facultades de odontología de Santiago de Chile acerca de los actuales requerimientos de producción académica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo exploratorio, mediante entrevista activa con guión flexible, en 18 docentes de especialidades odontológicas de universidades representativas de la realidad nacional. Los datos fueron procesados mediante software cualitativo y se llevó a cabo un análisis de contenido descriptivo. Resultados: Se identificaron las principales narrativas de la percepción de los docentes sobre la valoración de los distintos indicadores de producción y los factores que modificaban su cumplimiento. Los indicadores más relevantes para los docentes fueron los relacionados con la experiencia clínica y docente, con énfasis en el carácter clínico y práctico de sus programas. El principal obstáculo para el cumplimiento de la producción académica resultó la falta de tiempo protegido para la investigación científica. Conclusiones: Los docentes percibieron dificultades para cumplir con los actuales requerimientos de producción académica, principalmente debido a la ausencia de tiempo protegido para la investigación científica. Si bien existieron mecanismos de apoyo a nivel institucional, aún se necesitan más herramientas que protejan el horario de trabajo académico y potencien el desempeño investigativo(AU)

Introduction: By 2025, all Chilean dental specialties programs must be accredited, so that this allows graduates to register their degree and work professionally. In this respect, professors were evaluated based on their level of academic production. This was a significant effort to meet the current accreditation criteria. Objective: To identify the perception that professors of specialty programs at dental schools in Santiago de Chile possess about the current requirements of academic production. Methods: An exploratory and qualitative study was carried out by means of conducting an active interview with a flexible questionnaire on 18 professors of dental specialties from universities representative of the national reality. The data were processed using a qualitative software, and descriptive content analysis was carried out. Results: The main aspects of the professors' perception about the assessment of the different production indicators and the factors that modified their compliance were identified. The most relevant indicators for professors were those related to clinical and teaching experience, with an emphasis on the clinical and practical nature of their programs. The main obstacle to the fulfillment of academic production was the lack of protected time for scientific research. Conclusions: The professors perceived difficulties in meeting current academic production requirements, mainly due to the absence of protected time for scientific research. Although support mechanisms existed at the institutional level, more tools are still needed to protect academic working hours and enhance research performance(AU)

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Resumen: Este artículo reflexiona sobre la subjetividad de los académicos a partir de un análisis cualitativo empírico de los instrumentos de acción pública para gestionar la producción científica en Chile. El presente estudio propone que los dispositivos de gestión, no sólo buscan optimizar la producción científica nacional, sino también tiene importantes efectos sobre quienes desarrollan el conocimiento. Con el objetivo de indagar en esto se realizó un análisis discursivo de 200 documentos públicos y oficiales, los cuales reúnen bases de concurso para adjudicación de becas, formularios e instructivos para distribuir recursos para investigar. Los documentos analizados son comprendidos como una representación de la gestión pública de la ciencia, pero sobre todo como objetos ordenan y performan el mundo científico. Tras un análisis discursivo de los documentos podemos mostrar cómo los instrumentos trazan el desarrollo de un "yo académico cuantificado"; que requiere que los académicos se involucren activamente, mediante el registro de sus actividades bajo el lenguaje de la medición y cuantificación. Sin duda, la traducción de la actividad científica a este tipo dispositivos juega un rol trascendental, transformando las vidas científicas. El artículo muestra cómo los documentos actúan sobre la subjetividad y concluye reiterando la necesidad de un uso y compromiso crítico con las tecnologías de gestión en las políticas públicas científicas.

Abstract: This article reflects on the subjectivity of academics based on a qualitative empirical analysis of the instruments of public action to manage scientific production in Chile. This study proposes that management devices not only seek to optimize national scientific production, but also have important effects on those who develop knowledge. In order to investigate this, a discursive analysis of 200 public and official documents was carried out, which gather contest bases for the awarding of scholarships, forms and instructions to distribute resources for research. The documents analyzed are understood as a representation of the public management of science, but above all as objects of order and performance in the scientific world. After a discursive analysis of the documents, we can show how the instruments trace the development of a "quantified academic self"; which requires that academics become actively involved, by registering their activities under the language of measurement and quantification. Without a doubt, the translation of scientific activity into this type of device plays a transcendental role, transforming scientific lives. The article shows how documents act on subjectivity and concludes by reiterating the need for a critical use and commitment to management technologies in public science policies.

Resumo: Este artigo reflete sobre a subjetividade dos acadêmicos a partir de uma análise empírica qualitativa dos instrumentos de ação pública para gerir a produção científica no Chile. Este estudo propõe que os dispositivos de gestão não só procuram otimizar a produção científica nacional, mas também têm efeitos importantes sobre aqueles que desenvolvem o conhecimento. Para investigar isso, foi realizada uma análise discursiva de 200 documentos públicos e oficiais, que reúnem bases de concursos para a concessão de bolsas, formulários e instruções para distribuição de recursos para pesquisa. Os documentos analisados são entendidos como uma representação da gestão pública da ciência, mas sobretudo como objetos de ordem e desempenho no mundo científico. Após uma análise discursiva dos documentos, podemos mostrar como os instrumentos traçam o desenvolvimento de um "eu acadêmico quantificado"; o que requer que os acadêmicos se envolvam ativamente, registrando suas atividades sob a linguagem de medição e quantificação. Sem dúvida, a tradução da atividade científica para este tipo de dispositivo desempenha um papel transcendental, transformando vidas científicas. O artigo mostra como os documentos atuam sobre a subjetividade e conclui reiterando a necessidade de um uso crítico e compromisso com as tecnologias de gestão nas políticas públicas de ciência.

