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INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Transnasal endoscopy (TNE) has proven its diagnostic utility, but it has not been widely accepted given that it is performed without sedation. There are no previous studies on the use of methods to improve its tolerability. Our aim was to evaluate the tolerability of TNE, when simultaneously performed with an audiovisual device as a distractor. METHODS: We evaluated 50 patients, 10 of whom did not agree to participate. The performance of the procedure was explained, using an audiovisual device. Before randomization, we applied anxiety and depression scores. Patients were divided into 2 groups: Group I (using an audiovisual device during the procedure) and Group II (without a device). Anxiety and numeric pain rating scales were used, and vital signs were monitored and recorded before, during, and after the endoscopy. An overall procedure satisfaction score was applied at the end of the study and 24 h later. RESULTS: Mean age was 41.6 years and 35 of the patients were women (87.5%). The most frequent indication for TNE was refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease. There were no severe comorbidities, and none of the patients had a significant anxiety or depression score. One patient in Group II did not tolerate TNE due to nasal pain. There was no statistically significant difference between groups, regarding anxiety, pain, vital signs, and satisfaction scale. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that TNE was well tolerated and had a high acceptance rate in our patients. The use of distracting audiovisual devices did not increase tolerance to the endoscopic procedure.

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Resumen En esta revisión, se analiza la literatura existente en relación al tabaco y el peso corporal, su rol en el cambio de peso corporal según el consumo de tabaco o cesación de este y las diferentes alternativas farmacológicas validadas para el manejo de este problema, cada vez más prevalente.

This review analyses the existing literature regarding tobacco and body weight, its role in the change of body weight according to smoking consumption or cessation and the different pharmacological alternatives validated used to address this issue, which is everyday more prevalent

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This study estimates spermatozoa mortality, morphology, motility and intracellular calcium levels in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar milt after prolonged storage. Milt samples were preserved at 4° C for 25 days and then evaluated for mortality. Motility remained high for the first 3 days and the mortality was low during the first 5 days of storage. A decrease of >50% in calcium content was observed after 5 days of storage. When spermatozoa were activated, calcium levels increased >200% in relative fluorescence units (RFU); this rate of increase was lost when the samples were stored for extended periods of time and was only partially manifested in a zero calcium solution. The results suggest that in vitro storage of S. salar spermatozoa at 4° C for a period of 3 days preserves motility and limits mortality to levels similar to those of fresh spermatozoa. This method also maintains intracellular calcium storage critical for spermatozoa performance.

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The relevance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production relies on the dual role shown by these molecules in aerobes. ROS are known to modulate several physiological phenomena, such as immune response and cell growth and differentiation; on the other hand, uncontrolled ROS production may cause important tissue and cell damage, such as deoxyribonucleic acid oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation. The manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) antioxidant enzyme affords the major defense against ROS within the mitochondria, which is considered the main ROS production locus in aerobes. Structural and/or functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within the MnSOD encoding gene may be relevant for ROS detoxification. Specifically, the MnSOD Ala16Val SNP has been shown to alter the enzyme localization and mitochondrial transportation, affecting the redox status balance. Oxidative stress may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, various inflammatory conditions, or cancer. The Ala16Val MnSOD SNP has been associated with these and other chronic diseases; however, inconsistent findings between studies have made difficult drawing definitive conclusions. Environmental factors, such as dietary antioxidant intake and exercise have been shown to affect ROS metabolism through antioxidant enzyme regulation and may contribute to explain inconsistencies in the literature. Nevertheless, whether environmental factors may be associated to the Ala16Val genotypes in human diseases still needs to be clarified.

