RESUMO

Heat treatment is used in the orange juice industry to neutralize the action of pathogenic microorganisms. However, it can reduce the nutritional value of the juice. Thus, our study assessed the cold plasma treatment as an alternative method against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in 'Lima' orange juice. Both, plasma and heat treatments, reduced the amount of E. coli in the juice, inactivating 16.72 and 100%, respectively. Plasma did not inactivate C. albicans, but heat treatment inactivated 100%. Plasma and heat treatment increased Hue angle and luminosity (more yellowish juice). Plasma reduced vitamin C, carotenoids, and polyphenols content, while increased flavonoids. Heat treatment reduced the carotenoid content. However, neither heat nor plasma treatment altered the antioxidant activity. The plasma treatment reduced the intensity of color (chroma), the soluble solids content and the acidity ratio, total sugars, and the vitamin C content of juice compared to the heat-treated and control juices. Plasma-treated juice showed increased levels of yellow flavonoids, total phenolics and antioxidant activity until the 12th day of storage.

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Heat treatment is used in the orange juice industry to neutralize the action of pathogenic microorganisms. However, it can reduce the nutritional value of the juice. Thus, our study assessed the cold plasma treatment as an alternative method against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in 'Lima' orange juice. Both, plasma and heat treatments, reduced the amount of E. coli in the juice, inactivating 16.72 and 100%, respectively. Plasma did not inactivate C. albicans, but heat treatment inactivated 100%. Plasma and heat treatment increased Hue angle and luminosity (more yellowish juice). Plasma reduced vitamin C, carotenoids, and polyphenols content, while increased flavonoids. Heat treatment reduced the carotenoid content. However, neither heat nor plasma treatment altered the antioxidant activity. The plasma treatment reduced the intensity of color (chroma), the soluble solids content and the acidity ratio, total sugars, and the vitamin C content of juice compared to the heat-treated and control juices. Plasma-treated juice showed increased levels of yellow flavonoids, total phenolics and antioxidant activity until the 12th day of storage.

O tratamento térmico é utilizado na indústria de suco de laranja para neutralizar a ação de microrganismos patogênicos. No entanto, pode reduzir o valor nutricional do suco. Assim, o estudo avaliou o tratamento com plasma frio como método alternativo contra Escherichia coli e Candida albicans em suco de laranja 'Lima'. Ambos os tratamentos, plasma e calor, reduziram a quantidade de E. coli no suco, inativando 16.72 e 100%, respectivamente. O plasma não inativou C. albicans, mas o tratamento térmico inativou 100%. Plasma e tratamento térmico aumentaram o ângulo Hue e a luminosidade do suco (tom mais amarelo). O plasma reduziu o conteúdo de vitamina C, carotenóides e polifenóis, enquanto aumentou os flavonóides. O tratamento térmico reduziu o teor de carotenóides. No entanto, nem o calor nem o tratamento com plasma alteraram a atividade antioxidante. O tratamento com plasma reduziu a intensidade da cor (croma), o teor de sólidos solúveis e a razão de acidez, açúcares totais e o teor de vitamina C do suco em comparação com os sucos tratados termicamente e controle. O suco tratado com plasma apresentou maiores teores de flavonóides amarelos, fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante até o 12º dia de armazenamento.

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The objective of the study was to understand the influence of climatic variations in a semiarid environment on serum testosterone, testicular morphology and semen quality in collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu). Reproductive metrics (semen quality, testicular morphometry and testosterone serum profiles) of 10 mature males were measured monthly for 18 months. Meteorological data (rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and radiant heat load) also were recorded during the same period. Rainfall regimes were classified in different classes (Class 1: months with no rain; Class 2: months with up to 50 mm of rain; and Class 3: months with >50 mm of rain). Among rainfall classes, average air temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) were different. Climatic changes between rainfall classes did not lead to overall variations of testicular size, testosterone production, and semen metrics. However, relative humidity recorded before semen collection (one day, one week, or over 51-55 days) was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with semen motility metrics (total motility, beat cross frequency and straightness) and sperm subpopulations (medium and static sperm), as well as with volume. Negative correlations (P < 0.05) were revealed between air temperature and the same semen motility patterns and volume. Additionally, radiant head load measured on the day of semen collection negatively influenced (P < 0.05) sperm straightness. This study demonstrates for the first time that no seasonal changes could be detected overt the 18-month period on the serum testosterone, testicular morphology and semen quality of collared peccaries raised in the Caatinga biome; however, it is expected that long term environmental changes will influence the reproductive physiology of species leaving in that habitat.

