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Background: Lymphoma neoplasms originate from the lymphocytes. Anatomically, these tumors can be classified into multicentric, digestive, mediastinal, and cutaneous forms. The etiology of cutaneous lymphoma remains unclear; however, it has been associated with chronic skin inflammation. The definitive diagnosis is based on histological analysis and immunohistochemistry, although fine-needle aspiration cytology has shown good results. The aim of this paper is to describe the clinicopathological aspects of a case of cutaneous epitheliotropic T cell lymphoma, classified as mycosis fungoides, in a Lhasa Apso dog. Case: A 8-year-old bitch Lhasa Apso with multiple non-pruritic skin nodules and history of 10-day evolution was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Centro Universitário do Espírito Santo (UNESC), Colatina, ES, Brazil. The nodules were erythematous, exophytic, firm, circumscribed, and measured 0.2-4 cm in diameter in locations throughout the animal's body. An incisional biopsy was performed with an 8-mm punch and sent for histopathological examination. An infiltrative, poorly demarcated, non-encapsulated, densely cellular neoplasm, which was replacing the dermal collagen and displacing the adnexa, was observed in the dermis. The tumor was composed of a population of round cells, with generally distinct cell borders and a small-to-moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm. The nuclei were irregularly rounded and occasionally edentulous, with vesicular chromatin, a visible nucleus, and 11 mitotic figures in an area of 2.37 mm2 . The immunohistochemical test, which was positive for the CD3 marker, confirmed the diagnosis of T cell lymphoma. On an ultrasound to identify metastasis, the liver showed heterogeneous parenchyma, heterogeneous expansive formation, areas of cavitary appearance, and cytology compatible with lymphoma. Antineoplastic chemotherapy was administered using the CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone). However, the animal died after 45 days. Discussion: A diagnosis of the mycosis fungoides type of cutaneous epitheliotropic T cell lymphoma was established based on clinical, laboratory, anatomopathological, and immunohistochemical findings. Pruritus is a common clinical condition in animals with mycosis fungoides, particularly in those with the erythrodermic form of the disease. Epitheliotropic lymphomas have no sexual or racial predilections and usually affect dogs over 9 years of age. The Cocker Spaniel, English Bulldog, Boxer, Golden Retriever, Scottish Terrier, Briard, English Springer Spaniel, Beagle, German Shepherd, and English Cocker Spaniel breeds are frequently affected by these lymphomas. These neoplasms can have a primary skin origin, or they can be secondary and associated with lymphoma found elsewhere in the body. Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice, especially in cases with multifocal distribution. Protocol preference varies with disease stage, patient clinical and laboratory conditions, and the degree of toxicity. Commonly used chemotherapy regimens include L-CHOP (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, L-asparaginase, and prednisolone), CHOP, COP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone), LAP (lomustine, L-asparaginase, and prednisolone), LOPP (lomustine, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisolone), chlorambucil, and prednisolone. The prognosis of canine epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma is unfavorable, with a survival time ranging from a few months to 2 years. The animal in this study survived for 105 days. In addition, epitheliotropic cutaneous T cell lymphoma is aggressive, which may result in a shorter survival time in animals affected by this type of tumor.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the combined use of serologic markers and spatial analysis to increase the sensitivity of leprosy epidemiological surveillance. METHOD: This cross-sectional study was performed with neighbors of leprosy cases and neighbors and family members of schoolchildren with a positive anti-phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) test in Diamantina, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Neighbors were those living within a 100-m radius of schoolchildren or leprosy cases. Data collection included a semi-structured interview, dermatologic examination, and rapid ML Flow test. All residential addresses were georeferenced. Multivariate regression and spatial analysis were performed with anti-PGL-I seropositivity as the dependent variable. RESULTS: The study included 1 491 individuals: 1 009 (67.7%) family members and neighbors of schoolchildren with positive serology test and 482 (32.3%) neighbors of leprosy cases. Of the total, 421 (28.2%) were positive for anti-PGL-I. Seropositivity was higher among family members and neighbors of seropositive schoolers (P < 0.001), among people with family income of 1 minimum wage (P < 0.001), among the youngest participants (P < 0.001), and among those living in homes with one to five rooms (P = 0.007). The seropositivity rate was higher in the geographic area corresponding to seropositive schoolchildren (P < 0.001), that is, the spot with the highest number of cases was different from the spot with the highest rate of seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS: The combined use of serologic markers and spatial analysis allowed us to easily identify operational weaknesses of services and a possible occult leprosy endemism in the municipality's urban census tracts. Tracing of social contact and neighbors, active search, educational campaigns, school surveys, and territorial analyses facilitate the early diagnosis of leprosy.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el uso conjunto de los marcadores serológicos y del análisis espacial para ampliar la sensibilidad de la vigilancia epidemiológica de la lepra. MÉTODO: Este estudio transversal se realizó con vecinos de personas con casos de lepra y con familiares y vecinos de escolares con resultados positivos en las pruebas serológicas del antígeno glicolípido fenólico I (PGL-I) en Diamantina (Minas Gerais, Brasil). Se definieron como vecinos las personas residentes en un radio de hasta 100 metros de distancia de los escolares y de las personas con casos de lepra. Para la recopilación de datos se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, exámenes dermatoneurológicos y pruebas serológicas rápidas ML Flow. Todas las direcciones se ubicaron por georreferencia. Se realizó una regresión multivariante y un análisis espacial, y se empleó la reactividad serológica anti-PGL-I como variable dependiente. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 1 491 personas: 1 009 (67,7%) familiares y vecinos de escolares con resultados positivos en las pruebas serológicas y 482 (32,3%) vecinos de las personas con casos de lepra. Del total, 421 (28,2%) presentaron seropositividad anti-PGL-I. La posibilidad de presentar seropositividad fue mayor en los familiares y vecinos de los escolares seropositivos (P < 0,001), en las personas con ingresos familiares de un salario mínimo (P < 0,001), en las personas más jóvenes (P < 0,001) y en los residentes en domicilios con una a cinco habitaciones (P = 0,007). La tasa de seropositividad fue mayor en la zona geográfica correspondiente a los escolares seropositivos (P < 0,001), por lo que hubo divergencia entre el foco de mayor concentración de casos y el de mayor seropositividad. CONCLUSIONES: El uso conjunto de los marcadores serológicos y del análisis espacial permitió determinar las fragilidades operativas de los servicios y una posible endemia oculta de lepra en los sectores urbanos del municipio incluidos en el censo correspondiente. Las actividades de rastreo de contactos sociales y cercanos, la búsqueda activa de casos, las campañas educativas, las encuestas escolares y el análisis del territorio facilitan el diagnóstico temprano de la lepra.

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[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar o uso combinado de marcadores sorológicos e análise espacial para ampliar a sensibilidade da vigilância epidemiológica da hanseníase. Método. Este estudo transversal foi realizado com vizinhos de casos de hanseníase e familiares e vizinhos de escolares com sorologia positiva anti-glicolipídeo fenólico I (PGL-I) em Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Definiram- se como vizinhos as pessoas que residiam em um raio de até 100 metros de escolares e de casos de hanseníase. Para a coleta de dados, foram realizados entrevista semiestruturada, exame dermatoneurológico e teste sorológico rápido ML Flow. Todos os endereços foram georreferenciados. Foram realizadas regressão multivariada e análise espacial, tendo a sororreatividade anti-PGL-I como variável dependente. Resultados. Foram estudadas 1 491 pessoas: 1 009 (67,7%) familiares e vizinhos dos escolares com sorologia positiva e 482 (32,3%) vizinhos dos casos de hanseníase. Do total, 421 (28,2%) apresentaram soropositividade anti-PGL-I. A chance de soropositividade foi maior entre familiares e vizinhos dos escolares soropositivos (P < 0,001), entre pessoas com renda familiar de 1 salário-mínimo (P < 0,001), entre os mais jovens (P < 0,001) e entre os que residiam em domicílios com um a cinco cômodos (P = 0,007). A taxa de soropositividade foi maior em área geográfica correspondente aos escolares soropositivos (P < 0,001), ou seja, houve divergência entre o foco de maior concentração de casos e o de maior soropositividade. Conclusões. O uso combinado de marcadores sorológicos e análise espacial possibilitou identificar fragilidades operacionais dos serviços e uma possível endemia oculta de hanseníase nos setores censitários urbanos do município. Atividades de rastreamento de contatos sociais e vizinhos, busca ativa, campanhas educativas, inquéritos escolares e análise do território facilitam o diagnóstico precoce da hanseníase.