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Mango is an important tropical fruit crop in Puerto Rico that has been grown in the island for centuries. One of the major disease issues in mango production is rotting of the rachis (main axis stem of the inflorescence). During a disease survey from 2008 to 2010, rachis and flower necrosis were observed at the Mango Germplasm Collection of the University of Puerto Rico's Experiment Station in Juana Diaz. Diseased inflorescences from cultivars Haden and Irwin were disinfested with 70% ethanol, followed by 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed with sterile, deionized, double-distilled water, and transferred to acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA). Two isolates, 91LY and K15C, of Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. were purified and identified morphologically using taxonomic keys (1,4) and DNA sequence comparisons. In APDA, colonies of N. parvum were whitish grey with aerial mycelia turning dark gray with age. Pycnidia were uni- or multilocular and dark brown to black in color. Conidiogenous cells were hyaline and holoblastic. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid, smooth, and one-celled with sub-obtuse apex and truncate base. Conidia (n = 50) were 16.75 µm long by 5.5 µm wide. PCR amplification of three genes was used to support morphological identification. DNA analysis of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, and fragments of both ß-tubulin and elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) genes were sequenced and compared using BLASTn with other sequences of N. parvum submitted to the NCBI GenBank. Accession numbers of gene sequences of N. parvum submitted to GenBank were: KC631661 and KC631662 for ITS region; KC631653 and KC631654 for ß-tubulin; and KC631657 and KC631658 for EF1-α. For all genes used, sequences were 99 to 100% identical to ex-type specimen CMW9081 of N. parvum reported in GenBank. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on mango trees using six random healthy non-detached mango inflorescences for both Haden and Irwin cultivars and for both isolates. Inflorescences were inoculated with 5-mm mycelial disks from 8-day-old pure cultures grown in APDA and kept in a humid chamber using plastic bags for 8 days under field temperature, light, and other environmental conditions. Untreated controls were inoculated with APDA disks only. The test was repeated twice. For both cultivars, at 8 days after inoculation, isolates of N. parvum caused rachis necrosis ranging from 20 to 35 mm in rachis length. On cultivar Irwin, inflorescences turned brown and the necrosis was extended from the rachis to the flowers. On cultivar Haden, inflorescences turned brown and only rachis necrosis was observed. Untreated controls showed no symptoms and no fungi were reisolated from tissue. N. parvum was reisolated from diseased inflorescences, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Worldwide, N. parvum has been associated with stem-end rot, branch dieback, blossom blight, and cankers on mango (2,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. parvum causing rachis necrosis on mango in Puerto Rico. References: (1) A. J. L. Phillips. Key to the various lineages in "Botryosphaeria" Version 01 2007. Retrieved from http://www.crem.fct.unl.pt/botryosphaeria_site/key.htm , 6 August 2013. (2) G. I. Johnson et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 120:225, 1992. (3) B. Slippers et al. Mycologia 97:99, 2005. (4) P. W. Crous et al. Stud. Mycol. 55:235, 2006.

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La nutrición es un factor relevante en el rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo de la nutrición deportiva es aportar la cantidad de energía apropiada, otorgar nutrientes para la mantención y reparación de los tejidos y, mantener y regular el metabolismo corporal. Entre los macronutrientes más relevantes para el deportista están los Hidratos de Carbono, cuyo aporte se ajusta de acuerdo al entrenamiento, semana previa a la competencia, día de la competición y recuperación. Otro aspecto central, es asegurar una hidratación adecuada, para lo cual es fundamental implementar planes adaptados a los requerimientos individuales como parte del programa de entrenamiento. Finalmente, es importante considerar el uso de suplementos en los deportistas basados en la evidencia de la medicina actual, de manera de obtener beneficios a partir de ellos, evitar riesgo de salud y de dopaje.

Nutrition is an important factor in sports performance. The goal of sports nutrition is to provide the proper amount of energy, nutrients for maintenance and repair of tissues and, preserve and regulate body metabolism. Among the most important macronutrient for the athlete are carbohydrate, whose intake is adjusted according to the training a week before the competition, the day of the competition, and the recovery after it. Another focus is to ensure an adequate hydration, which is essential for implementing specifics plans to individual requirements as part of the training program. Finally, it is important to consider the use of supplements in athletes based on current medical evidence, to obtain benefits from them, and to avoid health risks and doping.

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Objetivos: Reportar las características de los procesos mnésicos dentro del perfil cognitivo de niños con meduloblastoma en edad escolar que hayan culminado su tratamiento médico. Sujetos y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, transversal, observacional. Muestra secuencial transversal de 23 niños. Instrumentos: Selección de Pruebas de las Escalas WISC IV; TOMAL; CAS; Graffar. Resultados: Edad: mediana 125 meses (rango 70/180). Las puntuaciones más conservadas, se encuentran en la comprensión verbal. Los aspectos atencionales, la velocidad de procesamiento y el razonamiento perceptivo presentan déficits de rango entre moderado y severo. En las memorias verbal, visual y de trabajo, se registran déficits de rango entre leve y moderado. En las tareas de memoria con ensayos sucesivos, se describen curvas de aprendizaje fluctuantes en el 96% de la muestra en la memoria verbal y en el 78% en la memoria visual, independientemente del CI, de las variables orgánicas, del status atencional y socio-educativo. Conclusiones: Los déficits cognitivos ubican a esta población en una situación de riesgo de fracaso escolar; comprender su especificidad, resulta clave para el diseño de intervenciones. La valoración de los procesos mnésicos requiere de especial atención dentro de la descripción del perfil cognitivo de estos niños, ya que ocupan un lugar central en el proceso de aprendizaje.

