RESUMO
Aging is an intricate process modulated by different molecular and cellular events, such as genome instability, epigenetic and transcriptional changes, molecular damage, cell death and senescence, inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction. Particularly, protein quality control (chaperone systems) tends to be negatively affected by aging, thus leading to cellular senescence in metabolic tissues and, as a consequence, to the increasing dissemination of inflammation throughout the body. The heat shock (HS) response and its associated expression of the 70 kDa family of heat shock proteins (HSP70),which are anti-inflammatory molecular chaperones, are found to be markedly decreased during muscle inactivity and aging, while evidence supports the loss of HSP70 as a key mechanism which may drive muscle atrophy, contractile dysfunction, and reduced regenerative capacity. In addition, abnormal stress response is linked with higher incidence of neurodegenerative diseases as well as low-grade inflammatory diseases that are associated with physical inactivity and obesity. Therefore, strategies to increase or, at least, to maintain the levels of HSP70, and its accompanying HS response to stress, are key to reduce biological cell dysfunctions that occur in aging. In this sense, physical exercise is of note as it is the most powerful inducer of the HS response, comparable only to heat stress and fever-like conditions. On the other hand, the amino acidL-glutamine, whose production within the skeletal muscle and liberation into the bloodstream is dependent on muscle activity, is a potentializer of HSP70 expression and HS response, particularly via its entering in hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). Herein, we discuss the collaborative role of glutamine (and its donors/precursors) and physical exercise (mostly responsible for glutamine release into the circulation) as potential tools to increase HSP70 expression and the HS response in the elderly.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Doença Crônica , Exercício Físico , Glutamina/deficiência , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/metabolismoRESUMO
Melatonin is a hormone synthesized in the pineal gland, which modulates several functions within the organism, including the synchronization of glucose metabolism and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Melatonin can mediate different signaling pathways in pancreatic islets through two membrane receptors and via antioxidant or pro-oxidant enzymes modulation. NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a pro-oxidant enzyme responsible for the production of the reactive oxygen specie (ROS) superoxide, generated from molecular oxygen. In pancreatic islets, NOX-derived ROS can modulate glucose metabolism and regulate insulin secretion. Considering the roles of both melatonin and NOX in islets, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of NOX and ROS production on glucose metabolism, basal and GSIS in pinealectomized rats (PINX) and in melatonin-treated isolated pancreatic islets. Our results showed that ROS content derived from NOX activity was increased in PINX at baseline (2.8 mM glucose), which was followed by a reduction in glucose metabolism and basal insulin secretion in this group. Under 16.7 mM glucose, an increase in both glucose metabolism and GSIS was observed in PINX islets, without changes in ROS content. In isolated pancreatic islets from control animals incubated with 2.8 mM glucose, melatonin treatment reduced ROS content, whereas in 16.7 mM glucose, melatonin reduced ROS and GSIS. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that both basal and stimulated insulin secretion can be regulated by melatonin through the maintenance of ROS homeostasis in pancreatic islets.
Assuntos
Insulina/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/fisiologia , Melatonina/fisiologia , NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Animais , Glucoquinase/genética , Glucose/metabolismo , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 2/genética , Secreção de Insulina , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Melatonina/farmacologia , NADPH Oxidases/genética , Glândula Pineal/fisiologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Superóxidos/metabolismoRESUMO
In this study we investigated the chronic effects of oral l-glutamine and l-alanine supplementation, either in their free or dipeptide form, on glutamine-glutathione (GLN-GSH) axis and cytoprotection mediated by HSP-27 in rats submitted to resistance exercise (RE). Forty Wistar rats were distributed into 5 groups: sedentary; trained (CTRL); and trained supplemented with l-alanyl-l-glutamine, l-glutamine and l-alanine in their free form (GLN+ALA), or free l-alanine (ALA). All trained animals were submitted to a 6-week ladder-climbing protocol. Supplementations were offered in a 4% drinking water solution for 21 days prior to euthanasia. Plasma glutamine, creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin (MYO), and erythrocyte concentration of reduced GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) were measured. In tibialis anterior skeletal muscle, GLN-GSH axis, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and the expression of heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1), 27-kDa heat shock protein (HSP-27), and glutamine synthetase were determined. In CRTL animals, high-intensity RE reduced muscle glutamine levels and increased GSSG/GSH rate and TBARS, as well as augmented plasma CK and MYO levels. Conversely, l-glutamine-supplemented animals showed an increase in plasma and muscle levels of glutamine, with a reduction in GSSG/GSH rate, TBARS, and CK. Free l-alanine administration increased plasma glutamine concentration and lowered muscle TBARS. HSF-1 and HSP-27 were high in all supplemented groups when compared with CTRL (p < 0.05). The results presented herein demonstrate that l-glutamine supplemented with l-alanine, in both a free or dipeptide form, improve the GLN-GSH axis and promote cytoprotective effects in rats submitted to high-intensity RE training.
