RESUMO

This retrospective case series study describes the clinical and vascular ultrasound findings of 26 dogs diagnosed with abdominal thrombosis. Images were selected based on the detection of intravascular echogenic thrombus or the absence of vascular flow on color Doppler, confirmed by surgery or necropsy. Images were acquired using the Mylab 40 model, with linear and microconvex multifrequency probes. All the reports were evaluated along with the corresponding images by a veterinary diagnostic imaging radiologist. The ultrasonographic aspects evaluated were echogenicity (92.3%), anechogenicity (7.7%), vascularization (11.5%), mineralization (15.4%), and recanalization (7.7%) of the thrombosis. The vascular and hemodynamic findings were dilation of the affected vein (57.7%), total occlusion of blood flow (30.8%), presence of turbulent flow (65.38%), and visualization of smoke signal (blood flow detected as moving echogenic points in dynamic bidimensional mode) (11.5%). Neoplasms (19 cases) and nephropathies (13 cases) were the most common clinical conditions in the affected dogs. Eleven cases of vascular invasion due to adrenal neoplasms were identified. The results indicate that the vascular ultrasound examination is an important method for diagnosis, as 23 of the 26 cases did not show any clinical signs of thrombosis.

Este estudo de série de casos retrospectivos descreve os achados clínicos e ultrassonográficos vasculares de 26 cães diagnosticados com trombose. As imagens foram selecionadas baseadas na detecção de trombo ecogênico intravascular ou na ausência de fluxo vascular ao Doppler colorido, confirmado por cirurgia ou necropsia. O equipamento utilizado na aquisição das imagens foi o modelo Mylab 40, com probes multifrequenciais linear e microconvexa. Todos os relatórios foram avaliados com as imagens correspondentes por um veterinário radiologista. As características ultrassonográficas avaliadas foram: ecogenicidade (92,3%), anecogenicidade (7,7%), vascularização (11,5%), mineralização (15,4%) e recanalização (7,7%) das tromboses. Os achados vasculares e hemodinâmicos observados foram: dilatação da veia afetada (57,7%), oclusão total do fluxo sanguíneo (30,8%), presença de fluxo turbulento (65,38%) e visibilização do sinal de fumaça (fluxo vascular visível como pontos ecogênicos em modo bidimensional dinâmico) (11,5%). As neoplasias (19 casos) e as nefropatias (13 casos) foram as condições clínicas mais comuns nos cães afetados. Foram identificados 11 casos de invasão vascular decorrentes de neoplasia de adrenais. Os resultados indicaram que o exame ultrassonográfico vascular é um método importante para diagnóstico, considerando-se que, em 23 casos, não ocorreram sinais clínicos determinantes de trombose.

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This clinical case describes an esthetic rehabilitation of a young patient presenting with erosive tooth wear. The etiological factors for the erosion in this clinical case was excessive carbonated beverages and lemon water intake. The patient's main complaint was the yellowish aspect of her smile. The treatment procedure selected was direct resin composite veneers in the six maxillary anterior teeth. A three-year follow-up of the case is presented. The three-year follow-up showed a successful clinical performance of the treatment procedure after a finishing/polishing protocol.

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Ketamine (KET) is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist with rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects, but how the drug shows its sustained effects is still a matter of controversy. The objectives were to evaluate the mechanisms for KET rapid (30 min) and long-lasting (15 and 30 days after) antidepressant effects in mice. A single dose of KET (2, 5, or 10 mg/kg, po) was administered to male Swiss mice and the forced swim test (FST) was performed 30 min, 15, or 30 days later. Imipramine (IMI, 30 mg/kg, ip), a tricyclic antidepressant drug, was used as reference. The mice were euthanized, separated into two time-point groups (D1, first day after KET injection; D30, 30 days later), and brain sections were processed for glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), histone deacetylase (HDAC), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemical assays. KET (5 and 10 mg/kg) presented rapid and long-lasting antidepressant-like effects. As expected, the immunoreactivities for brain GSK-3 and HDAC decreased compared to control groups in all areas (striatum, DG, CA1, CA3, and mainly pre-frontal cortex, PFC) after KET injection. Increases in BDNF immunostaining were demonstrated in the PFC, DG, CA1, and CA3 areas at D1 and D30 time-points. GFAP immunoreactivity was also increased in the PFC and striatum at both time-points. In conclusion, KET changed brain BDNF and GFAP expressions 30 days after a single administration. Although neuroplasticity could be involved in the observed effects of KET, more studies are needed to explain the mechanisms for the drug's sustained antidepressant-like effects.

