RESUMO

We investigated the changes in the physical structure of cellulose recovered from soybean and rice hulls treated with the ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([bmim][Cl]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([bmim][Ac]). The characterization was carried out by a combination of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Regenerated cellulose from soybean hull showed loss of crystallinity and high structural disruption caused by both ionic liquid treatments as compared to the untreated material. In contrast, rice hull presented only a small structural disruption when treated with [bmim][Ac] and was practically unaffected by [bmim][Cl], showing that this biomass residue is recalcitrance towards physico-chemical treatments, possibly as a consequence of its high composition content in silica. These results suggest the use of soybean hull as a substrate to be treated with ionic liquids in the preparation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates to be used in second-generation ethanol production, whereas other methods should be considered to treat rice hull biomass.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Blood glucose is widely used as a physiological parameter for vertebrates and invertebrates. However, its measurement in the field is often difficult due to the need for expensive and non-portable equipment. Point-of-care (POC) devices, originally intended for human use, are increasingly being used for measuring blood parameters of animals in the field. In this regard, POC glucose meters are becoming valuable tools for conservation physiologists, as glucose can be a useful indicator of stress response. In invertebrates, the use of POC glucose meters is still scarce, and no study yet has evaluated their usability in crustaceans and molluscs. We tested if a POC device can be used to measure haemolymph glucose in two widely used models, Leptuca thayeri and Perna perna, compared with a standard laboratory method. The device was unable to measure glucose in P. perna haemolymph due to equipment inaccuracy and low glucose concentration in this species (10.13 ± 6.25 mg/dL). Additionally, despite the device being capable of measuring glucose in L. thayeri haemolymph, Bland-Altman plots showed a strong bias and wide limits of agreement, and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient showed a weak concordance between methods. When simulating experimental conditions, POC results differed from those found using the standard method. We conclude that POC glucose meters are unsuitable for assessing glucose in mussels and should not be used in crabs as results are inaccurate.

RESUMO

Reduction of aggressiveness toward familiar neighbors, when compared to aggressiveness toward unfamiliar strangers, can decrease the costs of territory defense. This phenomenon is known as the "dear enemy effect". Individuals may shift their aggressiveness toward neighbors or strangers from the same or different species, depending on the relative threat associated with different opponents. Therefore, a reduced level of aggressiveness between heterospecific neighbors is expected in relation to conspecific intruders, since the latter compete not only for territory, but also for mates. Herein we investigated the occurrence of the dear enemy effect in territorial fights between conspecific pairs of Leptuca leptodactyla and heterospecific pairs of L. leptodactyla versus Leptuca uruguayensis. Across both conspecific and heterospecific fights, medium- and high-intensity fight components were more used in resident-stranger than in resident-neighbor fights. Thus, residents showed a dear enemy response, regardless of opponent species. Moreover, conspecific fights induced a greater number of low- and medium-intensity fight components than did fights between heterospecifics, both neighbors and strangers. Finally, conspecific resident-stranger fights took longer than heterospecific resident-stranger fights. Our results indicate that fiddler crabs adjust their territorial response according to the species and resident status of intruders, consistent with the risks posed by different intruder types.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Anatase nanotubes with high surface area (ca. 350 m2 g-1), containing gold nanoparticles, were successfully obtained from trititanate nanotubes, prepared by a template-free hydrothermal method, and calcined at 450 °C. The high surface area and tubular morphology were attained due to the presence of ionic silsesquioxane, which acts as anti-sintering agent for titania during calcination process, by forming a thin silica coating between anatase nanotubes. Additionally, the ionic silsesquioxane also acts as stabilizing and adhesion agent for gold nanoparticles on the surface of anatase nanotubes. The influence of the ionic silsesquioxane on the morphological and textural properties of anatase nanotubes was studied in three different moments during the synthesis: before, after and before/after nanotubes were rolled up. The photocatalytic activity of the nanotube samples was evaluated by hydrogen generation showing remarkable enhancement in hydrogen production and stability of catalyst when compare with the bare anatase sample and commercial P-25.

RESUMO

Defining the appropriate scale is important when trying to understand distribution patterns in community studies. Fiddler crabs are among the most common organisms inhabiting estuarine environments, and despite having a wide latitudinal distribution, are limited by shifts in temperature, current and wind pattern. Thus, many co-occur at a local scale, where their distribution is influenced by variables such as mean sediment grain diameter, salinity and tidal level. Our goal was to test intra and interspecific segregation in two similar and commonly co-occurring fiddler crabs species (Leptuca leptodactyla and Leptuca uruguayensis) at a small scale (10 m²). Interspecific segregation was observed, with L. leptodactyla occurring mainly at the upper level in relation to the water line and L. uruguayensis, at the lower. However, this pattern was irrespective of sex and developmental stage, as no intraspecific segregation was seen. Possible impacts of tidal level, soil silt/clay content and competition on interspecific segregation are discussed. Although L. leptodactyla and L. uruguayensis overlap in their occurrence when intertidal zonation is disregarded, they segregate when tidal levels are individually sampled as habitats. This highlights the importance of small-scale studies to identify patterns unobserved at regional scales, even when no environmental gradient is readily apparent.(AU)

