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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of allopathic and complementary medicine use for preventing the infection with SARS-CoV-2 in Mexico. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire among general adult population (n = 16,724) of the 32 Mexican states from March to November 2020. METHODS: The factors associated with the use, self-medication practice, and adverse reactions due the consumption of allopathic and complementary medicine to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus were assessed using a structured questionnaire. The suspected adverse reactions associated with the use of drugs or complementary medicine were reported. RESULTS: The prevalence (42.9%) of allopathic and/or complementary medicine use for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection was mainly associated with unemployment [OR:2.026 (1.722-2.283)]. Acetaminophen (n = 2272) and vitamin C (n = 3252) were the main allopathic and complementary medicine products used to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, respectively. The prevalence of self-medication and adverse reactions was 35.3% and 4.8%, respectively. Self-medication [OR:1.930 (1.633-2.282)] and adverse reactions [OR:2.603 (2.015-3.363)] were mainly associated with individuals of low socioeconomic status. Hydroxychloroquine (21.2%) and chloroquine (15.2%) showed the highest prevalence of adverse reactions, which were mainly related to gastrointestinal disorders. CONCLUSION: The use of medications and complementary medicine to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection is prevalent (almost one-half of the respondents) among Mexican population, and it is mainly associated with unemployment. Self-medication and the adverse reactions derived from self-medication are also prevalent and seem to be influenced by low socioeconomic status.
RESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: There are plant species used in the Mexican traditional medicine for the empirical treatment of anxiety and depression. AIM OF THE STUDY: This work assessed the prevalence of self-medication with medicinal plants and the prevalence of the concomitant use of prescribed psychiatric drugs and medicinal plants for treating symptoms associated with anxiety and depression during the Covid-19 lockdown in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The suspected adverse reactions associated with drug-herb interactions were assessed. The factors associated with self-medication, the concomitant use of herb-drug combinations, and the presence of adverse reactions due their combined use is also reported. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional using an online questionnaire conducted among population with symptoms associated with anxiety and depression (n = 2100) from seven states of central-western Mexico. RESULTS: The prevalence of the use of herbs (61.9%) and the concomitant use of drug-herb combinations (25.3%) were associated with being diagnosed with mental illness [OR:2.195 (1.655-2.912)] and the use of psychiatric medications [OR:307.994 (178.609-531.107)], respectively. The presence of adverse reactions (n = 104) by the concomitant use of drug-herb combinations was associated with being unemployed [p = 0.004, OR: 3.017 (1.404-6.486)]. CONCLUSION: Health professionals should be aware if their patients concomitantly use medicinal plants and psychiatric drugs. Public health campaigns should promote the possible adverse reactions that might produce the concomitant use of drug-herb combinations for mental illnesses.
Assuntos
Ansiedade/tratamento farmacológico , COVID-19/psicologia , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Pandemias , Preparações de Plantas/efeitos adversos , Preparações de Plantas/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Estudos Transversais , Interações Medicamentosas , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Plantas Medicinais , Prevalência , Psicotrópicos/efeitos adversos , Psicotrópicos/uso terapêutico , Autocuidado , Inquéritos e Questionários , Desemprego/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In this paper, the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a set of quinazoline-2,4,6-triamine derivatives (1-9) as trypanocidal, antileishmanial and antiplasmodial agents are explained. The compounds were rationalized basing on docking studies of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR from Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania major and Plasmodium vivax) and pteridin reductase (PTR from T. cruzi and L. major) structures. All compounds were in vitro screened against both bloodstream trypomastigotes of T. cruzi (NINOA and INC-5 strains) and promatigotes of Leishmania mexicana (MHOM/BZ/61/M379 strain), and also for cytotoxicity using Vero cell line. Against T. cruzi, three compounds (5, 6 and 8) were the most effective showing a better activity profile than nifurtimox and benznidazole (reference drugs). Against L. mexicana, four compounds (5, 6, 8, and 9) exhibited the highest activity, even than glucantime (reference drug). In the cytotoxicity assay, protozoa were more susceptible than Vero cells. In vivo Plasmodium berghei assay (ANKA strain), the compounds 1, 5, 6 and 8 showed a more comparable activity than chloroquine and pyrimethamine (reference drugs) when they were administrated by the oral route. The antiprotozoal activity of these substances, endowed with redox properties, represented a good starting point for a medicinal chemistry program aiming for chemotherapy of Chagas' disease, leishmaniosis and malaria.