Assuntos
Alanina/administração & dosagem , Glutamina/administração & dosagem , Glutationa/sangue , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP27/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Alanina/sangue , Animais , Creatina Quinase/sangue , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Eritrócitos/citologia , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Glutamato-Amônia Ligase/metabolismo , Glutamina/sangue , Dissulfeto de Glutationa/sangue , Fatores de Transcrição de Choque Térmico , Masculino , Mioglobina/sangue , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
We evaluated the effects of chronic oral supplementation with l-glutamine and l-alanine in their free form or as the dipeptide l-alanyl-l-glutamine (DIP) on muscle damage, inflammation and cytoprotection, in rats submitted to progressive resistance exercise (RE). Wistar rats (n 8/group) were submitted to 8-week RE, which consisted of climbing a ladder with progressive loads. In the final 21 d before euthanasia, supplements were delivered in a 4 % solution in drinking water. Glutamine, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), TNF-α, specific IL (IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-10) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels were evaluated in plasma. The concentrations of glutamine, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10, as well as NF-κB activation, were determined in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) skeletal muscle. HSP70 level was assayed in EDL and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). RE reduced glutamine concentration in plasma and EDL (P<0·05 v. sedentary group). However, l-glutamine supplements (l-alanine plus l-glutamine (GLN+ALA) and DIP groups) restored glutamine levels in plasma (by 40 and 58 %, respectively) and muscle (by 93 and 105 %, respectively). GLN+ALA and DIP groups also exhibited increased level of HSP70 in EDL and PBMC, consistent with the reduction of NF-κB p65 activation and cytokines in EDL. Muscle protection was also indicated by attenuation in plasma levels of CK, LDH, TNF-α and IL-1ß, as well as an increase in IL-6, IL-10 and MCP-1. Our study demonstrates that chronic oral l-glutamine treatment (given with l-alanine or as dipeptide) following progressive RE induces cyprotective effects mediated by HSP70-associated responses to muscle damage and inflammation.
Assuntos
Alanina/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Dipeptídeos/farmacologia , Glutamina/farmacologia , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Treinamento Resistido/efeitos adversos , Alanina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Creatina Quinase/sangue , Citocinas/sangue , Dipeptídeos/uso terapêutico , Glutamina/sangue , Glutamina/metabolismo , Glutamina/uso terapêutico , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/metabolismo , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/sangue , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Liver L-glutamine is an important vehicle for the transport of ammonia and intermediary metabolism of amino acids between tissues, particularly under catabolic situations, such as high-intensity exercise. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of oral supplementations with L-glutamine in its free or dipeptide forms (with L-alanine) on liver glutamine-glutathione (GSH) axis, and 70 kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70)/heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) expressions. Adult male Wistar rats were 8-week trained (60 min/day, 5 days/week) on a treadmill. During the last 21 days, the animals were daily supplemented with 1 g of L-glutamine/kg body weight per day in either l-alanyl-L-glutamine dipeptide (DIP) form or a solution containing L-glutamine and l-alanine in their free forms (GLN+ALA) or water (controls). Exercise training increased cytosolic and nuclear HSF1 and HSP70 expression, as compared with sedentary animals. However, both DIP and GLN+ALA supplements enhanced HSF1 expression (in both cytosolic and nuclear fractions) in relation to exercised controls. Interestingly, HSF1 rises were not followed by enhanced HSP70 expression. DIP and GLN+ALA supplements increased plasma glutamine concentrations (by 62% and 59%, respectively) and glutamine to glutamate plasma ratio in relation to trained controls. This was in parallel with a decrease in plasma ammonium levels. Supplementations increased liver GSH (by 90%), attenuating the glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to GSH ratio, suggesting a redox state protection. In conclusion, oral administration with DIP and GLN+ALA supplements in endurance-trained rats improve liver glutamine-GSH axis and modulate HSF1 pathway.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Glutamina/farmacologia , Glutationa/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Adaptação Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de Amônio/sangue , Animais , Glutamina/sangue , Glutamina/metabolismo , Dissulfeto de Glutationa/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Oxirredução , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