Definir a escala apropriada de um estudo é importante quando tentamos entender os padrões de distribuição em estudos de comunidade. Caranguejos chama-maré estão entre os organismos mais comuns que habitam os ambientes estuarinos, e apesar de possuírem uma ampla distribuição latitudinal, são limitados por alterações em temperatura, correntes e padrões dos ventos. Dessa forma, muitas espécies co-ocorrem em escala local, onde suas distribuições são influenciadas por variáveis como diâmetro do grão de sedimento, salinidade e nível de maré. Nosso objetivo foi testar a segregação intra- e interespecífica em duas espécies similares de caranguejos chama-maré, que comumente são encontradas em co-ocorrência (Leptuca leptodactyla e Leptuca uruguayensis), em uma pequena escala (10 m²). Foi observada segregação interespecífica, com L. leptodactyla ocorrendo primariamente no nível superior em relação à linha de maré, e L. uruguayensis no inferior. Entretanto, esse padrão foi independente de gênero e estágio de desenvolvimento, uma vez que segregações intraespecíficas não foram registradas. Possíveis influências do nível de maré, teor de silte/argila e competição na segregação interespecífica são discutidas. Apesar de L. leptodactyla e L. uruguayensis terem sobreposição em ocorrência quando a zonação do entremarés é desconsiderada, elas segregam quando os níveis de maré são individualmente amostrados. Esse resultado destaca a importância de estudos em pequena escala para identificar padrões não observados em escala regional, mesmo quando nenhum gradiente ambiental é inicialmente observado.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Defining the appropriate scale is important when trying to understand distribution patterns in community studies. Fiddler crabs are among the most common organisms inhabiting estuarine environments, and despite having a wide latitudinal distribution, are limited by shifts in temperature, current and wind pattern. Thus, many co-occur at a local scale, where their distribution is influenced by variables such as mean sediment grain diameter, salinity and tidal level. Our goal was to test intra and interspecific segregation in two similar and commonly co-occurring fiddler crabs species (Leptuca leptodactyla and Leptuca uruguayensis) at a small scale (10 m²). Interspecific segregation was observed, with L. leptodactyla occurring mainly at the upper level in relation to the water line and L. uruguayensis, at the lower. However, this pattern was irrespective of sex and developmental stage, as no intraspecific segregation was seen. Possible impacts of tidal level, soil silt/clay content and competition on interspecific segregation are discussed. Although L. leptodactyla and L. uruguayensis overlap in their occurrence when intertidal zonation is disregarded, they segregate when tidal levels are individually sampled as habitats. This highlights the importance of small-scale studies to identify patterns unobserved at regional scales, even when no environmental gradient is readily apparent.

Definir a escala apropriada de um estudo é importante quando tentamos entender os padrões de distribuição em estudos de comunidade. Caranguejos chama-maré estão entre os organismos mais comuns que habitam os ambientes estuarinos, e apesar de possuírem uma ampla distribuição latitudinal, são limitados por alterações em temperatura, correntes e padrões dos ventos. Dessa forma, muitas espécies co-ocorrem em escala local, onde suas distribuições são influenciadas por variáveis como diâmetro do grão de sedimento, salinidade e nível de maré. Nosso objetivo foi testar a segregação intra- e interespecífica em duas espécies similares de caranguejos chama-maré, que comumente são encontradas em co-ocorrência (Leptuca leptodactyla e Leptuca uruguayensis), em uma pequena escala (10 m²). Foi observada segregação interespecífica, com L. leptodactyla ocorrendo primariamente no nível superior em relação à linha de maré, e L. uruguayensis no inferior. Entretanto, esse padrão foi independente de gênero e estágio de desenvolvimento, uma vez que segregações intraespecíficas não foram registradas. Possíveis influências do nível de maré, teor de silte/argila e competição na segregação interespecífica são discutidas. Apesar de L. leptodactyla e L. uruguayensis terem sobreposição em ocorrência quando a zonação do entremarés é desconsiderada, elas segregam quando os níveis de maré são individualmente amostrados. Esse resultado destaca a importância de estudos em pequena escala para identificar padrões não observados em escala regional, mesmo quando nenhum gradiente ambiental é inicialmente observado.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Defining the appropriate scale is important when trying to understand distribution patterns in community studies. Fiddler crabs are among the most common organisms inhabiting estuarine environments, and despite having a wide latitudinal distribution, are limited by shifts in temperature, current and wind pattern. Thus, many co-occur at a local scale, where their distribution is influenced by variables such as mean sediment grain diameter, salinity and tidal level. Our goal was to test intra and interspecific segregation in two similar and commonly co-occurring fiddler crabs species (Leptuca leptodactyla and Leptuca uruguayensis) at a small scale (10 m²). Interspecific segregation was observed, with L. leptodactyla occurring mainly at the upper level in relation to the water line and L. uruguayensis, at the lower. However, this pattern was irrespective of sex and developmental stage, as no intraspecific segregation was seen. Possible impacts of tidal level, soil silt/clay content and competition on interspecific segregation are discussed. Although L. leptodactyla and L. uruguayensis overlap in their occurrence when intertidal zonation is disregarded, they segregate when tidal levels are individually sampled as habitats. This highlights the importance of small-scale studies to identify patterns unobserved at regional scales, even when no environmental gradient is readily apparent.

