RESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the age and post-prandial variations in selected metabolite concentration that may indicate a shift in metabolism, from pre- to functional ruminant, according to the liquid diet fed to dairy calves. Sixteen newborn Holstein calves were included in the study in a randomized complete block experimental design. The calves were individually housed and fed 6 L/d with whole milk (WM) or milk replacer (MR). Blood samples were collected weekly at 0 h (before feeding), 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 8 h after morning feeding to evaluate glucose, ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), fructosamine, total protein, and albumin. Calves fed WM had higher performance (p < 0.01) than did calves fed MR. The different liquid diets did not affect the average concentrations of plasma glucose. However, BHB was higher for WM-fed calves (p < 0.01). The concentration of plasma glucose reached the highest concentration at 1 and 4 hours after feeding WM or MR, respectively. Thus, these would be the most appropriate sampling times to study the glycemic status of calves according to the liquid diet fed. Fructosamine did not prove to be an informative metabolite to understand the shift in metabolism, as a function of rumen development, due to a small reduction as a function of age and a sampling time effect.
RESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two liquid diets and the use of environmental enrichment (EE) in individually housed calves fed in open buckets. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with factor 1 as the liquid diets: Whole Milk (WM) or Milk Replacer (MR); and factor 2 as absence or presence of environmental enrichment (brushes and a dry teat). Twenty-four newborn Holstein calves were distributed in four treatments: (1) WM; (2) WM + EE; (3) MR; and (4) MR + EE. Calves had free access to water and calf starter concentrate and were fed in a step-up/step-down feeding program and were weaned at 56 days of age. There was no effect of the association of different liquid diets with EE on the performance of the animals. The association of liquid diet with EE did not affect metabolic parameters, but WM-fed calves had higher concentrations of ß-hydroxybutyrate (P < 0.05). Likewise, the interaction of liquid diet and EE did not affect the faecal score (P > 0.05), but animals fed with MR had more fluid faeces (P < 0.05). There was no change in the animals' behavioural repertoire as a function of liquid diets associated with EE. The animals used the EE approximately 1.4% of the time only and vocalized for 1.7% or performed non-nutritive feeding for 1.9%. There was a tendency (P < 0.06) for a reduction in vocalization by EE availability. However, the possibility of improved animal welfare using environmental enrichment is not ruled out since the animals vocalized less during the weaning process.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Dieta , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Peso Corporal , Bovinos , Dieta/veterinária , Leite , Água , DesmameRESUMO
The liquid diet composition can affect dairy calves' performance and diarrhea incidence. The effect of three liquid diets on performance, incidence of diarrhea, and microbial community during diarrhea occurrence in dairy calves were evaluated. At birth, 35 dairy calves (20 male and 15 female) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments-refrigerated whole milk (WM), acidified whole milk (AWM), and milk replacer (MR). Intake, fecal score, and rectal temperature were evaluated daily, and performance and blood parameters were evaluated weekly during the preweaning period. Fecal samples from diarrheic calves were collected, and one initial and one final sample for each episode were selected. The bacterial community was assessed by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene on the Illumina MiSeq platform and analyzed using the DADA2 pipeline. Calves fed WM had higher body weight at weaning, average daily gain, body measurements, and concentration of blood metabolites. The AWM-fed calves had a lower rectal temperature and fever days. Moreover, the MR-fed calves had lower beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration and a higher incidence of diarrhea. The fecal bacterial community of diarrheic calves showed dissimilarity among the AWM and the other treatments. At the compositional level, we observed a higher abundance of Fusobacterium and Ruminococcus genera (AWM), Prevotella (WM), and Lactobacillus (MR). In the AWM and MR diarrheic calves' feces, we also observed some beneficial bacterial genera. The performance and incidence of diarrhea of dairy calves were influenced by the liquid diet consumed and the bacterial composition of diarrhea.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Leite , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Bactérias/genética , Peso Corporal , Bovinos , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/veterinária , Dieta/veterinária , Feminino , Masculino , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , DesmameRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate passive immunity transfer, health, performance, and metabolism of Holstein calves fed colostrum supplement associated with medium-quality colostrum. After birth, calves were blocked according to birth weight and date and distributed into the following treatments: high-quality colostrum (> 50 mg of Ig/mL; n = 15; 150 g kg−1 BW; positive control group); medium-quality colostrum (30-40 mg of Ig/mL; n = 14; 150 g kg−1 BW), and medium-quality colostrum (30-40 mg of Ig/mL; n = 15; 150 g kg−1 BW) + colostrum supplement (15 mL) given with the colostrum. Colostrum was given within the first 12 h of life in two meals by nipple bottle, and colostrum replacer was administered by a blister syringe. Blood samples were taken every 12 h up to 48 h of life for total serum protein (TSP) evaluation. After colostrum feeding, calves were fed 4 L of transition milking, split in two meals for a period of one to four days and received milk replacer thereafter. Calves were individually housed, with free access to water and concentrate and bucket-fed 6 L/d of milk replacer up to the sixth week of life, when they received 4 L/d until weaning, with eight weeks. Colostrum feeding protocol affected the TSP concentration in the first 48 h of life, while the concentrations of albumin, glucose, ß-hydroxybutyrate, γ-glutamyl transferase, and alkaline phosphatase were not affected. During the milk-feeding period, the concentrate and total dry matter intake were not affected by the colostrum protocol, but increased as animals aged. Colostrum-feeding protocol did not affect performance or health of calves. Feeding colostrum supplement associated with medium-quality colostrum had no effect on passive immune transfer, performance, nor on the metabolism during the liquid-feeding phase.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Bovinos/fisiologia , Imunização Passiva/veterinária , Colostro/fisiologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , DesmameRESUMO