AIMS: We hypothesized that oral l-glutamine supplementations could attenuate muscle damage and oxidative stress, mediated by glutathione (GSH) in high-intensity aerobic exercise by increasing the 70-kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70) and heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). MAIN METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were 8-week trained (60-min/day, 5 days/week) on a treadmill. During the last 21 days, the animals were supplemented with either l-alanyl-l-glutamine dipeptide (1.5 g/kg, DIP) or a solution containing the amino acids l-glutamine (1g/kg) and l-alanine (0.67 g/kg) in their free form (GLN+ALA) or water (controls). KEY FINDINGS: Plasma from both DIP- and GLN+ALA-treated animals showed higher l-glutamine concentrations and reduced ammonium, malondialdehyde, myoglobin and creatine kinase activity. In the soleus and gastrocnemius muscle of both supplemented groups, l-glutamine and GSH contents were increased and GSH disulfide (GSSG) to GSH ratio was attenuated (p<0.001). In the soleus muscle, cytosolic and nuclear HSP70 and HSF1 were increased by DIP supplementation. GLN+ALA group exhibited higher HSP70 (only in the nucleus) and HSF1 (cytosol and nucleus). In the gastrocnemius muscle, both supplementations were able to increase cytosolic HSP70 and cytosolic and nuclear HSF1. SIGNIFICANCE: In trained rats, oral supplementation with DIP or GLN+ALA solution increased the expression of muscle HSP70, favored muscle l-glutamine/GSH status and improved redox defenses, which attenuate markers of muscle damage, thus improving the beneficial effects of high-intensity exercise training.
Assuntos
Alanina/farmacologia , Dipeptídeos/farmacologia , Glutamina/farmacologia , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Administração Oral , Alanina/administração & dosagem , Animais , Creatina Quinase/sangue , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/fisiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Dipeptídeos/administração & dosagem , Glutamina/administração & dosagem , Glutamina/sangue , Glutationa/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição de Choque Térmico , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Malondialdeído/sangue , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Mioglobina/sangue , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de Transcrição/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição/fisiologiaRESUMO
Exercícios físicos associados a uma dieta balanceada são importantes fatores para a promoção da saúde. Contudo, a realização de exercícios físicos intensos e prolongados ou de caráter exaustivo pode promover inflamação crônica, overtraining e maior susceptibilidade a infecções. Sendo causa ou consequência, um dos fatores que contribuem para estes efeitos é o aumento exacerbado da síntese de compostos pró-oxidantes, conhecidos como espécies reativas do oxigênio (ERO) e nitrogênio (ERN). O aumento de ERO e ERN pode reduzir a capacidade antioxidante corporal, situação conhecida como estresse oxidativo. O estresse oxidativo tem sido relacionado como promotor de lesões a diversos constituintes celulares, principalmente sobre as membranas, efeito denominado como peroxidação lipídica. Para neutralizar os efeitos das ERO e ERN, o organismo dispõe do sistema de defesa antioxidante, localizado em diferentes compartimentos celulares e com funções diversas. Estudos têm, cada vez mais, demonstrado que o sistema antioxidante pode ser influenciado por intervenções nutricionais específicas, dentre as quais se incluem vitaminas, minerais, flavonóides e aminoácidos. Considerando o fato de muitas pessoas iniciarem a prática de exercícios físicos a cada dia, e que muitas destas ultrapassam seus limites, esta revisão visa abordar os principais sítios de síntese de ERO e ERN durante exercícios físicos, bem como possíveis estratégias nutricionais e seus mecanismos de ação sobre o sistema de defesa antioxidante.