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RESUMO

Ketamine (KET) is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist with rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects, but how the drug shows its sustained effects is still a matter of controversy. The objectives were to evaluate the mechanisms for KET rapid (30 min) and long-lasting (15 and 30 days after) antidepressant effects in mice. A single dose of KET (2, 5, or 10 mg/kg, po) was administered to male Swiss mice and the forced swim test (FST) was performed 30 min, 15, or 30 days later. Imipramine (IMI, 30 mg/kg, ip), a tricyclic antidepressant drug, was used as reference. The mice were euthanized, separated into two time-point groups (D1, first day after KET injection; D30, 30 days later), and brain sections were processed for glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), histone deacetylase (HDAC), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemical assays. KET (5 and 10 mg/kg) presented rapid and long-lasting antidepressant-like effects. As expected, the immunoreactivities for brain GSK-3 and HDAC decreased compared to control groups in all areas (striatum, DG, CA1, CA3, and mainly pre-frontal cortex, PFC) after KET injection. Increases in BDNF immunostaining were demonstrated in the PFC, DG, CA1, and CA3 areas at D1 and D30 time-points. GFAP immunoreactivity was also increased in the PFC and striatum at both time-points. In conclusion, KET changed brain BDNF and GFAP expressions 30 days after a single administration. Although neuroplasticity could be involved in the observed effects of KET, more studies are needed to explain the mechanisms for the drug's sustained antidepressant-like effects.

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METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study with 70 individuals divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 35 volunteers who were being preoperatively prepared for the construction of arteriovenous fistula. Group B consisted of 35 non-renal patients selected by convenience. Each participant underwent physical examination, including venous percussion, of the dominant upper limb and then ultrasound. Interobserver agreement was assessed between a trained vascular surgeon performing percussion and fourth-year medical student. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of percussion were determined in relation to ultrasound. The agreement between the methods, venous percussion and venous duplex ultrasound was also evaluated by the Kappa index. RESULTS: The overall interobserver agreement for the percussion was 0.74 (95% CI 0.632 to 0.851). It was observed that the results were more favorable in the cephalic vein than in the basilic vein, emphasizing that the cephalic is more used in venous punctures, because of its anatomical location and visibility, and in fistula construction. The 35 percussions of the cephalic forearm vein in Group A resulted in a sensitivity of 1.0 (95% CI 0.63 to 1.00), specificity of 0.96 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.00), a positive predictive value of 0.89(95% CI 0.52 to 1.00) and a negative predictive value of 1.00 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.00), with an accuracy of 0.97 (95% CI 0.85 to 1.00) and Kappa index of 0.92 (95% CI 0.77 to 1.00) in relation to ultrasound. Overall, when all venous segments were analyzed in group A, the Kappa index of agreement between the percussion and the ultrasonography reached 0.56 (95% CI 0.401 to 0.72). All venous segments in Group A had a sensitivity of 0.54 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.70) and a specificity of 0.96 (95% CI 0.90 to 0.99). When all venous segments were analyzed in group B, the Kappa index of agreement between the percussion and the ultrasonography reached 0.48 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.62). All venous segments in Group B had a sensitivity of 0.70 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.79) and a specificity of 0.82 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.91). CONCLUSION: Venous percussion of the upper limbs has a high positive predictive value and high specificity, when compared to ultrasound as a way to evaluate the patency and adequacy of the cephalic vein. Although there is not enough evidence to preclude ultrasound, percussion should definitely be included in the traditional physical exam evaluation of upper limbs superficial veins.

