RESUMO
Resumen (analítico) Este artículo presenta una revisión narrativa de la producción empírica y conceptual en torno a adolescentes y jóvenes en orfandad a causa del homicidio (por feminicidio o desaparición de un progenitor) en América Latina. El objetivo es describir los temas emergentes del fenómeno, los cuales se sistematizan en siete ejes: 1) alteraciones e impacto psicológico; 2) secreto familiar; 3) duelo complicado; 4) estudios sobre la vivencia de la pérdida y la reconstrucción de sí mismo; 5) reestructuración familiar; 6) vulnerabilidad individual y estigmatización; 7) vulneración de los derechos humanos. La investigación con adolescentes y jóvenes es limitada; sin embargo, supone beneficios a ellos y sus familias.
Abstract (analytical) This paper presents a narrative review of the empirical and conceptual production regarding adolescents and young people from Latin America who have been orphaned due to homicide, femicide or the forced disappearance of a parent. The objective is to describe the issues that emerge from this phenomenon. A total of 42 studies that used qualitative approaches were included in this literature review. The findings were systematized in seven thematic areas: 1) alterations, psychological impact and implications for mental health; 2) family secrets and silencing of the incident; 3) complicated grief and chronic suffering; 4) studies on the experiences of loss and the reconstruction of oneself and searching for their own identity; 5) restructuring of families and new roles; 6) individual vulnerability and stigmatization; and 7) violations of human rights. Direct research with adolescents and young people is limited, however when they are included in studies it benefits them and their families.
Resumo (analítico) Este artigo apresenta uma narrativa revisada de uma produção empírica e conceitual sobre adolescentes e jovens órfãos por homicídio (feminicídio ou desaparecimento de um dos pais) na América Latina. O objetivo é descrever temas emergentes sobre esse fenômeno, que foram sistematizados em sete eixos temáticos: 1) alterações e impacto psicológico, 2) segredo familiar, 3) luto complicado, 4) estudos sobre a experiência de perda e reconstrução do self, 5) reestruturação familiar, 6) vulnerabilidade e estigmatização individual e 7) Violação de direitos humanos. A pesquisa com adolescentes e adultos jovens é limitada; no entanto, traz benefícios para eles e suas famílias.
RESUMO
The production and characterization of an active recombinant N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS) in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) has been previously reported. In this study, the effect of the signal peptide (SP), inducer concentration, process scale, and operational mode (batch and semi-continuous) on GALNS production were evaluated. When native SP was presented, higher enzyme activity levels were observed in both soluble and inclusion bodies fractions, and its removal had a significant impact on enzyme activation. At shake scale, the optimal IPTG concentrations were 0.5 and 1.5 mM for the strains with and without SP, respectively, whereas at bench scale, the highest enzyme activities were observed with 1.5 mM IPTG for both strains. Noteworthy, enzyme activity in the culture media was only detected when SP was presented and the culture was carried out under semi-continuous mode. We showed for the first time that the mechanism that in prokaryotes recognizes the SP to mediate sulfatase activation can also recognize a eukaryotic SP, favoring the activation of the enzyme, and could also favor the secretion of the recombinant protein. These results offer significant information for scaling-up the production of human sulfatases in E. coli.