RESUMO
The study objective was to observe the cortisol awakening response (CAR) pattern before and after a psychosocial intervention with children from dysfunctional families who had at least one child working on the streets, and to verify factors related to it. Two hundred and eleven children between 7 and 14 years old were selected and 191 were included, 178 were re-evaluated 2 years after, of whom 113 had cortisol measures completed. Besides cortisol, they were evaluated at baseline and at end point regarding: abuse/neglect, mental health symptoms, exposure to urban violence and family environment. There was no significant difference between the CAR area under the curve (AUC) before and after the intervention. Two regression analysis models were built to evaluate factors related to the CAR before and after intervention. Before the intervention, working on the streets (vs. not) was related to a greater cortisol increase after awakening, at follow-up, having suffered physical punishment (vs. not) was related to a flattened cortisol response. The intervention was not associated with changes in the magnitude of the CAR AUC, though the CAR was associated with psychosocial stressors pre- and post-intervention. Effective interventions for children at risk that might shape a physiological cortisol response are still needed.
Assuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis/psicologia , Emprego/psicologia , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Adolescente , Área Sob a Curva , Brasil , Criança , Educação , Feminino , Humanos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/metabolismo , Masculino , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Análise de Regressão , Saliva/química , Irmãos , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Violência/psicologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We reviewed previous studies that have described an association between abnormal functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and depression. In addition to melancholic depression, a spectrum of conditions may be associated with increased and prolonged activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In contrast another group of states is characterized by hypoactivation of the stress system, rather than sustained activation, in which chronically reduced secretion of corticotropin releasing factor may result in pathological hypoarousal and an enhanced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal negative feedback. Patients with atypical depression, seasonal affective disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome fall in this category. METHOD: The literature data on the overlap between the key-words were reviewed, summarized and discussed. RESULTS: Many studies suggest that these conditions themselves overlap biologically, showing hypofunction of central corticotropin releasing factor neuronal systems. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, in the real world of clinical practice, patients often present in a grey area between classical idiopathic fatigue and early chronic atypical depression and/or seasonal depression. This underscores the potential common biological links underpinning common symptom clusters not only between depression (atypical and seasonal) and chronic fatigue syndrome, but also other conditions characterized by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis mainly diminished the corticotropin realising factor activity.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo/fisiopatologia , Síndrome de Fadiga Crônica/fisiopatologia , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/fisiopatologia , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/fisiopatologia , Transtorno Afetivo Sazonal/fisiopatologia , Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/fisiologia , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/fisiopatologia , Síndrome de Fadiga Crônica/psicologia , Humanos , Transtorno Afetivo Sazonal/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Foram revisados estudos que descrevem que as alterações na função do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal são relacionadas com o estado psicopatológico em depressão. Além da depressão melancólica, uma série de condições podem ser associadas à hiperativação prolongada do eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal. Um outro grupo de psicopatologias é caracterizado por hipoativação do mesmo eixo com redução crônica na secreção do fator de liberação de corticotrofina. Pacientes com depressão atípica, doença afetiva sazonal e síndrome da fadiga crônica estão inclusos nesta categoria. MÉTODO: Foram revisados os dados da literatura que incluem a interseção entre estes descritores, resumidos e discutidos os principais e recentes achados. RESULTADOS: Muitos estudos têm enfatizado que estes quadros se sobrepõem biologicamente, demonstrando hipofunção no sistema relacionado ao fator de liberação de corticotrofina. CONCLUSÕES: Na prática clínica, os pacientes frequentemente se apresentam de forma intermediária entre a fadiga e a depressão atípica crônica e/ou a depressão sazonal. Isto enfatiza o potencial biológico comum que fundamenta o grupo de sintomas não somente entre depressão (atípica e sazonal) e a síndrome da fadiga crônica e as condições caracterizadas por alterações no eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal, principalmente hipofunção e, em particular, diminuição da atividade do fator de liberação de corticotrofina.
OBJECTIVE: We reviewed previous studies that have described an association between abnormal functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and depression. In addition to melancholic depression, a spectrum of conditions may be associated with increased and prolonged activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In contrast another group of states is characterized by hypoactivation of the stress system, rather than sustained activation, in which chronically reduced secretion of corticotropin releasing factor may result in pathological hypoarousal and an enhanced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal negative feedback. Patients with atypical depression, seasonal affective disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome fall in this category. METHOD: The literature data on the overlap between the key-words were reviewed, summarized and discussed. RESULTS: Many studies suggest that these conditions themselves overlap biologically, showing hypofunction of central corticotropin releasing factor neuronal systems. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, in the real world of clinical practice, patients often present in a grey area between classical idiopathic fatigue and early chronic atypical depression and/or seasonal depression. This underscores the potential common biological links underpinning common sympton clusters not only between depression (atypical and seasonal) and chronic fatigue syndrome, but also other conditions characterized by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis mainly diminished the corticotropin realising factor activity.