RESUMO Definir a escala apropriada de um estudo é importante quando tentamos entender os padrões de distribuição em estudos de comunidade. Caranguejos chama-maré estão entre os organismos mais comuns que habitam os ambientes estuarinos, e apesar de possuírem uma ampla distribuição latitudinal, são limitados por alterações em temperatura, correntes e padrões dos ventos. Dessa forma, muitas espécies co-ocorrem em escala local, onde suas distribuições são influenciadas por variáveis como diâmetro do grão de sedimento, salinidade e nível de maré. Nosso objetivo foi testar a segregação intra- e interespecífica em duas espécies similares de caranguejos chama-maré, que comumente são encontradas em co-ocorrência (Leptuca leptodactyla e Leptuca uruguayensis), em uma pequena escala (10 m²). Foi observada segregação interespecífica, com L. leptodactyla ocorrendo primariamente no nível superior em relação à linha de maré, e L. uruguayensis no inferior. Entretanto, esse padrão foi independente de gênero e estágio de desenvolvimento, uma vez que segregações intraespecíficas não foram registradas. Possíveis influências do nível de maré, teor de silte/argila e competição na segregação interespecífica são discutidas. Apesar de L. leptodactyla e L. uruguayensis terem sobreposição em ocorrência quando a zonação do entremarés é desconsiderada, elas segregam quando os níveis de maré são individualmente amostrados. Esse resultado destaca a importância de estudos em pequena escala para identificar padrões não observados em escala regional, mesmo quando nenhum gradiente ambiental é inicialmente observado.

RESUMO

Active biofilms of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, W.) starch were prepared by incorporating gold nanoparticles stabilised by an ionic silsesquioxane that contains the 1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane chloride group. The biofilms were characterised and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Escherichiacoli and Staphylococcusaureus. The presence of gold nanoparticles produces an improvement in the mechanical, optical and morphological properties, maintaining the thermal and barrier properties unchanged when compared to the standard biofilm. The active biofilms exhibited strong antibacterial activity against food-borne pathogens with inhibition percentages of 99% against E. coli and 98% against S. aureus. These quinoa starch biofilms containing gold nanoparticles are very promising to be used as active food packaging for the maintenance of food safety and extension of the shelf life of packaged foods.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Spherical silver nanoparticles with an average size of ca. 5 nm were synthesized in aqueous medium using a charged silsesquioxane containing a quaternary ammonium group, the bridged 1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane nitrate, as a stabilizer and size controller. For the first time this system was synthesized and applied as an antibacterial agent and its activity was confirmed with excellent results. The new system shows high stability, which can be confirmed by the unchanged UV-Vis band even one year later. The magnitude of the zeta-potential (ζ) (+24.7 mV) indicated electrostatic contribution for the silver nanoparticles stability and the signal showed that the nanoparticles have a positively charged surface. In vitro antibacterial tests were performed against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, and the minimum concentrations of silver in the nanoparticle form for complete inhibition of bacteria were 0.60, 1.1 and 2.0 µg mL-1, respectively. These values are very low when compared to the previous reports, making this system very promising. The cytotoxicity assay showed that these silver nanoparticles are safe for mammalian cells at the studied concentrations.

RESUMO

The continuous excavation of burrows by fiddler crabs generates bioturbation in the sediment, which can be estimated from burrow morphology. The aim of the present study was to describe the burrow morphology of Uca uruguayensis and U. leptodactylus and its relationship with demography of resident individuals and to estimate the level of bioturbation in the sediment generated by each species. For all individuals from each of the 2 species, sex was determined and the carapace width (CW; mm) measured. Burrows were characterized according to burrow diameter (BD; mm), maximum burrow depth (MBD; mm) and burrow volume (BV; cm(3) ). The density of each species in the study area was also evaluated. In both species, the males were larger and occupied burrows with higher BV compared to females. Differences between sexes in relation to the burrow characteristics might reflect sexual dimorphism within the group and are probably related to the fact that males use the burrows for mating. BD and BV showed significant positive relationships with the size of resident crabs. The amount of sediment removed per burrow was estimated from mean BV: 10.78 cm(3) of sediment/burrow for U. uruguayensis and 12.38 cm(3) of sediment/burrow for U. leptodactylus. Despite the density and depth differences between the 2 species, the similarity in burrow volume suggests that U. uruguayensis and U. leptodactylus present the same importance in terms of the bioturbation process. Burrow morphology is highly associated with characteristics of the occupant, although extrinsic factors should also be considered, and its description can provide estimates on the bioturbation generated by Uca species in mangrove forests.

Assuntos