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SUMMARY: Partial or total dental loss (edentulism) is associated with decreased quality of life. Chile has large socioeconomic gaps, which are also recognized in oral health, but it is not known how Edentulism has evolved throughout the country. The aim of this study was to determine the edentulism in people born during the 19th and 20th centuries in Chile, who died in the 20th century, and to compare it with current data from the Chilean Ministry of Health (MINSAL) to observe its evolution in the country. For this purpose, 60 3D models of skulls from the Subactual Osteological Collection of Santiago were analyzed (30 individuals per sex), in which the presence and absence of teeth in antemortem in the maxilla were analyzed. A high percentage of tooth loss was observed, with 65 % partial edentulism, a 30 % total edentulism, and only 5 % had complete dentition in this osteological collection. In addition, a significant decrease over time was found; in 2017, the percentage of complete dentition at the national level was 32.8 %. A higher frequency of edentulism was also found in females from the osteological collection, with a significant probability of twice as much edentulism as in males. However, this sex difference was smaller than those found in the current study. Our study is the first to compare edentulism in Chile in two different time periods, since, in addition to studying it in the 19th and 20th century, it is carried out with data from the present day and in line with previous research, reveals the importance of socioeconomic and sex variables for dental loss.
La pérdida parcial o total de dientes (edentulismo) se asocia a una disminución de la calidad de vida. Chile tiene grandes brechas socioeconómicas, que también se reconocen en la salud oral, pero se desconoce cómo ha evolucionado el edentulismo en el país. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el edentulismo en personas nacidas durante los siglos XIX y XX en Chile y fallecidas en el siglo XX, y compararlo con datos actuales del Ministerio de Salud de Chile (MINSAL) para observar su evolución en el país. Para ello, se analizaron 60 modelos 3D de cráneos de la Colección Osteológica Subactual de Santiago (30 individuos por sexo), en los que se analizó la presencia y ausencia de dientes en dentición antemortem en el maxilar. Se observó un alto porcentaje de pérdida dentaria, con un 65 % de edentulismo parcial y un 30 % de edentulismo total, y sólo un 5 % presentaba dentición completa en esta colección osteológica. Además, se encontró una disminución significativa a lo largo del tiempo; en 2017, la dentición completa a nivel país fue del 32,8 %. También se encontró una mayor frecuencia de edentulismo en las mujeres de la colección osteológica, con una probabilidad significativa del doble de edentulismo que en los hombres. Sin embargo, esta diferencia de sexo fue menor que la hallada en datos actuales. Este estudio es el primero que compara el edentulismo en Chile en dos épocas diferentes, ya que además de estudiarlo en los siglos XIX y XX, se realizó con datos de la actualidad y, en línea con investigaciones previas, revela la importancia de las variables socioeconómicas y de sexo en la pérdida dental.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Classe Social , Perda de Dente/epidemiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Boca Edêntula/epidemiologia , Caracteres SexuaisRESUMO
SUMMARY: The new paradigm in Forensic Sciences initiated by the entry of genetics (the current standard of legal evidence) and accentuated by recognized wrongful convictions derived from experts today in the eye of criticism, has highlighted the potential for bias and error in forensic disciplines when they depend on human interpretation and subjectivity, which has not been avoided by Forensic Odontology (FO). However, a subjective judgment is not necessarily wrong, so the refinement of processes, the development of standards, and robust research can contribute to the validity of interpretation to increase objectivity. Latin America (LATAM) has its own realities and needs, which have conditioned the priorities and objectives of FO research. A scoping review is presented to systematically map the investigation of LATAM researchers and identify the objective or subjective nature of their assessments. LATAM shows interesting productivity and intentions to adhere to international standards, with Brazil leading this research significantly, followed by Chile and Colombia, among others. However, there is a disproportionate approach in certain lines of research (dental age estimation), and needs to address other quantitative studies, and to improve the visibility of the LATAM FO research.
El nuevo paradigma en ciencias forenses iniciado por la entrada de la genética (el actual estándar de la evidencia jurídica), y acentuado por reconocidas condenas injustas derivadas de pericias hoy en el ojo de la crítica, ha destacado el potencial de sesgo y error que poseen algunas disciplinas forenses cuando dependen de la interpretación humana y la subjetividad, lo cual no ha sido ajeno a la odontología forense (OF). Sin embargo, un juicio subjetivo no necesariamente es erróneo, con lo que el refinamiento de procesos, el desarrollo de estándares y la investigación robusta pueden contribuir a validar esa interpretación para aumentar su objetividad. Latinoamérica (LATAM) posee realidades y necesidades propias que han condicionado las prioridades y objetivos de la investigación en OF. Se presenta una revisión con búsqueda sistemática para mapear sistemáticamente la investigación en OF realizada por investigadores latinoamericanos, así como identificar la naturaleza objetiva o subjetiva de sus evaluaciones. LATAM demuestra una productividad interesante e intenciones de adherirse a estándares internacionales, con Brasil liderando significativamente esta investigación, seguido por Chile y Colombia entre otros. Sin embargo, se observa un enfoque desproporcionado en ciertas líneas de investigación (estimación de edad dental particularmente), y necesidad tanto de abordar otros estudios cuantitativos como de mejorar la visibilidad de la investigación latinoamericana en OF.