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BACKGROUND: Maringa oleifera leaves are rich in antioxidant substances; however, when lyophilized leaves were used in flour form in meat products, they presented no antioxidant effect and even accelerated the oxidation process of the product. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of chlorophyll extraction on the physicochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Moringa leaves. METHODS: Moringa leaves were dried and ground in order to obtain uniform flour. A treatment using chlorophyll extraction (decolorized) was tested versus a control treatment(non-decolorized) for proximate composition, instrumental color, and antioxidant activity using ANOVA followed by Tukey'stest. RESULTS: Higher crude fiber, ash, and protein contents were observed for decolorized flour (19.41 and 38.13%, 11.87 and14.02%, and 28.81 and 31.33%, respectively) when compared to those for the control. Chlorophyll extraction significantly affected (p< 0.05) the instrumental color of the leaves flour. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of both decolorized and control flour was 3.74 and 4.30 mg/L, respectively. The equivalent of antioxidant per gramof non-decolorized leaves was higher than that observed for the decolorized leaves (0.36 and 0.32 g/g DPPH, respectively). The antioxidant activity (AA%) of the extract from non-decolorized leaves was higher in the concentrations of 5 and 2.5 mg/0.1 mL, while the decolorized leaves was higher in the extract concentration 5 and 2 mg/0.1 ml. CONCLUSION: The decolorization process affected the chemical composition and color of Moringa oleifera leaves flours however did not improve its antioxidant activity

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) na criopreservação do sêmen canino. Dez ejaculados foram obtidos de cinco cães machos adultos. O sêmen fresco foi avaliado subjetivamente e criopreservado. Os tratamentos consistiram em um grupo-controle, formado pelo diluente Tris-gema (20%) e pelo glicerol, e os grupos-teste, sendo o mesmo diluente acrescido de 0,1 ou 0,2% de SDS. Após a descongelação, o sêmen foi avaliado subjetivamente e por meio da análise computadorizada (CASA). Observou-se uma redução significativa da qualidade espermática após a descongelação. Entretanto, não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos e o controle (P > 0,05) para nenhum dos parâmetros seminais avaliados. Conclui-se que a adição do SDS nas concentrações de 0,1 e 0,2% ao diluente Tris-gema-glicerol não influencia a qualidade do sêmen canino após a descongelação. (AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the cryopreservation of canine semen. Ten ejaculates were obtained from five mature dogs were used. The fresh semen was subjectively evaluated and cryopreserved. The treatments consisted in a control group formed by Tris-based extender plus egg yolk (20%) and glycerol (6%); the testing groups were formed by the same extender plus 0.1 or 0.2% SDS. After thawing, semen was evaluated through light microscopy and computer-assisted analysis (CASA). A significant reduction in semen quality was verified after thawing. However, there were no differences between treatments and control for any sperm characteristic (P > 0.05). In conclusion the addition of 0.1 or 0.2% SDS to Tris-based extender does not influence the quality of the canine semen after thawing.(AU)

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) na criopreservação do sêmen canino. Dez ejaculados foram obtidos de cinco cães machos adultos. O sêmen fresco foi avaliado subjetivamente e criopreservado. Os tratamentos consistiram em um grupo-controle, formado pelo diluente Tris-gema (20%) e pelo glicerol, e os grupos-teste, sendo o mesmo diluente acrescido de 0,1 ou 0,2% de SDS. Após a descongelação, o sêmen foi avaliado subjetivamente e por meio da análise computadorizada (CASA). Observou-se uma redução significativa da qualidade espermática após a descongelação. Entretanto, não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos e o controle (P > 0,05) para nenhum dos parâmetros seminais avaliados. Conclui-se que a adição do SDS nas concentrações de 0,1 e 0,2% ao diluente Tris-gema-glicerol não influencia a qualidade do sêmen canino após a descongelação.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the cryopreservation of canine semen. Ten ejaculates were obtained from five mature dogs were used. The fresh semen was subjectively evaluated and cryopreserved. The treatments consisted in a control group formed by Tris-based extender plus egg yolk (20%) and glycerol (6%); the testing groups were formed by the same extender plus 0.1 or 0.2% SDS. After thawing, semen was evaluated through light microscopy and computer-assisted analysis (CASA). A significant reduction in semen quality was verified after thawing. However, there were no differences between treatments and control for any sperm characteristic (P > 0.05). In conclusion the addition of 0.1 or 0.2% SDS to Tris-based extender does not influence the quality of the canine semen after thawing.