Physical exercises associated with a balanced diet are important factors for health promotion. However intense and prolonged or strenuous exercise may promote chronic inflammation, overtraining and increased susceptibility to infections. Being cause or consequence, one of the factors that contribute to deleterious effects is exacerbated increase in the synthesis of pro-oxidant compounds, known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS). The increase of ROS and RNS may reduce the body antioxidant capability, a condition known as oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been implicated as a promoter of injuries to various cellular constituents, especially on the membranes, an effect known as lipid peroxidation. To attenuate the effects of ROS and RNS, the body has the antioxidant defense system, located in different cellular compartments and with different functions. Studies have increasingly shown that the antioxidant system can be influenced by specific nutritional interventions, among which are included vitamins, minerals, flavonoids and amino acids. Considering the fact that thousands of people engage in the practice of physical exercise every day, and that many of them go beyond their limits, this review aims to address the major sites of synthesis of ROS during exercise and nutrition strategies and their possible mechanisms action on the antioxidant defense system.
Ejercicios físicos asociados con una dieta equilibrada son factores importantes para la promoción de la salud. Sin embargo el ejercicio intenso y prolongado puede promover la inflamación crónica, el sobreentrenamiento y el aumento de la susceptibilidad a las infecciones. Siendo causa o consecuencia, uno de los factores que contribuyen a los efectos nocivos es el aumento exagerado de la síntesis de compuestos pro-oxidantes, conocidos como especies reactivas del oxígeno (ERO) y nitrógeno (ERN). El aumento de ERO y ERN puede reducir la capacidad antioxidante del cuerpo, una condición conocida como estrés oxidativo. El estrés oxidativo ha sido implicado como un promotor de las lesiones de varios componentes celulares, especialmente en las membranas, un efecto conocido como la peroxidación lipídica. Para atenuar los efectos de los ERO y ERN, el cuerpo tiene el sistema de defensa antioxidante, ubicado en diferentes compartimentos celulares y con diferentes funciones. Los estudios han demostrado cada vez que el sistema antioxidante puede ser influenciado por intervenciones nutricionales específicas, entre las que se incluyen vitaminas, minerales, flavonoides y aminoácidos. Teniendo en cuenta el hecho de que miles de personas participan en la práctica de ejercicio físico todos los días, y que muchos de estos van más allá de sus límites, esta revisión tiene como objetivo abordar los principales sitios de síntesis de ERO durante el ejercicio y estrategias de nutrición y sus mecanismos de acción en el sistema de defensa antioxidante.
