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BACKGROUND: Carduus marianus is a Mediterranean plant used for treating liver diseases. One of its properties is that it inhibits fat peroxidation, which can contribute toward the prevention of metabolites that are harmful to the liver. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the treatment of fatty liver disease in an axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). METHODS: An approximately 6-year-old female specimen of A. mexicanum, of length 21 cm and weight 153 g, presented edema in the rostral region and inappetence. Ultrasound showed hepatopathy and a gallbladder stone. A globule of C. marianus 6cH was diluted in 30 mL distilled water and administered in spray form over the animal twice a day. RESULTS: Twenty days after the beginning of the treatment, improvement of the facial edema and return of appetite were observed. Ultrasound showed improvement in the appearance of the liver and reduction in the size of the gallstone. The Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy score was +9 in this case, thus suggesting a causal relationship between the use of homeopathic medicine and the clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: C. marianus 6cH appeared to be effective in treating fatty liver disease and gallstone in this specimen of A. mexicanum.

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BACKGROUND: Folliculinum is a homeopathic sarcode medication that is mainly used for regulating the estrous cycle and reproductive function. In snakes, it is common to observe low frequencies of reproduction. Ovulation is related to follicular size and morphology, and follicle homogeneity may indicate the absence of problems such as dystocia (egg retention) or follicular stasis. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to report on follicular stage changes in two ball pythons, Python regius (Shaw, 1802), which were treated using Folliculinum 6cH in a zoological park setting. METHODS: Two female pythons - one weighing 2.8 kg, the other weighing 2.5 kg, and neither with a history of reproduction - were examined by ultrasound to enable viewing of ovarian follicles in different phases and sizes. Folliculinum 6cH, two globules diluted in 200 mL of water, was administered, targeted to the eyes and nostril regions. RESULTS: Even given the slow metabolism of reptiles, ultrasound revealed an improvement in follicle homogeneity between 6 and 15 days after the start of homeopathy in both snakes; there was also improved weight gain in both animals. The MOdified NARanjo Criteria for Homeopathy (MONARCH) score was +8 in each of the cases, suggesting a causal relationship between the use of homeopathic medicine and clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Folliculinum 6cH may have promoted stabilization of follicle size and enabled folliculogenesis in two ball pythons.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Penguins are seabirds that manifest physiological and immunological alterations during the reproductive season. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the laboratory parameters of male and female Magellanic penguins and to determine the penguins' hematological response to homeopathic medicines during that reproductive period. METHODS: Penguins (N = 18), kept under human care in a zoological park setting, were evaluated during the reproductive period and were divided randomly into two groups: a group subjected to treatment with Echinacea angustifolia 6cH and Avena sativa 6cH (N = 8; four breeding couples), and a placebo control group (N = 10; five breeding couples). The investigators were blinded to treatment allocation. Two-way ANOVA was performed to determine whether the experimental group (control or verum) and the sex of the animal had any significant effect on the variation of each hematological parameter between the samples. One-way ANOVA was performed on hematological parameters for which the sex did not present a significant effect. The significance level was p ≤0.05. RESULTS: Significant effects were seen regarding the following: mean corpuscular volume (MCV), in which the verum group showed an increase (29.78 ± 52.95 fL) while the control group showed stability/reduction (-3.08 ± 46.36 fL) (p = 0.049); proportion of heterophils, in which the verum group showed a less marked increase (8.38 ± 12.53%) than that of the control group (18.00 ± 9.37%) (p = 0.010); lymphocyte concentration, in which the verum group showed less marked reduction (-4.39 ± 2.21 × 109 cells/L) than that of the control group (-1.56 ± 2.76 × 109 cells/L) (p = 0.001); and proportion of lymphocytes, in which the verum group showed a less marked reduction (-6.75 ± 10.35%) than that of the control group (-17.3 ± 8.73%) (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Comparison of samples collected before and during the reproductive period showed that, regardless of group allocation, there were differences in the effects on MCV, heterophils and lymphocytes. Treatment with Echinacea angustifolia and Avena sativa resulted in maintenance of lymphocyte levels in Magellanic penguins during the breeding period, thus aiding these birds' immunity.

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Foi avaliado o tratamento homeopático de um felino com doença renal policística, moléstia hereditária muito comum na espécie felina. Por ser progressiva, o prognóstico depende do estágio de evolução da doença renal crônica, da resposta do felino ao tratamento inicial e do desejo do tutor em dar continuidade ao tratamento. A observação teve duração de 9 (nove) meses e a avaliação dos resultados foi realizada com o emprego de exame clínico e de exames complementares como imagens ultrassonográficas e exames laboratoriais. A terapia foi composta por medicamento homeopático constitucional Phosphorus 30CH e episódico Kresolum 6CH associado à introdução de dieta renal (ração seca adjuvante). O medicamento homeopático não provocou eventos adversos no animal. Os resultados sugerem que um animal com doença policística felina pode ser tratado pela homeopatia.(AU)

