RESUMO
Phosphorus (P) is naturally present in soils. However, urbanization can promote additional inputs of P into the soil that lead to saturation of the binding sites exceeding the maximum sorption capacity. Soils saturated with P act as important diffuse sources of pollution of water resources. The flow of P from the soil to aquatic ecosystems is an aggravating factor for water scarcity, especially in the semiarid region. Knowing phosphorus dynamics in the soil is essential to protect water quality and ensure its multiple uses. In this paper, a total of fifty soil samples, twenty-five from natural soils and twenty-five from urban soils, were evaluated for the effect of urbanization on P sorption characteristics and their relationship with the physical and chemical attributes of the soil. The soil samples were characterized physically and chemically, and the P sorption characteristics were obtained from the adjustment of Langmuir and Freundlich equations by nonlinear regression. Urbanization results in increased soil P saturation and reduced P sorption capacity. Our results show that the sandy texture of the soils studied had a standardizing effect on the soil's physical properties, maintaining, even after urbanization, the physical quality similar to natural soil. In contrast, pH (in water and KCl), base saturation, sodium saturation, potential acidity, exchangeable Al3+, exchangeable Mg2+, available P, and P-rem are valuable indicators in the segregation between natural and urban soils. The reduction of P sorption capacity in urban soils increases the risks related to P loads in aquatic ecosystems that experience urban expansion worldwide. These data serve as a basis for decision-making regarding the appropriate soil monitoring and management of urban expansion areas in watersheds to control P flow to aquatic systems.
Assuntos
Poluentes do Solo , Solo , Solo/química , Areia , Ecossistema , Fósforo/química , Urbanização , Qualidade da Água , Poluentes do Solo/análiseRESUMO
We investigated soil characteristics and heavy metal content changes in 12 inactive dumpsites in humid and semiarid tropical climates in Northeast Brazil. The metals Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Other parameters measured include pH, electric conductivity, soil texture, soil organic carbon, total porosity and available P. The soil contents of sand, clay, soil organic carbon, available P and heavy metals, and soil bulk density, total porosity and pH were efficient indicators of soil degradation. We found no influence of current use, soil class or climate on the soil response. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in the dumpsite soils followed the order Zn (49.96 mg kg-1) > Cu (38.48 mg kg-1) > Pb (24.64 mg kg-1) > Cr (21.94 mg kg-1) > Ni (7.77 mg kg-1). They were 6- to 36-fold higher than the background values for the region and were above the Brazilian guideline values for metals. The four dumpsite soils that showed simultaneous contamination with two or more heavy metals were located in the semiarid region. This challenges the assumption that soil impacts in the semiarid region are minimal due to lower leaching and high evaporation. Soil changes increase with time under activity, size and decommission time of the dumpsite. These data are important for local authorities to establish more effective targeting policies for closure of dumps and control of the spread of contaminants in areas impacted by the disposal of municipal waste.
Assuntos
Metais Pesados , Poluentes do Solo , Brasil , Carbono , Monitoramento Ambiental , Chumbo , Metais Pesados/análise , Solo/química , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Zinco/análiseRESUMO
RESUMO O aporte de metais pesados é inerente à atividade de mineração, contudo a ausência de medidas de controle da poluição nas áreas mineradas concorre para a ampliação do potencial de contaminação do solo, da água e dos organismos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tempo de exposição de pilhas de estéril e rejeito que não atendem às medidas de proteção ambiental sob o estágio de contaminação do solo por metais pesados em minas de scheelita. Amostras de solo foram coletadas na camada de 0-20 cm em uma mina ativa e em uma mina desativada há quatro décadas. As amostras de solo foram submetidas às análises de granulometria, de pH e de teores dos metais pesados Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Cu, Zn e Pb. Os incrementos nos teores de metais pesados em níveis similares nas minas ativa e desativada indicam que mesmo um menor tempo de exposição das pilhas de estéril e rejeito tem efeito prejudicial quando não são adotadas medidas de proteção e recuperação ambiental. Esses incrementos alertam para o risco de contaminação das áreas adjacentes às minas em decorrência de erosões tanto eólicas quanto hídricas durante os eventos chuvosos intermitentes característicos da região semiárida. Os teores de Cd, Cu e Pb superiores aos valores de investigação agrícola indicam que há risco à saúde humana e que é necessária a remediação das áreas mineradas.
ABSTRACT Heavy metals contribution is inherent to mining activity, however the absence of pollution control measures in mined areas contributes to the expansion of the contamination potential of soil, water, and organisms. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of exposure time of tailings and overburden deposition without environmental protection measures over soil heavy metal contamination stage in scheelite mines. Soil samples were obtained from 0-20 cm depth in active scheelite mine and in deactivated scheelite mine since four decades ago. Soil samples were submitted to analyses of particle-size, pH and contents of heavy metals Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. The increases of heavy metals contents at similar levels in active and deactivated mines indicate that even a smaller exposure time of overburden and tailings has a harmful effect when environmental protection and recovery measures were not adopted. These increases alert to the contamination risk of adjacent areas due to wind erosion and hydric erosion during the intermittent rainy events of semi-arid region. Cd, Cu, and Pb contents higher than values of agricultural investigation indicate that there is a risk to human health and that there is need for remediation of mined areas.
RESUMO
The effects of different concentrations of soil cadmium (0, 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20mgkg(-1)) on growth, structural changes and cadmium cellular localization in leaves of maize plants (Zea mays L.) were investigated in a pot experiment. The results showed that the structural changes observed in maize leaves were not only a response to the Cd-induced stress but also a cellular mechanism to reduce the free Cd(+2) in the cytoplasm. However, this mechanism seems to be efficient only up to a Cd concentration in leaves between 27 and 35mgkg(-1) for soils without and with liming, respectively. The cellular response varied with both the Cd concentration in soil and liming. For limed soil, Cd was preferentially accumulated in the apoplast while for unlimed soils Cd was more evenly distributed into the cells. The ability of Cd accumulation depended on the leaf tissue considered. The apoplast collenchyma presented the highest Cd concentration followed by the endodermis, perycicle, xylem, and epidermis. On the other hand, symplast Cd accumulated mainly in the endodermis, bundle sheath cells, parenchyma, and phloem. Based on the structural changes and growth reduction, the critical toxic concentration of soil Cd to maize plants is between 5 and 10mgkg(-1).