RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic caused societal disruption in the United States and most of the world, affecting many aspects of life, including healthcare and health-related behaviors such as diet, food security, and physical activity. Communities with economic and health disparities may have been particularly affected. This study was undertaken to determine how conditions in the early pandemic (January, 2021-February, 2022) affected Latino patients of Mexican Ancestry at high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus who participated in El Banco por Salud biobank project in Tucson, Arizona. METHODS: Baseline, prepandemic measurements were available in 17, 21, and 60 patients with normal hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes, respectively. RESULTS: People with healthy HbA1c were significantly younger, less obese, and had higher HDL cholesterol. HbA1c was unaffected by the pandemic in any group. Triglycerides, total and HDL cholesterol levels fell in all groups during the pandemic. Physical activity levels in all groups were remarkably low, with most reporting no engagement in any voluntary physical activity. Engagement in physical activity or its enjoyment was lower in patients with diabetes and prediabetes than in younger, less obese patients. Major diet differences were between men and women and were present before the pandemic. Women consumed significantly more vegetables, fruit, and salad than men. The only pandemic-related change in diet was a drop in egg consumption, possibly explaining the fall in total cholesterol. CONCLUSION: Societal disruption during the COVID-19 pandemic had minimal effects on adverse health-related behaviors, cardiometabolic risk, or changes in glycemic control in a Latino community with diabetes and healthcare disparities in the Southwest US.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Estado Pré-Diabético , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , HDL-Colesterol , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Dieta , Exercício Físico , Hemoglobinas Glicadas , Hispânico ou Latino , Estudos Longitudinais , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Pandemias , Estados Unidos , Sudoeste dos Estados Unidos , Americanos MexicanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is associated with body weight and other health conditions but remains understudied in the Latino population. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of BDNF serum levels with body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and the rs6265 nonconservative polymorphism among 349 Latinos aged ≥18 years enrolled in the Arizona Insulin Resistance Registry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on physical activity were acquired using a self-reported questionnaire. BDNF serum levels were measured utilizing a modified ELISA method, and the rs6265 polymorphism was genotyped by the Assay-by-Design service. Two sample t-tests or chi-squared tests were employed to compare demographics and outcomes between physically active and nonactive groups as well as between rs6265 CC and CT+TT groups. RESULTS: BDNF levels and rs6265 polymorphism did not differ significantly between the physically active (N = 195) and nonactive group (N = 154). Participants with the rs6265 polymorphism did not show any significant difference in BDNF levels or BMI when compared with those with the normal functional variant. Higher BDNF levels were significantly associated with higher age (r = 0.11, P = 0.04) and higher 2-hr glucose level (r = 0.11, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In this cross-sectional study, the rs6265 polymorphism was not associated with a higher risk of obesity, or lower circulating levels of BDNF. Thus, the rs6265 polymorphism may have a different impact in Latinos as compared with other previously studied populations.
Assuntos
Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/genética , Exercício Físico , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Metabolismo/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Arizona/epidemiologia , Glicemia/metabolismo , Índice de Massa Corporal , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disease that is more prevalent in ethnic groups such as Mexican Americans, and is strongly associated with the risk factors obesity and insulin resistance. The goal of this study was to perform whole genome gene expression profiling in adipose tissue to detect common patterns of gene regulation associated with obesity and insulin resistance. We used phenotypic and genotypic data from 308 Mexican American participants from the Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study (VAGES). Basal fasting RNA was extracted from adipose tissue biopsies from a subset of 75 unrelated individuals, and gene expression data generated on the Illumina BeadArray platform. The number of gene probes with significant expression above baseline was approximately 31,000. We performed multiple regression analysis of all probes with 15 metabolic traits. Adipose tissue had 3,012 genes significantly associated with the traits of interest (false discovery rate, FDR ≤ 0.05). The significance of gene expression changes was used to select 52 genes with significant (FDR ≤ 10(-4)) gene expression changes across multiple traits. Gene sets/Pathways analysis identified one gene, alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) that was significantly enriched (P < 10(-60)) as a prime candidate for involvement in multiple relevant metabolic pathways. Illumina BeadChip derived ADH1B expression data was consistent with quantitative real time PCR data. We observed significant inverse correlations with waist circumference (2.8 x 10(-9)), BMI (5.4 x 10(-6)), and fasting plasma insulin (P < 0.001). These findings are consistent with a central role for ADH1B in obesity and insulin resistance and provide evidence for a novel genetic regulatory mechanism for human metabolic diseases related to these traits.