Objectives: To report characteristics of memory processeswithin the cognitive profile of school-age children with medu-lloblastoma who have completed medical treatment. Subjectsand Methods: A descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional,observational study in a sequential cross-sectional sampleof 23 children. Measurement instruments: A battery of scaletests WISC IV; TOMAL; CAS; Graffar. Results: Age: median125 months (range 70/180). The scores that were best pre-served were found in the domain of verbal comprehension.In the areas of attention, processing speed, and percepti-ve reasoning the children presented with deficits in therange from moderate and severe. In verbal, visual, and wor-king memory, deficits between moderate and severe werealso found. In memory tasks with successive rehearsals,fluctuating learning curves were observed on verbal memoryin 96% of the sample and on visual memory in 78%, inde-pendently of the CI, clinical variables, and attention andsocioeconomic status. Conclusions: These children are atrisk of school failure due to cognitive deficits; understandingthe specific deficits is a key element for the design of ade-quate intervention strategies. The assessment of memoryprocesses, central for learning processes, requires specialattention within the description of the cognitive profile inthese children.

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Necrotizing gastritis is an infrequent severe pathology. The rich vascular supply and intramural arterial anastomosis protects stomach from vascular disease and embolism. Gastric infarction and necrosis presents as an acute abdominal emergency that requires rapid resolution, which in general includes surgery. Other important etiologies reported are chemical agents, mechanical distention, postoperative, bulimia and infectious diseases. In this article, we report a case of necrotizing gastritis in a 29 years-old male patient, with chronic consumption of NSAIDs for low back pain. He was admitted in the emergency room due to acute abdominal pain that appeared, after alcohol and raw fish consumption. Antral wall thickening was observed in the abdominal computed tomography. Upper gastric endoscopy showed necrosis of antral mucosa and biopsies confirmed necrotizing gastritis. He received medical therapy with antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors with an excellent response with clinical and endoscopic resolution in one month.

La gastritis necrotizante es una patología infrecuente muy grave. Esto se debe en parte a la rica irrigación y a las anastomosis arteriales intramurales que protegen al estómago de enfermedades vasculares y embolias. El infarto gástrico se presenta como una urgencia abdominal, que requiere resolución precoz, frecuentemente quirúrgica. Otras etiología importantes reportadas incluyen agentes químicos, factores mecánicos, bulimia e infecciones. En este artículo se presenta el caso de un paciente de 29 años, sexo masculino, con antecedentes de uso crónico de anti-inflamatorios no esteroidales (AINES), que ingresa a urgencia con dolor abdominal agudo, posterior al consumo de alcohol y pescado crudo. Destaca un engrosamiento antral marcado, sin neumatosis en la tomografía computada de abdomen. En la endoscopia digestiva alta se observa extensa necrosis de la mucosa antral y se confirma el diagnóstico de gastritis necrotizante por biopsias. El paciente tuvo una excelente respuesta a tratamiento con reposo intestinal, antibióticos e inhibidores de bomba de protones. Luego de 1 mes, presentó recuperación completa clínica y endoscopía.

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AIM: To appraise the economic burden for families of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) at the Instituto Nacional de Pediatria in Mexico City. PATIENTS AND METHODS: DM1 family direct costs were obtained from a standardized economic survey in 59 children with no chronic severe complications such as kidney failure in 2002-3. RESULTS: Mean family annual direct cost of treatment and monitoring was US $1689.87 which includes government funding given to both outpatients and inpatients. Despite this, DM1 out-of-pocket cost for families is very high compared to the minimum official wage of approximately $4.00 dollar/day versus $4.06 cost DM1/day. No correlation between parents' age, education or socio-economic level and direct cost was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The highest economic burden was due to self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) 53.0% and insulin 14.8%. The costs were higher in children with poor metabolic control who performed SMBG less often.

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Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia affects one every 400 individuals, is caused by mutations in the LDL receptor gene and is associated with premature coronary artery disease. Nowadays, LDL cholesterol can be efficiently reduced with the new therapies to reduce blood lipids. We report a female patient who consulted in 1975, when she was 46 years old, for severe hypercholesterolemia. In 2003, a sample of leukocyte DNA was obtained and the uncommon 1705+1G>A mutation of the LDL receptor gene was detected. No mutations in the apolipoprotein B gene were found. The patient was treated successfully with simvastatin 80 mg/day and ezetimibe 10 mg/day and LDL cholesterol levels were reduced below 200 mg/dl.

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