The homeopathic treatment of a feline with polycystic kidney disease was evaluated, a common hereditary disease in the feline species. Because it is progressive, the prognosis depends on the stage of evolution of the chronic kidney disease, the feline response to the initial treatment and the guardian's desire to continue the treatment. The observation lasted 9 (nine) months and the evaluation of the results was performed through clinical examination and complementary tests such as ultrasound images and laboratory tests. The therapy was composed of constitutional Phosphorus 30CH and episodic Kresolum 6CH homeopathic medication associated with the introduction of diet kidney diet (adjunct dry feed). The homeopathic medicine did not cause adverse events in the animal. The results suggest that an animal with feline polycystic disease can be treated by homeopathy.(AU)

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Keeping Neotropical primates in captivity puts them at great risk of illness because of their susceptibility to human herpesvirus. This is the first report on herpesvirus in Callicebus nigrifrons that developed clinical disease and was confirmed by immunohistochemical and RT-PCR. Diagnosis and prevention are essential for the conservation of species.

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Uric acid is the main form of excretion of nitrogenous components in birds. The assessment verification samples, control, check of uric acid concentrations is widely used to detect kidney disease. High concentrations (up to five times) of uric acid in plasma can lead to the precipitation of this acid in the form of crystals, which accumulate in the tissues, mainly in the synovial joints and the viscera surface. Aims: report the evolution of homeopathic treatment in increased uric acid in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) from Santo André Municipal Zoo. Methodology: 12 animals showed an increase in uric acid (reference values 0,3-16,1mg/dL) and received homeopathic treatment with Lycopodium clavatum 6cH. The protocol established was the administration of two globules of Lycopodium clavatum 6cH, once a day, inside fishes offered in the animal's beak. Treatment started on 25/09/2019. On 30/10/2019 was collected a new blood sample, those who were not discharged were kept on treatment and new collections were made on 27/11/2019 and 17/12/2019. Results: 8 animals had an average uric acid of 20.45mg /dl and responded to the 35-days treatment, normalizing the biochemical values with an average of 12.24mg /dl. Two animals with 18.27 mg /dl were discharged in 62 days with 11.70 mg /dl and another two penguins with 19.85 mg /dl were discharged in 82 days later with 9.57 mg /dl of uric acid. Conclusion: Homeopathy proved to be successful in the treatment of increased uric acid in Magellanic penguins, easy to administer, affordable and without side effects.

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A 3-year-old male cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) was diagnosed with joint arthritis due to hyperucemiasyndrome. The bird presented deposition of urate crystals on the synovial membrane with inflammation of joints and tendons (tufts), causing listlessness, anorexia and lameness, with difficulty in keeping perched or moving. Laboratory tests displayed an increase in uric acid and creatinine phosphokinase levels, and leukocytosis despite lymphopenia. Unsucessfully, the animal had been treated with allopathic medicine for 2 months, without a favorable response and still developing stressful reaction to handling.Methodology:High dilution therapy was attempted with 2 globules of Lycopodiumclavatum30 cH /bid and Arnica montana30 cH /bid /oral. The most expressive tufts were removed with daily cleaning of the affected area; a new diet was established and perches were removed, allowing the bird to remain on a flat surface until regression of symptoms. The medication was continued for 30 days. On the second appointment, although the caregiver reported episodes of probable pain, there was an improvement in behavior with normal appetite. Lyc30cH /sid was continued and Arn30cH /bid to qid, depending on pain episodes, for over 30 days. The tutor authorized the case report through a consent form. Results and discussion:Follow-up laboratory tests were performed everythree months for one year, reaching normal levels for uric acid (3.5-11 mg/dL) and CK (30-245mg/dL) on the third measurement. The bird presented no formation of new tufts along the second month of treatment. After 12 months, the animal ingests homeopathic globules spontaneously and presents stable clinical presentation (Lyc30cH / sid / 3 times a week) with no recurrence and without side effects nor stressful behavior. Conclusion: In view of these results, it is considered that homeopathic treatment is an option to be considered in the treatment of joint arthritis from hyperuricemia syndrome in birds.

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Excess weight causes disorders in locomotor, cardiorespiratory and reproductive systems and increases the incidence of endocrinopathies, as well it can often cause dyslipidemias, leading to atherosclerosis. Aims: Report the evolution of homeopathic treatment in 4 overweight patients, being 2 female dogs and 2 female rabbits with hypertriglyceridemia, analyzing the values in biochemical test. Methodology:Homeopathic treatment was chosen, based on the principle of similitude, using Cholesterinum due to its action to decrease cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Results:The same protocol was made for all of the four patients, included 2 globules of Cholesterinum 30CH direct in its mouth, every 12 hours for 30 days. The first dog attended on 01/09/2019, and presented 328 mg/dL of triglycerides, decreasing this level to 132 mg/dL after just one-monthtreatment. The second dog attended on 04/05/2019, presented higher hypertriglyceridemia with 617 mg/dL that decreased to 259 mg/dL. Likewise, on 02/06/2019, the first rabbit attended, presented 445mg/dL of triglycerides, which were reduced to 337 mg/dL, while the second rabbit, on 06/27/2019, presented 372 mg/dL of triglycerides, decreasing to 274 mg/dL after. Although the values of cholesterol in all patients were in agreement with the reference, the treatment still proved improvements. In the beginning of the treatment, the first dog showed 207 mg/dL of cholesterol and in the end, it reduced to 170 mg/dL, as well with the second dog with 218 mg/dL in the beginning and 200 mg/dL after. Regarding rabbits, the first one presented an initialvalue of 60 mg/dL, which decreased to 52 mg/dL, while the second started with 57 mg/dL and went to 41 mg/dL. Conventionally, Bezafibrate is indicated as a lipid-lowering agent, but it is contraindicated in patients with liver or kidney failure, vesicular diseases,and for pregnant or lactating. Conclusion:Dyslipidemia can be controlled with High dilution. (The exposed information is consented by the tutors)