Monensin is an ionophore antibiotic, the inclusion of which in the feed of beef cattle favors the bestuse of feed nutrients, via ruminal modulation. However, there are concerns regarding the residenceof residues in the carcass from metabolism of monensin. The objective of this study was to evaluatethe productive performance, carcass characteristics, serum parameters, tissue residual depletion andeconomic benefit of finishing of young bulls in confinement with monensin in the ration. Thirtysixanimals were confined, and given 50% corn silage feed and 50% more concentrated feed. Theexperimental design was completely randomized, with two treatments (with or without monensin) and10 replicates for the control group and eight for the monensin group. The use of monensin reduced thedry matter intake in relation to live weight (2.36% vs 2.55%), and improved feed conversion (8.61 vs10.06 kg kg−1); the animals presented higher live weight (511 vs 494 kg), higher warm carcass weight(285 vs 272 kg) and an increase in fat thickness (4.97 vs 4.25 mm) compared to control animals. Theseincreases in performance gave higher economic results, with a profit margin of R$ 122.84 per animal.A waiting period of 16 h before slaughter resulted in monensin concentrations below 0.25 µg kg−1 inedible organs and tissues, values well below those permitted by legislation. The use of monensin foryoung bulls in confinement promoted improvements in productive and economic performance, withoutleaving residues in edible tissues.(AU)
A monensina é um antibiótico ionóforo, cuja inclusão na alimentação de bovinos de corte favorece omelhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes da ração, via modulação ruminal. Porém há preocupações noque tange a permanência de resíduos na carcaça, provenientes da metabolização da monensina. Assim,objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo, as características de carcaça, os parâmetros séricos,a depleção residual tecidual e a economicidade da terminação de tourinhos em confinamento commonensina na ração. Foram confinados 36 animais com ração 50% de silagem de milho mais 50%concentrado. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 2 tratamentos (com ousem monensina) e 10 repetições para o grupo controle e 8 para o grupo com monensina. O uso demonensina reduziu o consumo de matéria seca em relação ao peso vivo (2,36 vs 2,55%), melhoroua conversão alimentar (8,61 vs 10,06 kg kg-1), os animais apresentaram maior peso vivo (511 vs 494kg), maior peso de carcaça quente (285 vs 272 kg) e aumento na espessura de gordura (4,97 vs 4,25mm) comparativamente aos animais da ração controle. Tais acréscimos em desempenho conferirammaiores resultados econômicos, com margem de lucro de R$ 122,84 por animal. O período de carênciade 16 horas antes do abate apresentou concentrações de monensina inferiores a 0,25 µg kg-1 nos órgãose tecidos comestíveis, valores muito abaixo dos permitidos na legislação. O uso de monensina paratourinhos em confinamento promoveu melhorias no desempenho produtivo e econômico, sem deixarresíduos nos tecidos comestíveis.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Ração Animal , Carne Vermelha/análise , Ionóforos , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Abate de Animais , EficiênciaRESUMO
Monensin is an ionophore antibiotic, the inclusion of which in the feed of beef cattle favors the bestuse of feed nutrients, via ruminal modulation. However, there are concerns regarding the residenceof residues in the carcass from metabolism of monensin. The objective of this study was to evaluatethe productive performance, carcass characteristics, serum parameters, tissue residual depletion andeconomic benefit of finishing of young bulls in confinement with monensin in the ration. Thirtysixanimals were confined, and given 50% corn silage feed and 50% more concentrated feed. Theexperimental design was completely randomized, with two treatments (with or without monensin) and10 replicates for the control group and eight for the monensin group. The use of monensin reduced thedry matter intake in relation to live weight (2.36% vs 2.55%), and improved feed conversion (8.61 vs10.06 kg kg−1); the animals presented higher live weight (511 vs 494 kg), higher warm carcass weight(285 vs 272 kg) and an increase in fat thickness (4.97 vs 4.25 mm) compared to control animals. Theseincreases in performance gave higher economic results, with a profit margin of R$ 122.84 per animal.A waiting period of 16 h before slaughter resulted in monensin concentrations below 0.25 µg kg−1 inedible organs and tissues, values well below those permitted by legislation. The use of monensin foryoung bulls in confinement promoted improvements in productive and economic performance, withoutleaving residues in edible tissues.
A monensina é um antibiótico ionóforo, cuja inclusão na alimentação de bovinos de corte favorece omelhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes da ração, via modulação ruminal. Porém há preocupações noque tange a permanência de resíduos na carcaça, provenientes da metabolização da monensina. Assim,objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo, as características de carcaça, os parâmetros séricos,a depleção residual tecidual e a economicidade da terminação de tourinhos em confinamento commonensina na ração. Foram confinados 36 animais com ração 50% de silagem de milho mais 50%concentrado. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 2 tratamentos (com ousem monensina) e 10 repetições para o grupo controle e 8 para o grupo com monensina. O uso demonensina reduziu o consumo de matéria seca em relação ao peso vivo (2,36 vs 2,55%), melhoroua conversão alimentar (8,61 vs 10,06 kg kg-1), os animais apresentaram maior peso vivo (511 vs 494kg), maior peso de carcaça quente (285 vs 272 kg) e aumento na espessura de gordura (4,97 vs 4,25mm) comparativamente aos animais da ração controle. Tais acréscimos em desempenho conferirammaiores resultados econômicos, com margem de lucro de R$ 122,84 por animal. O período de carênciade 16 horas antes do abate apresentou concentrações de monensina inferiores a 0,25 µg kg-1 nos órgãose tecidos comestíveis, valores muito abaixo dos permitidos na legislação. O uso de monensina paratourinhos em confinamento promoveu melhorias no desempenho produtivo e econômico, sem deixarresíduos nos tecidos comestíveis.