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Genetically modified plants can affect the biology of non-targeted organisms, and change the tritrofic relations in the agro-ecosystem. Bt cotton cultivars have led to changes in the biology of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and have influenced the population dynamics of this insect in the field. The objective of the present study was to assess some biological parameters of A. gossypii in genetically modified cotton NuOPAL (Bollgard I) and DeltaOPAL cultivars. The experiment was carried out under controlled conditions, at 25 ± 1º C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity, and a 12-hour photophase. The experiment was installed in a completely randomized design, with DeltaOPAL and NuOPAL (Bollgard I) cultivars considered treatments, and 40 replications. Leaf circles of 6 cm in diameter were placed into Petri dishes containing 1% solidified agar-water, and nymphs of up to one-day-old were placed individually on these circles. The evaluations were carried out on a daily basis, and the biological parameters evaluated were: duration of each nymph stage and total phase, duration of reproductive and post-reproductive periods, total nymphs/females, and longevity. The parameters of the fertility life table were also assessed. The duration of nymph states and nymph stages, duration of reproductive and post-reproductive periods, longevity, fertility and total number of nymphs per female did not present any significant differences. The genetically modified NuOPAL does not affect the biology of the cotton aphid A. gossypii.

Cultivares modificadas geneticamente podem afetar a biologia de organismos não-alvos e, com isso, modificar as relações tritróficas nos agroecossistemas. No caso de algodoeiro Bt, tem provocado alterações na biologia de Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e influenciado a dinâmica populacional deste inseto no campo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alguns aspectos biológicos do pulgão A. gossypii em folhas de cultivar de algodoeiro transgênico NuOPAL (Bollgard I) e de sua isolinha convencional DeltaOPAL. O experimento foi realizado em laboratório a 25 ± 1º C, umidade relativa de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 horas. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelos cultivares de algodoeiro, com 40 repetições cada, utilizando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Cada parcela foi constituída por uma placa de Petri com tampa vazada e cobertas com “voil”, contendo solução ágar-água a 1% solidificada, sobre a qual foi disposto um disco foliar de 6 cm de diâmetro, onde ninfas de um dia de idade foram individualizadas. As placas foram vistoriadas duas vezes ao dia avaliando-se duração dos estádios ninfais, fase ninfal total, períodos reprodutivo e pós-reprodutivo, número total de ninfas/fêmea e longevidade. Com os dados biológicos foram elaboradas tabela de vida de fertilidade do pulgão em cada cultivar. A duração dos estádios imaturos, longevidade de fêmeas, aspectos reprodutivos e de fertilidade de A. gossypii não foram influenciados pelos cultivares de algodoeiro.

RESUMO

Cultivares modificadas geneticamente podem afetar a biologia de organismos não-alvos e, com isso, modificar as relações tritróficas nos agroecossistemas. No caso de algodoeiro Bt, tem provocado alterações na biologia de Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e influenciado a dinâmica populacional deste inseto no campo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alguns aspectos biológicos do pulgão A. gossypii em folhas de cultivar de algodoeiro transgênico NuOPAL (Bollgard I) e de sua isolinha convencional DeltaOPAL. O experimento foi realizado em laboratório a 25 ± 1º C, umidade relativa de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 horas. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelos cultivares de algodoeiro, com 40 repetições cada, utilizando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Cada parcela foi constituída por uma placa de Petri com tampa vazada e cobertas com “voil”, contendo solução ágar-água a 1% solidificada, sobre a qual foi disposto um disco foliar de 6 cm de diâmetro, onde ninfas de um dia de idade foram individualizadas. As placas foram vistoriadas duas vezes ao dia avaliando-se duração dos estádios ninfais, fase ninfal total, períodos reprodutivo e pós-reprodutivo, número total de ninfas/fêmea e longevidade. Com os dados biológicos foram elaboradas tabela de vida de fertilidade do pulgão em cada cultivar. A duração dos estádios imaturos, longevidade de fêmeas, aspectos reprodutivos e de fertilidade deA. gossypii não foram influenciados pelos cultivares de algodoeiro. (AU)

BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND FERTILITY LIFE TABLE OF APHIS GOSSYPII GLOVER (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON COTTON CULTIVARS DELTAOPAL AND NUOPAL. Genetically modified plants can affect the biology of non-targeted organisms, and change the tritrofic relations in the agro-ecosystem. Bt cotton cultivars have led to changes in the biology of Aphis gossypiiGlover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and have influenced the population dynamics of this insect in the field. The objective of the present study was to assess some biological parameters of A. gossypii in genetically modified cotton NuOPAL (Bollgard I) and DeltaOPAL cultivars. The experiment was carried out under controlled conditions, at 25 ± 1º C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity, and a 12-hour photophase. The experiment was installed in a completely randomized design, with DeltaOPAL and NuOPAL (Bollgard I) cultivars considered treatments, and 40 replications. Leaf circles of 6 cm in diameter were placed into Petri dishes containing 1% solidified agar-water, and nymphs of up to one-day-old were placed individually on these circles. The evaluations were carried out on a daily basis, and the biological parameters evaluated were: duration of each nymph stage and total phase, duration of reproductive and post-reproductive periods, total nymphs/females, and longevity. The parameters of the fertility life table were also assessed. The duration of nymph states and nymph stages, duration of reproductive and post-reproductive periods, longevity, fertility and total number of nymphs per female did not present any significant differences. The genetically modified NuOPAL does not affect the biology of the cotton aphid A. gossypii. (AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Cultivares modificadas geneticamente podem afetar a biologia de organismos não-alvos e, com isso, modificar as relações tritróficas nos agroecossistemas. No caso de algodoeiro Bt, tem provocado alterações na biologia de Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e influenciado a dinâmica populacional deste inseto no campo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alguns aspectos biológicos do pulgão A. gossypii em folhas de cultivar de algodoeiro transgênico NuOPAL (Bollgard I) e de sua isolinha convencional DeltaOPAL. O experimento foi realizado em laboratório a 25 ± 1º C, umidade relativa de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 horas. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelos cultivares de algodoeiro, com 40 repetições cada, utilizando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Cada parcela foi constituída por uma placa de Petri com tampa vazada e cobertas com “voil”, contendo solução ágar-água a 1% solidificada, sobre a qual foi disposto um disco foliar de 6 cm de diâmetro, onde ninfas de um dia de idade foram individualizadas. As placas foram vistoriadas duas vezes ao dia avaliando-se duração dos estádios ninfais, fase ninfal total, períodos reprodutivo e pós-reprodutivo, número total de ninfas/fêmea e longevidade. Com os dados biológicos foram elaboradas tabela de vida de fertilidade do pulgão em cada cultivar. A duração dos estádios imaturos, longevidade de fêmeas, aspectos reprodutivos e de fertilidade deA. gossypii não foram influenciados pelos cultivares de algodoeiro.

BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND FERTILITY LIFE TABLE OF APHIS GOSSYPII GLOVER (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON COTTON CULTIVARS DELTAOPAL AND NUOPAL. Genetically modified plants can affect the biology of non-targeted organisms, and change the tritrofic relations in the agro-ecosystem. Bt cotton cultivars have led to changes in the biology of Aphis gossypiiGlover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and have influenced the population dynamics of this insect in the field. The objective of the present study was to assess some biological parameters of A. gossypii in genetically modified cotton NuOPAL (Bollgard I) and DeltaOPAL cultivars. The experiment was carried out under controlled conditions, at 25 ± 1º C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity, and a 12-hour photophase. The experiment was installed in a completely randomized design, with DeltaOPAL and NuOPAL (Bollgard I) cultivars considered treatments, and 40 replications. Leaf circles of 6 cm in diameter were placed into Petri dishes containing 1% solidified agar-water, and nymphs of up to one-day-old were placed individually on these circles. The evaluations were carried out on a daily basis, and the biological parameters evaluated were: duration of each nymph stage and total phase, duration of reproductive and post-reproductive periods, total nymphs/females, and longevity. The parameters of the fertility life table were also assessed. The duration of nymph states and nymph stages, duration of reproductive and post-reproductive periods, longevity, fertility and total number of nymphs per female did not present any significant differences. The genetically modified NuOPAL does not affect the biology of the cotton aphid A. gossypii.

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RESUMO

The objective was to investigate the use of powdered coconut water (ACP)-based medium for short-term preservation of canine preantral follicles. Pairs of ovaries from mongrel bitches (n=9) were divided into fragments. One ovarian fragment, treated as a fresh control, was immediately fixed for histological analysis, whereas the other six ovarian fragments were stored either in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; control group) or ACP medium in isothermal Styrofoam boxes containing biological ice packs. The boxes were sealed and opened only after 12, 24, or 36h. After opening each box, the ovarian fragments were submitted to histological analysis. In total, 12,302 preantral follicles were evaluated, with 64.5% primordial, 33.3% primary, and 2.3% secondary follicles. There were multiple oocytes in 1.3% of the follicles analyzed. At 24h, ACP was more efficient in preserving follicular morphology than PBS (P<0.05). Compared with the fresh control group, a significant reduction in the percentage of morphologically normal ovarian follicles was observed for PBS, starting at 24h; however, the decline started only at 36h for the ACP medium. During the experiment, the temperature inside the isothermal boxes increased from 3 to 9 degrees C (P<0.05), despite a constant room temperature. In conclusion, powdered coconut water (ACP) was an appropriate medium for short-term storage of canine preantral ovarian follicles.

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