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Nas últimas décadas, foi possível observar grandes avanços tecnológicos no que se refere às novas técnicas de exames por meio de imagens, que se tornou um componente importante e imprescindível no processo de tomada de decisão frente ao diagnóstico de diversas alterações em pacientes veterinários. Tais exames, cada um com sua especificidade, requerem análise cuidadosa por parte do avaliador e, evidentemente, um bom período de treinamento com o propósito de se extrair o máximo de informação possível que o exame possa oferecer. Mesmo assim, costumam ocorrer situações que geram dúvidas e equívocos, resultando em erros de interpretação. São, na verdade, armadilhas resultantes das próprias limitações da técnica ou da produção dos chamados artefatos, capazes de gerar dúvidas e erros de interpretação, muitas vezes comprometendo a formulação do diagnóstico. Diante do exposto, procurou-se, com este estudo, chamar a atenção dos envolvidos com diagnóstico por imagem em veterinária quanto aos riscos de interpretação, em particular na radiologia e na ultrassonografia, duas técnicas distintas e amplamente usadas na medicina veterinária. Foram selecionadas imagens radiográficas e ultrassonográficas obtidas da rotina de atendimento a pequenos animais do Hospital Veterinário da Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) que pudessem exemplificar as mais frequentes dúvi

RESUMO

Nas últimas décadas, foi possível observar grandes avanços tecnológicos no que se refere às novas técnicas de exames por meio de imagens, que se tornou um componente importante e imprescindível no processo de tomada de decisão frente ao diagnóstico de diversas alterações em pacientes veterinários. Tais exames, cada um com sua especificidade, requerem análise cuidadosa por parte do avaliador e, evidentemente, um bom período de treinamento com o propósito de se extrair o máximo de informação possível que o exame possa oferecer. Mesmo assim, costumam ocorrer situações que geram dúvidas e equívocos, resultando em erros de interpretação. São, na verdade, armadilhas resultantes das próprias limitações da técnica ou da produção dos chamados artefatos, capazes de gerar dúvidas e erros de interpretação, muitas vezes comprometendo a formulação do diagnóstico. Diante do exposto, procurou-se, com este estudo, chamar a atenção dos envolvidos com diagnóstico por imagem em veterinária quanto aos riscos de interpretação, em particular na radiologia e na ultrassonografia, duas técnicas distintas e amplamente usadas na medicina veterinária. Foram selecionadas imagens radiográficas e ultrassonográficas obtidas da rotina de atendimento a pequenos animais do Hospital Veterinário da Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) que pudessem exemplificar as mais frequentes dúvidas no momento da interpretação e que poderiam induzir a erros.

In recent decades there have been many great technological advances. Im particular new imaging examination techiniques have becane, important and indispensable component the diagnostic decisiun making process for several alterations in veterinary patients. These examinations, require careful analysis by the examiner and, extensive. In order to extract as much information as possible fron the exam. Even so, situations that generate doubts and confusions occur often, resulting in errors of interpretation. These are, traps result from the limitations of the technique henselves or the production of artifacts, which are of creating doubts and errors of interpretation, this compromisi the diagnosis. In light of this, we sought to draw the attention of those involved in veterinary diagnostic imaging, regarding the risks of misinterpretation, with radiology and ultrasonography, two different techniques widely used in veterinary medicine. Radiographic and ultrasonographic images were obtained from routine small animal care at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais Veterinary School (UFMG). which demostrate the most frequent doubts during image interpretation and that could potentially induce erros were selected. Situations that could generateperceptual erros were observed. These errosrs could possibly be associated with cognitive erros.

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RESUMO

Nas últimas décadas, foi possível observar grandes avanços tecnológicos no que se refere às novas técnicas de exames por meio de imagens, que se tornou um componente importante e imprescindível no processo de tomada de decisão frente ao diagnóstico de diversas alterações em pacientes veterinários. Tais exames, cada um com sua especificidade, requerem análise cuidadosa por parte do avaliador e, evidentemente, um bom período de treinamento com o propósito de se extrair o máximo de informação possível que o exame possa oferecer. Mesmo assim, costumam ocorrer situações que geram dúvidas e equívocos, resultando em erros de interpretação. São, na verdade, armadilhas resultantes das próprias limitações da técnica ou da produção dos chamados artefatos, capazes de gerar dúvidas e erros de interpretação, muitas vezes comprometendo a formulação do diagnóstico. Diante do exposto, procurou-se, com este estudo, chamar a atenção dos envolvidos com diagnóstico por imagem em veterinária quanto aos riscos de interpretação, em particular na radiologia e na ultrassonografia, duas técnicas distintas e amplamente usadas na medicina veterinária. Foram selecionadas imagens radiográficas e ultrassonográficas obtidas da rotina de atendimento a pequenos animais do Hospital Veterinário da Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) que pudessem exemplificar as mais frequentes dúvidas no momento da interpretação e que poderiam induzir a erros. (AU)