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Female mouse hippocampal and hypothalamic neurons growing in vitro show a faster development of neurites than male mouse neurons. This sex difference in neuritogenesis is determined by higher expression levels of the neuritogenic factor neurogenin 3 in female neurons. Experiments with the four core genotype mouse model, in which XX and XY animals with male gonads and XX and XY animals with female gonads are generated, indicate that higher levels of neurogenin 3 in developing neurons are determined by the presence of the XX chromosome complement. Female XX neurons express higher levels of estrogen receptors than male XY neurons. In female XX neurons, neuronal derived estradiol increases neurogenin 3 expression and neuritogenesis. In contrast, neuronal-derived estradiol is not able to upregulate neurogenin 3 in male XY neurons, resulting in decreased neuritogenesis compared to female neurons. However, exogenous testosterone increases neurogenin 3 expression and neuritogenesis in male XY neurons. These findings suggest that sex differences in neuronal development are determined by the interaction of sex chromosomes, neuronal derived estradiol and gonadal hormones.

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Las políticas de Educación Superior en Chile les demandan a las Universidades la instalación de dispositivos de gestión orientados a organizar, cuantificar y monitorear el trabajo académico. Pensando en las implicaciones del uso de estos dispositivos de gestión, este trabajo presenta los resultados de un análisis discursivo de 95 documentos de trabajo (Reglamentos, Bases de concurso, Formularios de acreditación) para conocer las interpelaciones que realiza a la labor universitaria. Mediante el método de análisis de discurso, se caracteriza la actuación de los documentos oficiales que regulan y transforman el trabajo académico. El estudio realizado evidencia que los dispositivos de gestión del Trabajo académico performan el trabajo mediante acciones tales como: establecer jerarquías entre las múltiples tareas de un académico y entre académicos, mediante criterios que no han sido discutidos por la comunidad profesional; objetivar procesos laborales y asumir consensos en torno a ello, desconociendo disputas y desacuerdos actuales; omitir el contexto de producción académica, construyendo una imagen del trabajo como proceso individual; y finalmente instando relaciones laborales individualizadas y competitivas.

In Chile, higher education policies have required universities to adopt management tools related to the monitoring and quantification of academic work. Accordingly, this paper presents the results of a documentary study of 95 official documents concerning academic work (Regulations, Scholarship and Grant Application Guidelines and Accreditation Application Forms) in order to understand the regulations pertaining to academic work. Discourse analysis was used to determine how these documents are used in the university environment to regulate and transform the academic work. The present study shows that management tools adopted characterize the academic work through actions such as: establish hierarchies among the multiple tasks of a faculty member and among faculty members using criteria that have not been discussed by the academic community; objectify work processes and reach consensus over them, disregarding current disputes and disagreements; omit the context of academic production creating an image of work as an individual process; and finally urge the establishment of individualizing and competitive work relationships.

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During development sex differences in aromatase expression in limbic regions of mouse brain depend on sex chromosome factors. Genes on the sex chromosomes may affect the hormonal regulation of aromatase expression and this study was undertaken to explore that possibility. Male E15 anterior amygdala neuronal cultures expressed higher levels of aromatase (mRNA and protein) than female cultures. Furthermore, treatment with oestradiol (E2) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased Cyp19a1 expression and aromatase protein levels only in female neuronal cultures. The effect of E2 on aromatase expression was not imitated by oestrogen receptor (ER) α agonist PPT or the GPER agonist G1, but it was fully reproduced by DPN, a specific ligand of ERß. By contrast, the effect of DHT on aromatase expression was not blocked by the anti-androgen flutamide, but completely abrogated by the ERß antagonist PHTPP. Experiments using the four core genotype model showed a sex chromosome effect in ERß expression (XY > XX) and regulation by E2 or DHT (only XX respond) in amygdala neurons. In conclusion, sex chromosome complement governs the hormonal regulation of aromatase expression through activation of ERß in developing mouse brain.

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This study aimed to define whether sex chromosome complement (SCC) may differentially modulate sex differences in relative gene expression of basal Agtr1a, Agtr2, and Mas1 receptors at fore/hindbrain nuclei and at medulla/cortical kidney. Samples were collected from gonadectomized male (XX and XY) and female (XX and XY) mice of the "four core genotypes" model. At brain level, a SCC effect at the area postrema was demonstrated. An increase in mRNA level of Agtr1a and Agtr1a/Agtr2 ratio in XY-SCC mice was associated with a decrease in Mas1 compared to XX-SCC mice. In the renal cortex, a SCC effect for Agtr2 and Mas1 was observed. Regardless of sex (male or female), XX-SCC mice expressed higher levels of mRNA Agtr2 and Mas1 than XY-SCC mice {F(1,12) = 6,126,p < 0.05; F(1,21) = 5,143,p < 0.05}. Furthermore, XX-female mice showed a significant increase in Mas1 expression compared to XY-female mice. These results reveal a SCC modulatory effect at central and kidney level on angiotensin receptor expression, with an enhancement of the vasodilatory arm in XX-mice and an increase in the vasoconstriction arm in XY-mice, which may underlie sex differences in the regulation of arterial pressure.

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