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Álcool Desidrogenase/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Resistência à Insulina/genética , Americanos Mexicanos/genética , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/genética , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/genética , Índice de Massa Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Genômica , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Epidemiologia Molecular , Estado Pré-Diabético/epidemiologia , Estado Pré-Diabético/genética , Gordura Subcutânea Abdominal/metabolismo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , United States Department of Veterans AffairsRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The increased occurrence of type 2 diabetes and its clinical correlates is a global public health issue, and there are continued efforts to find its genetic determinant across ethnically diverse populations. The aims of this study were to determine the heritability of diabetes and metabolic syndrome phenotypes in the Arizona Insulin Resistance (AIR) registry and to perform an association analysis of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified by GWAS with these traits. All study participants were Mexican Americans from the AIR registry. METHODS: Metabolic, anthropometric, demographic and medical history information was obtained on the 667 individuals enrolled in the registry. RESULTS: The heritability estimates were moderate to high in magnitude and significant, indicating that the AIR registry is well suited for the identification of genetic factors contributing to diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. From the 30 GWAS genes selected (some genes were represented by multiple SNPs), 20 SNPs exhibited associations with one or more of the diabetes related traits with nominal significance (p ≤ 0.05). In addition, 25 SNPs were nominally significantly associated with one or more of the metabolic phenotypes tested (p ≤ 0.05). Most notably, 5 SNPs from 5 genes [body mass index (BMI), hip circumference: rs3751812/FTO; fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c: rs4607517/GCK; very-low-density lipoprotein: rs10830963/MTNR1B; BMI: rs13266634/SLC30A8, and total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein: rs7578597/THADA] were significantly associated with obesity, glycemic, and lipid phenotypes when using the multiple testing significance threshold of 0.0015. CONCLUSION: These findings extend previous work on Mexican Americans to suggest that metabolic disease is strongly influenced by genetic background in this high-risk population.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Estudos de Associação Genética/métodos , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Síndrome Metabólica/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Adolescente , Adulto , Arizona , Glicemia/metabolismo , Pressão Sanguínea , Índice de Massa Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnologia , Saúde da Família , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Estudos de Associação Genética/estatística & dados numéricos , Predisposição Genética para Doença/etnologia , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/estatística & dados numéricos , Genótipo , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina/genética , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/etnologia , Americanos Mexicanos/genética , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sistema de Registros/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disease and is more prevalent in certain ethnic groups such as the Mexican Americans. The goal of our study was to perform a genome-wide linkage (GWL) analysis to localize T2DM susceptibility loci in Mexican Americans. METHODS: We used the phenotypic and genotypic data from 1,122 Mexican-American individuals (307 families) who participated in the Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study (VAGES). GWL analysis was performed using the variance components approach. Data from 2 additional Mexican-American family studies, the San Antonio Family Heart Study (SAFHS) and the San Antonio Family Diabetes/Gallbladder Study (SAFDGS), were combined with the VAGES data to test for improved linkage evidence. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariate effects, T2DM was found to be under significant genetic influences (h2 = 0.62, p = 2.7 × 10(-6)). The strongest evidence for linkage of T2DM occurred between markers D9S1871 and D9S2169 on chromosome 9p24.2-p24.1 (LOD = 1.8). Given that we previously reported suggestive evidence for linkage of T2DM at this region also in SAFDGS, we found the significant and increased linkage evidence (LOD = 4.3, empirical p = 1.0 × 10(-5), genome-wide p = 1.6 × 10(-3)) for T2DM at the same chromosomal region, when we performed a GWL analysis of the VAGES data combined with the SAFHS and SAFDGS data. CONCLUSION: Significant T2DM linkage evidence was found on chromosome 9p24 in Mexican Americans. Importantly, the chromosomal region of interest in this study overlaps with several recent genome-wide association studies involving T2DM-related traits. Given its overlap with such findings and our own initial T2DM association findings in the 9p24 chromosomal region, high throughput sequencing of the linked chromosomal region could identify the potential causal T2DM genes.
Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos Par 9 , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Ligação Genética , Americanos Mexicanos/genética , Adulto , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Hypertension or high blood pressure is a strong correlate of diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. We conducted a genome-wide linkage screen to identify susceptibility genes influencing systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Mexican-Americans from the Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study (VAGES). METHODS: Using data from 1,089 individuals distributed across 266 families, we performed a multipoint linkage analysis to localize susceptibility loci for SBP and DBP by applying two models. In model 1, we added a sensible constant to the observed BP values in treated subjects [Tobin et al.; Stat Med 2005;24:2911-2935] to account for antihypertensive use (i.e. 15 and 10 mm Hg to SBP and DBP values, respectively). In model 2, we fixed values of 140 mm Hg for SBP and 90 mm Hg for DBP, if the treated values were less than the standard referenced treatment thresholds of 140/ 90 mm Hg for hypertensive status. However, if the observed treated BP values were found to be above these standard treatment thresholds, the actual observed treated BP values were retained in order not to reduce them by substitution of the treatment threshold values. RESULTS: The multipoint linkage analysis revealed strong linkage signals for SBP compared with DBP. The strongest evidence for linkage of SBP (model 1, LOD = 5.0; model 2, LOD = 3.6) was found on chromosome 6q14.1 near the marker D6S1031 (89 cM) in both models. In addition, some evidence for SBP linkage occurred on chromosomes 1q, 4p, and 16p. Most importantly, our major SBP linkage finding on chromosome 6q near marker D6S1031 was independently confirmed in a Caucasian population (LOD = 3.3). In summary, our study found evidence for a major locus on chromosome 6q influencing SBP levels in Mexican-Americans.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 6/genética , Ligação Genética/genética , Loci Gênicos/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Americanos Mexicanos/genética , Adulto , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Genéticos , Fenótipo , Sístole/genética , Estados Unidos , United States Department of Veterans AffairsRESUMO
Retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP4), a novel protein secreted mainly by adipose tissue, has been associated with insulin resistance in obese subjects and in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We examined the relationship between plasma RBP4 levels, expression of RBP4 in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and insulin sensitivity in Mexican Americans with varying degrees of obesity and glucose tolerance. Seventy-two subjects [16 lean normal-glucose-tolerant (NGT), 17 obese NGT, and 39 subjects with impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance/T2DM] received an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Insulin secretion was measured as insulinogenic index during OGTT. In a subset of subjects, hepatic glucose production was measured by 3-[3H]glucose infusion, biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained under basal conditions, and quantitative RT-PCR was performed to measure the RBP4 mRNA gene expression. Plasma RBP4 was significantly elevated in impaired glucose tolerance/T2DM compared with NGT lean or obese subjects. Plasma RBP4 levels correlated with 2-h glucose, triglycerides, and hemoglobin A1c. There was no association between RBP4 levels and whole body insulin sensitivity measured with either the euglycemic insulin clamp or OGTT, basal hepatic glucose production rates, and the hepatic insulin resistance index. There was no correlation between plasma RBP4 levels and indexes of insulin secretion. RBP4 mRNA expression in skeletal muscle was similar in lean NGT subjects, obese NGT subjects, and T2DM subjects. There was no difference in RBP4 mRNA expression in adipose tissue between lean and obese NGT subjects or between NGT and T2DM individuals. Plasma RBP4 levels are elevated in T2DM and associated with impaired glucose tolerance, but not associated with obesity or insulin resistance or impaired insulin secretion in Mexican Americans.
Assuntos
Intolerância à Glucose/sangue , Resistência à Insulina , Americanos Mexicanos , Proteínas Plasmáticas de Ligação ao Retinol/análise , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/patologia , Adulto , Glicemia/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Feminino , Intolerância à Glucose/genética , Intolerância à Glucose/metabolismo , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Insulina/metabolismo , Resistência à Insulina/genética , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Secreção de Insulina , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Americanos Mexicanos/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/genética , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade/patologia , Proteínas Plasmáticas de Ligação ao Retinol/genética , Proteínas Plasmáticas de Ligação ao Retinol/metabolismoRESUMO
We examined the genetic association of neuropeptide Y receptor Y5 (NPY5R) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with measures of the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome. We genotyped 10 NPY5R SNPs in 439 Mexican American individuals (age=43.3+/-17.3 years and BMI=30.0+/-6.7 kg/m2) distributed across 27 pedigrees from the San Antonio Family Diabetes Study and performed association analyses using the measured genotype approach as implemented in Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines (SOLAR). Minor alleles for five (rs11100493, rs12501691, P1, rs11100494, rs12512687) of the NPY5R SNPs were found to be significantly (p<0.05) associated with fasting plasma triglyceride concentrations and decreased high-density lipoprotein concentrations. In addition, the minor allele for SNP P2 was significantly associated (p=0.031) with a decreased homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-%beta). Linkage disequilibrium between SNP pairs indicated one haplotype block of five SNPs (rs11100493, rs12501691, P1, rs11100494, rs12512687) that were highly correlated (r2>0.98). These preliminary results provide evidence for association of SNPs in the NPY5R gene with dyslipidemia (elevated triglyceride concentrations and reduced high-density lipoprotein levels) in our Mexican American population.