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Humanos , Pesquisa , Odontologia Legal , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Pesquisa Qualitativa , América LatinaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To associate the knowledge and attitudes about Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (POSA) with the specialty of dentists in Metropolitan Lima, Peru. METHODS: A cross-sectional, analytical observational study was carried out during 2021-2022. Two hundred and ten orthodontists and pediatric dentists were surveyed using the adapted and validated Spanish translation of the OSAKA-KIDS questionnaire and additional sociodemographic questions. RESULTS: The data indicated an association between dental specialty and the professional's knowledge about POSA. Orthodontists were 59% less likely to have acceptable knowledge, compared to pediatric dentists (p = .013, IC 95% 0.21-0.83). The study revealed an association between the professional's attitudes and three intervening variables: age (p = .025), clinical experience (p = .049) and sector of practice (p = .020). CONCLUSION: Knowledge was associated with the dental specialty of professionals in the sample included, whilst attitudes were not.
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Resumen El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) constituye la principal causa de discapacidad de origen neuro- lógico en los adultos mayores a 40 años y la cuarta causa de muerte en Argentina. En los últimos diez años las publicaciones indexadas relacionadas al tratamiento del ACV isquémico fueron más numerosas que las de ACV hemorrágico. El objetivo de este material es proporcionar recomendaciones locales y actualiza- das del abordaje de pacientes con hematoma intraparenquimatoso espontáneo durante la internación. Para la redacción de este manuscrito se convocó a especialistas en esta enfermedad que conformaron grupos de trabajo. Se plantearon 10 tópicos centrales expresados como epidemiologia, atención inicial, imágenes, tratamiento de la presión arterial, reversión de antitrombóticos, indicación de cirugía, profilaxis anticonvulsivante, pronóstico, prevención de complicaciones y reinicio de antitrombóticos. De cada tópico se plantearon mediante preguntas PICO los interrogantes más frecuentes de la práctica diaria. Luego de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, se generaron recomendaciones evaluadas mediante sistema GRADE y consensuadas entre autores y pacientes.
Abstract Stroke is the leading cause of neurological disability in people over 40 years of age and the fourth leading cause of death in Argentina. In the last ten years, the indexed publications related to the treatment of ischemic stroke were more numerous than those of hemorrhagic stroke. The objective of this material is to provide local and updated recommendations for the management of patients with spontaneous intracere- bral hemorrhage during hospitalization. For the writing of this manuscript, diferent specialists were convened to form working groups. Ten central topics expressed as epidemiology, initial care, imaging, blood pressure treatment, reversal of antithrombotics, indication for surgery, seizure prophylaxis, prognosis, prevention of complications and resumption of antithrombotics were raised. For each topic, the most frequent questions of daily practice were raised through PICO questions. After a systematic review of the literature, recommendations were generated, evaluated using the GRADE system and agreed between authors and patients.
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Stroke is the leading cause of neurological disability in people over 40 years of age and the fourth leading cause of death in Argentina. In the last ten years, the indexed publications related to the treatment of ischemic stroke were more numerous than those of hemorrhagic stroke. The objective of this material is to provide local and updated recommendations for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage during hospitalization. For the writing of this manuscript, diferent specialists were convened to form working groups. Ten central topics expressed as epidemiology, initial care, imaging, blood pressure treatment, reversal of antithrombotics, indication for surgery, seizure prophylaxis, prognosis, prevention of complications and resumption of antithrombotics were raised. For each topic, the most frequent questions of daily practice were raised through PICO questions. After a systematic review of the literature, recommendations were generated, evaluated using the GRADE system and agreed between authors and patients.
El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) constituye la principal causa de discapacidad de origen neurológico en los adultos mayores a 40 años y la cuarta causa de muerte en Argentina. En los últimos diez años las publicaciones indexadas relacionadas al tratamiento del ACV isquémico fueron más numerosas que las de ACV hemorrágico. El objetivo de este material es proporcionar recomendaciones locales y actualizadas del abordaje de pacientes con hematoma intraparenquimatoso espontáneo durante la internación. Para la redacción de este manuscrito se convocó a especialistas en esta enfermedad que conformaron grupos de trabajo. Se plantearon 10 tópicos centrales expresados como epidemiologia, atención inicial, imágenes, tratamiento de la presión arterial, reversión de antitrombóticos, indicación de cirugía, profilaxis anticonvulsivante, pronóstico, prevención de complicaciones y reinicio de antitrombóticos. De cada tópico se plantearon mediante preguntas PICO los interrogantes más frecuentes de la práctica diaria. Luego de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, se generaron recomendaciones evaluadas mediante sistema GRADE y consensuadas entre autores y pacientes.