ABSTRACT Objective. To evaluate the combined use of serologic markers and spatial analysis to increase the sensitivity of leprosy epidemiological surveillance. Method. This cross-sectional study was performed with neighbors of leprosy cases and neighbors and family members of schoolchildren with a positive anti-phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) test in Diamantina, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Neighbors were those living within a 100-m radius of schoolchildren or leprosy cases. Data collection included a semi-structured interview, dermatologic examination, and rapid ML Flow test. All residential addresses were georeferenced. Multivariate regression and spatial analysis were performed with anti-PGL-I seropositivity as the dependent variable. Results. The study included 1 491 individuals: 1 009 (67.7%) family members and neighbors of schoolchildren with positive serology test and 482 (32.3%) neighbors of leprosy cases. Of the total, 421 (28.2%) were positive for anti-PGL-I. Seropositivity was higher among family members and neighbors of seropositive schoolers (P < 0.001), among people with family income of 1 minimum wage (P < 0.001), among the youngest participants (P < 0.001), and among those living in homes with one to five rooms (P = 0.007). The seropositivity rate was higher in the geographic area corresponding to seropositive schoolchildren (P < 0.001), that is, the spot with the highest number of cases was different from the spot with the highest rate of seropositivity. Conclusions. The combined use of serologic markers and spatial analysis allowed us to easily identify operational weaknesses of services and a possible occult leprosy endemism in the municipality’s urban census tracts. Tracing of social contact and neighbors, active search, educational campaigns, school surveys, and territorial analyses facilitate the early diagnosis of leprosy.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar el uso conjunto de los marcadores serológicos y del análisis espacial para ampliar la sensibilidad de la vigilancia epidemiológica de la lepra. Método. Este estudio transversal se realizó con vecinos de personas con casos de lepra y con familiares y vecinos de escolares con resultados positivos en las pruebas serológicas del antígeno glicolípido fenólico I (PGL-I) en Diamantina (Minas Gerais, Brasil). Se definieron como vecinos las personas residentes en un radio de hasta 100 metros de distancia de los escolares y de las personas con casos de lepra. Para la recopilación de datos se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, exámenes dermatoneurológicos y pruebas serológicas rápidas ML Flow. Todas las direcciones se ubicaron por georreferencia. Se realizó una regresión multivariante y un análisis espacial, y se empleó la reactividad serológica anti-PGL-I como variable dependiente. Resultados. Se estudiaron 1 491 personas: 1 009 (67,7%) familiares y vecinos de escolares con resultados positivos en las pruebas serológicas y 482 (32,3%) vecinos de las personas con casos de lepra. Del total, 421 (28,2%) presentaron seropositividad anti-PGL-I. La posibilidad de presentar seropositividad fue mayor en los familiares y vecinos de los escolares seropositivos (P < 0,001), en las personas con ingresos familiares de un salario mínimo (P < 0,001), en las personas más jóvenes (P < 0,001) y en los residentes en domicilios con una a cinco habitaciones (P = 0,007). La tasa de seropositividad fue mayor en la zona geográfica correspondiente a los escolares seropositivos (P < 0,001), por lo que hubo divergencia entre el foco de mayor concentración de casos y el de mayor seropositividad. Conclusiones. El uso conjunto de los marcadores serológicos y del análisis espacial permitió determinar las fragilidades operativas de los servicios y una posible endemia oculta de lepra en los sectores urbanos del municipio incluidos en el censo correspondiente. Las actividades de rastreo de contactos sociales y cercanos, la búsqueda activa de casos, las campañas educativas, las encuestas escolares y el análisis del territorio facilitan el diagnóstico temprano de la lepra.

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