In recent decades there have been many great technological advances. Im particular new imaging examination techiniques have becane, important and indispensable component the diagnostic decisiun making process for several alterations in veterinary patients. These examinations, require careful analysis by the examiner and, extensive. In order to extract as much information as possible fron the exam. Even so, situations that generate doubts and confusions occur often, resulting in errors of interpretation. These are, traps result from the limitations of the technique henselves or the production of artifacts, which are of creating doubts and errors of interpretation, this compromisi the diagnosis. In light of this, we sought to draw the attention of those involved in veterinary diagnostic imaging, regarding the risks of misinterpretation, with radiology and ultrasonography, two different techniques widely used in veterinary medicine. Radiographic and ultrasonographic images were obtained from routine small animal care at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais Veterinary School (UFMG). which demostrate the most frequent doubts during image interpretation and that could potentially induce erros were selected. Situations that could generateperceptual erros were observed. These errosrs could possibly be associated with cognitive erros.(AU)

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Foreign body in the digestive tract (FBDT) often affects the canine species. The clinical signs are nonspecific, thus it is necessary to perform complementary tests to obtain its diagnosis. This study objective was to evaluate 50 dogs of the Veterinary Hospital in the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HV-UFMG), observing the racial predisposition, age, sex, types, topography, radiographic and ultrasonographic aspects of the FBDT occurrence. The diagnosis was obtained by the use of radiographic exams (37%), ultrasonographic exams (37%) or both of them (26% of the cases). No racial predilection was found, but male dogs were the most affected, representing 62% of the population. The average age of occurrence was 5.8 ± 4.5 years. The most frequently site where FB was found were: stomach (42%) and jejunum (24% of the cases). The most common FBDT object were: fabric (16%) and fruit seeds (12%), but metal, bone, plastic and rubber objects were also found too. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations were efficient in isolation and /or in association, with 98% of cases of FBDT being successfully detected in dogs.

RESUMO

Foreign body in the digestive tract (FBDT) often affects the canine species. The clinical signs are nonspecific, thus it is necessary to perform complementary tests to obtain its diagnosis. This study objective was to evaluate 50 dogs of the Veterinary Hospital in the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HV-UFMG), observing the racial predisposition, age, sex, types, topography, radiographic and ultrasonographic aspects of the FBDT occurrence. The diagnosis was obtained by the use of radiographic exams (37%), ultrasonographic exams (37%) or both of them (26% of the cases). No racial predilection was found, but male dogs were the most affected, representing 62% of the population. The average age of occurrence was 5.8 ± 4.5 years. The most frequently site where FB was found were: stomach (42%) and jejunum (24% of the cases). The most common FBDT object were: fabric (16%) and fruit seeds (12%), but metal, bone, plastic and rubber objects were also found too. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations were efficient in isolation and /or in association, with 98% of cases of FBDT being successfully detected in dogs.(AU)

O corpo estranho no trato digestivo (CETD) acomete com frequência a espécie canina. Os sinais clínicos são inespecíficos, fazendo-se necessário realizar exames complementares para obtenção do diagnóstico. O objetivo do presente trabalho ao avaliar 50 cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HVUFMG)com CETD, foram observar à predisposição racial, idade, sexo e os tipos, a topografia e os aspectos radiográficos e ultrassonográficos dos CETD. O diagnóstico foi obtido por meio de exames radiográficos (37%),ultrassonográficos (37%) ou ambos (26%). Não houve predileção racial, mas cães machos foram os mais acometidos,representando 62% dos casos. A idade média de ocorrência foi de 5,8 ±4,5 anos. Locais onde os CE foram encontrados com mais frequência: estômago (42%) e jejuno (24%). Os CETD mais observados: tecidos (16%) e sementes de frutas(12%), mas também foram encontradas estruturas metálicas, ósseas, plásticas e de borracha. Os exames radiográficos e ultrassonográficos foram eficientes isoladamente e\ou em associação, sendo capaz de detectar 98% dos casos CETD em cães.(AU)

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