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The truths surrounding medical practices are seasonally challenged by innovative concepts that can aggregate changing procedures in many degrees. The Galtonian eugenics issues supported the pure-breed idea in dictatorial governments, and introduced mesological studies, turning possible to join genetic concepts to the physiology and psychology of the human organism. Following human medicine, more therapeutic models need to forthcoming in domestic animals. The companionship necessity and the highly responsive behavior have addressed the domestication of dogs and their relationship to owners, to an endpoint that both share the same pathologies. Thus, traditional human concepts of biotypology could be extended to companion animals. Grauvogl (1811-1877) proposeda simple biochemical correlation between physiological states and the miasmas of sick individuals (oxygenoid -syphilis, hydrogenoid -sycosis, carbo-nitrogenoid -psora). Antoine Nebel (1870-1954) correlated biochemical status with the musculoskeletal system and behavior as well. Leon Vannier (1880-1963) model, whose morphophysiological distortions and behavioral inconsistencies were explained by the carbon element and variations in its bonds with phosphorus or fluor radicals was another attempt to categorize and predefine physiology states. Following the advent of structural and functional identification of thyroid hormone in the 1940s, Henri Bernard described the neuro-morphofunctional plasticity of individuals guided by their predominant embryonic leaflet and consequent hormonal diseases. Methods:This work is a narrative review with the purpose of describing and discussingthe legacy ofbiotypology studies and their applicability in dog therapy, and proposinga new homeopathic approach in veterinary medicine based on the miasmas, also contributing to the scarcelyavailable literature. Results:Based on cellular exchanges and consequent metabolic rate, animals can be classified into psoric (no evidence of clinical signs, stable behavior, and adequate exonerative cellular processes); sycotic (cellular dysfunction with alterations in oxidative phosphorylation processes allowing accumulation of cellular toxins such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; clinically culminating in chronic inflammations in noble organs, and purulent discharges; unstable and polarized behavior) and syphilitic (whose cellular alterations have reached the molecular level, reducing protein expression and determining cellular toxicity and loss of function; indifferentbehavior). Generalities such as temperature influence, weight, thirst and feedingshall also be considered. Discussion and Conclusion: Thismodel could benefit stray animals, newly adopted or even from shelters, whose actual behavior is unknown, and the search for the Simillimum may be impaired.

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two Python bivittatussnakes were received at Project Selva Viva, a zoo in Taubaté, Brazil, both presenting respiratory noises and oro-nasal discharge. A thoracic ultrasonographic examination was performed for evaluation on February 25th,2022, which diagnosed the presence of multiple vertical hyperechoic artifactsemerging from the pleural line, coalescing in some of the examined areas, and the presence a hypoechoic structure located in the subpleural region. Another serpent, from the Boa constrictor species, was apprehended and arrived at the same zoo without medical history, showing a low body score. During a thoracic ultrasonographic evaluation realized on April 1st,2022, B lines emerging from the pleural line were found. These vertical reverberating lines are a result of respiratory illness (SOLDATI et al., 2014).Methodology:The report was authorized by the owner of the zoo. All the patients received homeopathic therapy with 2 globules of Arsenicum album30 cH/ BID into the mouth, after being diagnosed with the respiratory condition by the ultrasonographic examination. The medication was chosen according to the similarity with the symptoms. The snakes had a runny nose and hissing breathing noise. Weekly ultrasound scans were performed on the Python bivittatus snakes to follow up on the respiratory condition. Results: On March 04th, it was observed that both snakes showed a reduction in respiratory noises and were more active. Ars 30 cH was maintained BID. On March 25th, both presented significant improvement in the ultrasound images, which showed only A lines, compatible with a healthy lung, and the treatment was suspended. Boa constrictor snake ́streatment started on April 1st. On April 8th, the ultrasonographic examination performed only presented A lines, which are characterized in ultrasound by parallel horizontal lines in the near field with the loss of image continuity in the far field, indicating improvement of the condition (LICHTENSTEIN et al., 2003). Conclusion:Given these results, the homeopathic treatment is an option to be considered for the treatment of respiratory symptoms in snakes, although the duration of the therapy varies based on the stage and chronicity of the disease.

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