RESUMO
A sepse é a principal causa de morte em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs) no mundo. A reduzida disponibilidade do aminoácido mais abundante do organismo, a glutamina contribui para o complicado estado catabólico da sepse. No presente estudo investigamos os efeitos da suplementação oral com L-glutamina e L-alanina (GLN+ALA), ambos na norma livre e como dipeptídeo, L-alanil-L-glutamina (DIP), sobre o eixo glutamina-glutationa (GSH), sistema imune, inflamação, proteínas de choque térmico (HSPs) e expressão de genes envolvidos com vias de sinalização proteica em animais endotoxêmicos. Camundongos C57/B6 foram submetidos à endotoxemia (Escherichia coli LPS, 5 mg.kg-1, grupo LPS) e suplementados por 48 horas com L-glutamina (1 g.kg-1) e L-alanina (0,61 g.kg-1, grupo GLN+ALA-LPS) ou 1,49 g.kg-1 de DIP (grupo DIP-LPS). A endotoxemia promoveu depleção da concentração de glutamina no plasma (71%), músculo esquelético (50%) e fígado (49%), quando comparado ao grupo CTRL, sendo restauradas nos grupos DIP-LPS e GLN+ALA-LPS (P<0,05), fato que atenuou a redução da GSH e o estado redox (taxa GSSG/GSH) em eritrócitos circulantes, musculo e fígado (P<0,05). A suplementação em animais endotoxêmicos resultou em uma upregulation dos genes GSR, GPX1 e GCLC no músculo e fígado. A concentração das citocinas plasmáticasTNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß e IL-10 foi atenuada pelas suplementações, bem como a expressão de mRNAs envolvidos com a resposta inflamatória, ativadas pela via do NF-κB(P<0,05). Concomitantemente, verificou-se aumento da capacidade proliferativa de linfócitos T e B circulantes nos grupos GLN+ALA-LPS e DIP-LPS. A expressão de mRNAs e a concentração de HSPs no tecido muscular foi restabelecida pelas suplementações, contudo, a expressão mRNAs relacionados às vias de síntese e degradação proteica foi somente estimulada no tecido hepático(P<0,05). Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que a suplementação por via oral com GLN+ALA ou DIP podem ser utilizados clinicamente como métodos nutricionais em reverter o quadro de depressão da disponibilidade de glutamina corporal da sepse induzida por LPS, tendo impacto no eixo glutamina-glutationa, sistema imune e inflamatório
Sepsis is the leading cause of death inintensive care units (ICUs) in the world.The availability ofthe most abundant amino acid in the body, glutamine, is reduced in this situation, fact that contribute to the complicated catabolic state of sepsis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of oral supplementation with L-glutamine and L-alanine (GLN+ALA), both in their free form and as a dipeptide, L-alanyl-L-glutamine (DIP) on glutamine-glutathione axis (GSH), immune and inflammatory system, heat shock proteins (HSPs) expression and gene expressions involved in protein signaling pathways during endotoxemia. C57/B6 mice were subjected to endotoxemia (Escherichia coli LPS, 5 mg.kg-1, LPS group) and supplemented for 48 hours with L-glutamine (1 g.kg-1) plus L-alanine(0.61 g.kg-1, GLN+ALA-LPS group) or 1.49 g.kg-1of DIP (DIP-LPS group). Endotoxemia promoted depletion glutamine concentration in plasma (71%), skeletal muscle (50%) and liver (49%), when compared to the CTRL group, and was restored in the DIP-LPS e GLN+ALA-LPS (P<0.05), fact that attenuate the reduction of GSH and the redox state (GSSG/GSH rate) in circulating erythrocytes, liver and muscle (P<0.05). Supplementations in endotoxemic mice resulted in upregulation of GSR, GCLC and GPX1 genes in muscle and liver. Plasma concentration of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß and IL-10 were attenuated by supplementation as well as the expression of mRNAs involved in the inflammatory response, activated by NFκ-B pathway (P <0.05). At the same time, high proliferative capacity of circulating T and B lymphocytes GLN+ALA-LPS e DIP-LPS were observed. HSPs (protein and mRNAs) and in muscle were restored by the supplements, however, the mRNAs expression related to the synthesis and degradation of protein pathways was only stimulated in the liver (P <0.05). Our results demonstrate that oral supplementation with GLN+ALA or DIP can be used as clinically nutritional methods to reverse the depression of body glutamine availability during sepsis induced by LPS, impacting on the glutamine-glutathione axis, immune and inflammatory system
Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Endotoxemia/sangue , Dipeptídeos/efeitos adversos , Glutamina/efeitos adversos , Sistema Imunitário/anormalidades , Aminoácidos , Glutationa Transferase , Proteínas de Choque Térmico , Doenças Nutricionais e MetabólicasRESUMO
Exercícios físicos associados a uma dieta balanceada são importantes fatores para a promoção da saúde. Contudo, a realização de exercícios físicos intensos e prolongados ou de caráter exaustivo podem promover inflamação crônica, overtraining e maior susceptibilidade de infecções. Sendo causa ou consequência, um dos fatores que contribuem para estes efeitos é o aumento exacerbado da síntese de compostos pró-oxidantes, conhecidos como espécies reativas do oxigênio (ERO). O aumento das ERO pode reduzir a capacidade antioxidante corporal, situação conhecida como estresse oxidativo. O estresse oxidativo tem sido relacionado ao aumento de lesões a diversos constituintes celulares, principalmente sobre as membranas, haja vista desencadear um processo de degeneração dos fosfolipídios, conhecido como peroxidação lipídica (PL). Dentre as fontes de síntese de ERO, induzidas pelo exercício físico estão às mitocôndrias, o processo de isquemia e reperfusão tecidual, a inflamação e a exacerbada liberação de íons metais de transição. Quando ocorrido cronicamente, o estresse oxidativo pode reduzir a massa e a força muscular, bem como, aumentar a gravidade de lesões às células, resultando em menor capacidade de recuperação. Deste modo, face essencial o conhecimento dos mecanismos e efeitos das ERO induzidas por exercícios físicos, bem como seus efeitos sobre o sistema antioxidante corporal.