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Fibrinolíticos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Hemorragia Cerebral/terapia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , HospitalizaçãoRESUMO
Abstract The aim of this article is to describe the bases and general aspects of the design and implementation process of the Comprehensive model for the humanization of health care of the Faculty of Medicine at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, which began to be developed in 2016 and is also being implemented at the Hospital Universitario Nacional (HUN). Through this model, the Humanizing Health Care Research Group of the Faculty of Medicine seeks to produce a cultural change, from a biopsychosocial approach, in the perception of the humanization of health care in the country, the training of health care professionals, the provision of health care, and the working conditions of health care personnel. The model is based on three axes: humanization of health care, focused on the patient, their family and caregivers; humanization of health sciences education processes, with an emphasis on students; and humanization of the quality of life and working conditions of health professionals. Likewise, the model considers humanistic education, music and sports as means to achieve such cultural change in the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Resumen El objetivo de este artículo fue describir las bases y generalidades del proceso de diseño e implemen-tación del Modelo de humanización integral en salud de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, el cual empezó a desarrollarse en 2016 y en la actualidad también se ha implementado en el Hospital Universitario Nacional (HUN). Con este modelo, el Grupo de Investigación en Humanización en Salud de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia busca generar un cambio cultural en la percepción de la humanización de la salud en el país, de la formación de los profesionales de la salud, de la prestación de atención en salud y de las condiciones laborales del personal de salud, a partir de una aproximación biopsicosocial. El modelo se fundamenta en tres ejes: la humanización en la atención en salud, enfocada en el paciente, la familia y los cuidadores; la humanización en los procesos de educación en ciencias de la salud, con énfasis en los estudiantes, y la humanización en la calidad de vida y las condiciones laborales de los profesionales de la salud. Asimismo, el modelo considera la formación humanística, la música y el deporte como medios para lograr dicho cambio cultural en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
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The Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is a delay in language skills that cannot be explained by sensory or cognitive difficulties. Currently, there are limited studies that analyze how socioeconomic, educational, and family variables influence reading skills of Spanish-speaking children with DLD at school. This study identifies how oral language performance and reading skills of children with DLD are linked to socioeconomic, educational, and family factors. Oral language, phonological awareness and reading abilities were assessed in a sample of 15 children diagnosed with DLD and their controls by age and gender. Children's parents answered a Likert scale questionnaire inquiring about some aspects related to the family's socioeconomic status, mothers' educational level, family support, academic average, and repetition of school years of the participants. The results indicate that children with DLD have a lower performance in phonological awareness tasks as well as in reading abilities. There is also a direct relationship between their performance in language and reading skills and variables as mother's educational level and family support. Likewise, children in the sample have a lower academic average as well as a higher school year repetition rate interfering in their academic life. Educational implications of these findings and a discussion on possible causality axes and protective factors that contributes to support this population are presented.
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Audiovisual educational material has been used effectively as a knowledge translation strategy in patient education. Given the need to impact maternal mortality rates, 12 video clips related to maternal and neonatal health information were designed based on the results of a previous systematic review (SR). The content was formulated based on clinical practice guideline recommendations and validated following a formal consensus methodology. This study evaluated the effectiveness of knowledge transfer from the 12 video clips in terms of attention, emotional response, and recall by using neuroscience tools. In a randomized cross-over trial, 155 subjects (pregnant women, non-pregnant women, and men) received random sequences of 13 video clips, including a control video clip. Participants' attention levels were evaluated through eye tracking, their emotional reactions were monitored by electrodermal activity and pupillary diameter, and their recall was tested via a questionnaire. An analysis was performed to evaluate differences in the groups and between the video clips and the control clip using variance analysis models that considered period, sequence, and carry-over effects. Results revealed that fixation length was greater in women than in men, while the greatest emotional effects occurred in men. All three groups had good recall results, without any significant differences between them. Although the sequencing did influence attentional processes, no carry-over effect was demonstrated. However, a differential effect was noted among video clips in all three outcomes, that is, when adjusted for group, level of education, and having had children. The control clip generated less attention, emotional reaction, and recall than the experimental video clips. The video clips about maternal and neonatal health were shown to be effective in the transference and comprehension of information. Therefore, cognitive neuroscience techniques are useful in evaluating knowledge translation strategies through audiovisual formats.