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Leishmania major/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasmodium vivax/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Oral , Animais , Antimaláricos/administração & dosagem , Antimaláricos/síntese química , Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Antiprotozoários/administração & dosagem , Antiprotozoários/síntese química , Chlorocebus aethiops , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Quinazolinas/administração & dosagem , Quinazolinas/síntese química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células VeroRESUMO
Se estudió el efecto del extracto de Yucca schidigera en los valores hemáticos de cerdos en crecimiento y engorde. Se utilizaron 30 cerdos línea York x Landrace x Pietrain (YLP), a los cuales se asignaron tres tratamientos en forma completamente al azar: T1, dieta testigo (sorgo-soya); T2, dieta testigo + 120 g de De-Odorase® y T3, dieta testigo + 120 g de Amoprem®. Las variables hemáticas se evaluaron tomando una muestra de sangre agregando EDTA. Además, se determinó el perfil bioquímico (creatinina, urea, proteínas totales, albúmina, colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa) de los animales. Se realizó el análisis de varianza para las variables obtenidas y se compararon las medias con la prueba de Tukey. Para la interpretación de las variables hemáticas, se establecieron valores de referencia para el tratamiento testigo, basados en límites de confianza al 95 por ciento y con ellos se interpretaron las variables hemáticas. La concentración de triglicéridos (0,47; 0,32 y 0,33 mmol/l en T1, T2 y T3), colesterol (1,39; 1,29 y 1,31 mmol/l) y urea (3,95; 3,84 y 3,67 mmol/l) mostraron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) entre tratamientos en los cerdos en la etapa de crecimiento. En la etapa de engorda, se observó que las concentraciones de triglicéridos (0,36; 0,31 y 0,35 mmol/l), urea (4,61; 4,65 y 4,28 mmol/l) y proteína total (5,50; 5,36 y 5,47 g/dl) disminuyeron en los tratamientos adicionados con Yucca schidigera (P<0,05). El perfil hemático en la etapa de crecimiento no mostró diferencias (P>0,05); sin embargo, en la etapa de engorde existieron diferencias (P<0,05) en hemoglobina (18,31; 20,04 y 20,62 g/dl), neutrófilos (18,15; 27,15 y 25,40 por ciento) y monocitos (13,45; 7,00 y 8,50 por ciento). En conclusión, los niveles de colesterol, triglicéridos y urea disminuyeron al adicionar extracto de Yucca en la dieta, aún cuando estos valores se encuentran dentro del rango de referencia obtenido en el presente estudio.
The effect of Yucca schidigera an the hematological values of growing and fattening pigs was studied. Thirty York x Landrace x Pietrain pigs (YLP) were assigned to three different treatments at random used for this research: T1, standard diet (sorghum-soybean); T2, standard diet + 120 g of De-Odorase® and T3, standard diet + 120 g of Amoprem®. The hematological values were evaluated in a blood sample with EDTA. Moreover, the biochemical profile of the animals was determined (creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose) with the blood serum. To analyze the hematic values an analysis of variance was used, and the differences between means were inspected using Tukey´s test. In order to interpret the results of the hematological values, there were established reference values for the control treatment calculated by 95% confidence limits. The level of triglyceride (0.47, 0.32, and 0.33 mmol/l an T1, T2, and T3), cholesterol (1.39, 1.29, and 1.31 mmol/l) and urea (3.95, 3.84 and 3.67 mmol/l) in the growing pigs showed differences between treatments (P<0.05). In the fattening pigs, it was observed that the concentrations of triglyceride (0.36, 0.31 and 0.35 mmol/l), urea (4.61, 4.65 and 4.28 mmol/l) and total protein (5.50, 5.36 and 5.47 g/dl) decreased in the treatments when Yucca schidigera was added in the diet (P<0.05). The hematological profiles in the growing pigs didnt show differences (P>0.05); however, in the fattening pigs there were differences (P<0.05) in hemoglobin (18.31, 20.04, and 20.62 g/dl) neutrophils (18.15, 27.15, and 25.40%) and monocytes (13.45, 7.00, and 8.50%). So the conclusion is that the levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, and urea decreased when adding the Yucca schidigera extract in the diet, even when these values are found in the rank of reference obtained in the present study.