Physical exercises associated with a balanced diet are important factors for health promotion. However intense and prolonged or strenuous exercise may promote chronic inflammation, overtraining and increased susceptibility to infections. Being cause or consequence, one of the factors that contribute to deleterious effects is exacerbated increase in the synthesis of pro-oxidant compounds, known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). The increase of ROS may reduce the body antioxidant capability, a condition known as oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been implicated as a promoter of injuries to various cellular constituents, especially, on the membranes, due to trigger the degeneration of phospholipids, an effect known as lipid peroxidation. Among the sources for the synthesis of ROS induced by exercise is the mitochondria, the process of tissue ischemia and reperfusion, inflammation and exaggerated release of transition metal ions. When occurred chronically, oxidative stress can reduce muscle mass and strength, as well as increase the severity of injuries to the cells, resulting in lower resilience. Thus, given the essential knowledge of the mechanisms and effects of ROS induced by exercise, as well as its effects on the antioxidant system of body.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Estresse OxidativoRESUMO
Objetivos: identificar a quantidade de gorduras totais, saturadas e trans descritas nos rótulos de biscoitos recheados e verificar se existe associação entre o preço e a quantidade de gorduras trans.Métodos: a amostra foi composta por 25 pacotes de biscoitos recheados de diferentes tipos e marcas, copiando-se de cada rótulo as informações necessárias. Para análise dos resultados foram efetuados cálculos de estatística descritiva, análise de variância e correlação de Spearmann.Resultados: os resultados apontam uma preocupação no consumo desses biscoitos, uma vez que a média dos biscoitos de duas marcas apresentaram valores próximos e que ultrapassam a recomendação máxima de gorduras trans (2,0 g) em uma porção média de 30 g (1,78 g e 2,05 g), com base em uma dieta de 2000 quilocalorias. Verificou-se também associação positiva entre preço e quantidade de gorduras trans (p<0,001) e associação inversa entre preço e quantidade de gordura saturada (p=0,003).Conclusões: quanto maior a quantidade de gorduras trans, menor a quantidade de gordura saturada e menor preço.Sugere-se uma revisão na legislação quanto à inserção da quantidade exata de gorduras trans no rótulo, uma vez que o consumo elevado dessas gorduras está associado a dislipidemias, um fator de risco para doença cardiovascular.
Aims: To identify the amount of total fat, saturated fat and trans fat described on the labels of filled cookies and to verify the association between price and trans fat content.Methods: The sample consisted of 25 packages of different types and brands of filled cookies, obtaining the necessary information from every label. Calculations of descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and correlation of Spearman were carried out.Results: The results call the attention for the consumption of these cookies, since the average of cookies of two brands presented values close and up to the daily recommendation of trans fat (2.0 g) in an average portion of 30 g (1.78 g and 2.05 g), based on a diet of 2000 kilocalories. We have also found a direct relation between price and trans fat value and reverse relation between price and saturated fat value.Conclusion: The more trans fat, the smaller price and quantity of saturate fat were found. We suggest a revision in the legislation regarding the inclusion of the exact amount of trans fat in the labels of every product, because high intakes of these fats are associated with dyslipidemia, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.