Assuntos
Saúde do Lactente , Conhecimento , Saúde Materna , Adulto , Recursos Audiovisuais , Estudos Cross-Over , Emoções , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Rememoração Mental , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Resumen Introducción. Las habilidades lingüísticas y cognitivas cambian en los adultos mayores afectando su calidad de vida. Los programas de estimulación cognitiva están dirigidos a fortalecer dichas habilidades y mitigar las consecuencias. Objetivo. Presentar la metodología y los resultados de una de las cohortes del programa de promoción de habilidades comunicativas, lingüísticas y cognitivas Mentes en Acción, dirigido a adultos mayores y desarrollado de forma interdisciplinaria en el Programa Docente Asistencial Centro de la Comunicación Humana de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron y compararon los resultados de 92 participantes antes y después de las 8 semanas que contempla el programa. Se evaluaron diferentes habilidades cognitivas y lingüísticas, así como el impacto en la calidad de vida. Resultados. Se evidenciaron mejorías significativas en la mayoría de los dominios evaluados (comunicación, atención, memoria, habilidades de planificación y razonamiento) y en algunas de las variables relacionadas con la calidad de vida tales como dolor, salud general, rol emocional, función social y salud mental. Conclusiones. El estudio se constituye como un primer paso en la generación de evidencia a favor del programa Mentes en Acción; sin embargo, se discuten las limitaciones y perspectivas del mismo.
Abstract Introduction: Language and cognitive skills change in the elderly, affecting their quality of life. Cognitive stimulation programs aim at strengthening these skills and mitigating the consequences. Objective: To present the methodology and results of one of the cohorts of the program for the promotion of communicative, linguistic and cognitive skills Mentes en Acción (Minds in Action), aimed at older adults and developed in an interdisciplinary way by the Teaching Assistance Program of the Human Communication Center of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Materials and methods: The results of 92 participants before and after the eight weeks contemplated by the program were analyzed and compared. Different cognitive and language skills were evaluated, as well as the impact on quality of life. Results: Significant improvements were evident in most of the domains assessed (communication, attention, memory, planning and reasoning skills) and in some of the variables related to quality of life such as pain, general health, emotional role, social function and mental health. Conclusions: This study is a first step in to generate evidence in favor of the Mentes en Acción (Minds in Action) program; however, the limitations and perspectives of the program are also discussed.
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Las funciones ejecutivas incluyen habilidades como la memoria de trabajo, el control inhibitorio, la planeación y la flexibilidad cognitiva. Estas habilidades, resultan fundamentales para el desarrollo de procesos cognitivos complejos como el aprendizaje de la lectoescritura, encontrando que aquellos niños con dificultades de lectura tienden a presentar un nivel menor en el rendimiento en tareas de funciones ejecutivas. Objetivo: Caracterizar el rendimiento en funciones ejecutivas y su relación con el nivel de lenguaje y lectura en niños de 8 a 12 años con dificultades de lectura y sus controles por edad y género en relación a los patrones de seguimiento visual. Método: Participantes: 9 niños con dificultades de lectura y 9 controles. Procedimiento: Se evaluó el nivel de lenguaje, funciones ejecutivas y lectura haciendo uso del Eye Tracker Tobii Tx300. Se analizaron los mapas de calor, glaze plot y las áreas de interés. Resultados y Conclusiones: Los niños con dificultades de lectura presentan un nivel de desempeño menor en tareas de funciones ejecutivas especialmente en el control inhibitorio y la planeación, estando estas asociadas directamente con el nivel de lenguaje y el rendimiento lector. De igual forma, las métricas visuales a partir del uso del Eye Tracker permite corroborar estas fallas en el procesamiento en tiempo real frente a tareas que implican demandas cognitivas de alto nivel
Executive functions include skills such as working memory, inhibitory control, planning, and cognitive flexibility, which are fundamental to the development of complex cognitive tasks such as learning to read and write (literacy). Children with reading difficulties tend to demonstrate a lower level of performance on executive function and linguistic tasks. Objectives: To characterize 8 to 12 year-olds with reading difficulties performance on tasks of executive function compared to age and gender matched controls using patterns of visual tracking in order to evaluate the relationship between executive function, language level and reading. Methods: Participants: 9 children with reading difficulties and 9 controls. Procedure: Language level, executive functions and reading were evaluated using the Eye Tracker Tobii Tx300. Heat maps, glaze plots and areas of interest were analyzed. Results and Conclusions: Children with reading difficulties perform at a lower level on executive function tasks especially those involving inhibitory control and planning, which are directly associated with language level and reading performance. Visual metrics from the use of the Eye Tracker allow for the corroboration of these failures in real time processing compared with tasks that involve high cognitive demands